Abstract Introduction: the nutritional status and growth of children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) can be affected due to feeding difficulties caused by their anatomy and the surgical interventions. Objective: this retrospective longitudinal study aims to analyse the growth trajectories of a cohort of children with CL/P and compare them with a healthy representative cohort of children from Aragon (Spain). Methods: type of cleft, surgical technique and sequelae, and weight, length/height and body mass index (BMI) (weight/height2) at different ages (0-6 years) were recorded. Normalized age- and sex-specific anthropometric Z-scores values were calculated by World Health Organization (WHO) charts. Results: forty-one patients (21 male, 20 female) were finally included: 9.75 % cleft lip (n = 4/41), 41.46 % cleft palate (n = 17/41) and 48.78 % cleft lip and palate (n = 20/41). The worst nutritional status Z-scores were achieved at the age of three months (44.44 % and 50 % had a weight and a BMI lower than -1 Z-score, respectively). Mean weight and BMI Z-scores were both significantly lower than controls at one, three and six months of age, recovering from that moment until the age of one year. Conclusions: the highest nutritional risk in CL/P patients takes place at 3-6 months of age, but nutritional status and growth trajectories get recovered from one year of age compared to their counterparts. Nevertheless, the rate of thin subjects among CL/P patients is higher during childhood.

Resumen Introducción: el estado nutricional y el crecimiento de los niños con labio y/o paladar fisurado (CL/P) pueden verse afectados debido a las dificultades de alimentación provocadas por su anatomía y las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Objetivo: este estudio longitudinal retrospectivo tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de crecimiento de una cohorte de niños con CL/P y compararlos con una cohorte representativa de niños sanos de Aragón (España). Métodos: se registraron el tipo de fisura, la técnica quirúrgica y las secuelas, el peso, la longitud/talla y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (peso/talla2) a diferentes edades (0-6 años). Se calcularon las Z-score de los valores antropométricos según edad y sexo, mediante las tablas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Resultados: se incluyeron 41 pacientes (21 hombres, 20 mujeres): 9,75 % con fisura labial (n = 4/41), 41,46 % con fisura palatina (n = 17/41) y 48,78 % con fisura labiopalatina (n = 20/41). Los valores Z-scores de la antropometría más bajos se alcanzaron a los tres meses de edad (el 44,44 % y el 50 % tenían un peso y un IMC inferiores a -1 Z-score, respectivamente). Los valores de peso medio y de las puntuaciones Z del IMC fueron significativamente más bajos en los pacientes con fisura que en los controles a los uno, tres y seis meses de edad, recuperándose a partir de ese momento hasta equipararse al año de edad. Conclusiones: el mayor riesgo nutricional en pacientes con CL/P se presenta entre los tres y seis meses de edad, pero su estado nutricional y las trayectorias de crecimiento se normalizan a partir del año de edad. Sin embargo, la proporción de individuos delgados entre los pacientes con CL/P es mayor durante la infancia.

Abstract Introduction: in children with cleft lip and/or palate nutritional status and growth may be impaired due to early life feeding difficulties. Objective: to review the existing literature on the nutritional prognosis during childhood of patients undergoing surgery for cleft lip and/or palate (CLP), their body composition and growth patterns from 2 to 10 years of age, and the possible effects of their early nutritional status on the long-term onset of overweight. Methods: a systematic search of growth and body composition parameters in 2-10 year-old CLP children, including cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and using the Pubmed and Scopus databases. From the 2,983 retrieved articles, 6 were finally included. Results: two studies out of 6 were longitudinal and the other 4 were cross-sectional, including very heterogeneous samples. Weight and height were used as growth parameters in 2 studies; 2 studies used body mass index (BMI); and the remaining 2 used indexes of nutritional status derived from anthropometric measures. The studies showed discrepancies among results: 3 of them found growth differences between children with CLP and their counterparts, whereas the other 3 did not. The two longitudinal studies did not show any significant differences between the mean BMI z-scores or growth curves of cleft patients and their counterparts. When differences existed, the most affected group was that under 5 years, syndromic children, and adopted children with CL/P. Conclusions: the literature is scarce comparing growth patterns between children with CLP and controls, and results cannot confirm that children with CLP aged 2-10 years, excluding those with syndromes or belonging to vulnerable populations, have different growth patterns or a worse nutritional status than their counterparts.

Resumen Introducción: en niños con fisura labial y/o palatina, el estado nutricional y el crecimiento pueden verse afectados debido a dificultades en la alimentación. Objetivos: revisar el pronóstico nutricional de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de fisura labiopalatina (FLP), su composición corporal y sus patrones de crecimiento de los 2 a los 10 años, así como los posibles efectos del estado nutricional durante la primera infancia sobre la aparición posterior de sobrepeso. Métodos: búsqueda sistemática de parámetros de crecimiento y composición corporal en niños con CLP de 2 a 10 años, incluyendo estudios transversales y longitudinales en las bases de datos Pubmed y Scopus. De los 2983 artículos potencialmente relevantes, 6 fueron finalmente incluidos. Resultados: dos estudios de 6 fueron longitudinales y los otros 4, transversales, con muestras muy heterogéneas. El peso y la altura se utilizaron como parámetros de crecimiento en 2 estudios; 2 estudios utilizaron el índice de masa corporal (IMC), y los otros 2, índices del estado nutricional a partir de medidas antropométricas. Los estudios mostraron discrepancias entre los resultados: 3 de ellos encontraron diferencias de crecimiento entre los niños con CLP y sus coetáneos, mientras que los otros 3, no las encontraron. Los dos estudios longitudinales no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el IMC (z-score) ni entre las curvas de crecimiento de los pacientes con FLP y sus coetáneos. Cuando existían diferencias, el grupo más afectado fue el de los menores de 5 años, niños sindrómicos y niños adoptados con CL/P. Conclusiones: la literatura sobre los patrones de crecimiento de los niños con CLP es escasa y los resultados no pueden confirmar que los niños con CLP de 2 a 10 años, excluyendo aquellos con síndromes o pertenecientes a poblaciones vulnerables, tengan patrones de crecimiento diferentes o un peor estado nutricional que sus coetáneos.

Resumen Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) representa la plaga más perjudicial de la familia Solanaceae. Estudios actuales demostraron que la especie se diferenció en cuatro razas según la variación de los órganos genitales femeninos, la morfometría del ala y la secuencia del gen mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidasa1 (CO1). Se cuantificó el número de machos capturados en Colombia y Ecuador empleando trampas cebadas con dos feromonas sexuales: Neolegantol® y P228 sintetizadas a partir de la feromona natural de hembras recolectadas en plantaciones de Solanum lycopersicum L. en Venezuela. En Colombia, el número de machos capturados fue significativamente mayor con Neolegantol® que con P228, y este número fue significativamente mayor en S. lycopersicum, seguido por S. quitoense y S. betaceum. La red haplotípica obtenida con el gen CO1 produjo dos grupos principales: un clúster conformado por especímenes de S. lycopersicum y S. quitoense (ambas hospederas dieron origen a hembras con genital mediano) y otro de S. betaceum (con genitales femeninos de gran tamaño). El Neolegantol® también fue probado en Ecuador, pero las capturas fueron insignificantes. Los resultados sugieren que la composición o la concentración de la feromona, los biotipos hospederos y la ubicación geográfica son factores relevantes para monitorear las poblaciones de N. elegantalis. Otros estudios de la especie deben encaminarse a determinar la composición y concentración de la feromona entre los cuatro biotipos.

Abstract Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) represents the most damaging pest of the Solanaceae family. Current studies have demonstrated that the species has differentiated into four races according to variations in female genitalia, wing morphometrics and sequencing of the Cytochrome Oxydase 1 (CO1) mitochondrial gene. The number of males captured in Colombia and Ecuador were registered using traps baited with two sex pheromone: Neolegantol® and P228. These pheromones were synthesized using natural female pheromones collected in Solanum lycopersicum L. plantations in Venezuela. In Colombia, the number of male catches was significantly higher for Neolegantol® than for P228 and this number was significantly higher on S. lycopersicum followed by S. quitoense and S. betaceum. The haplotype net obtained with the CO1 gene produced two main clusters: one cluster was comprised by specimens from S. lycopersicum and S. quitoense plants (both with medium sized female genitalia) and the other cluster by specimens from S. betaceum (large sized genitalia). The Neolegantol® pheromone was also tested in Ecuador, however, insignificant number of males were attracted. Results suggest that phero- mone composition or concentration, host biotypes and geographic location are relevant to monitor populations of N. elegantalis. Further studies of the species should concentrate on establishing the pheromone composition and concentration among the four biotypes.

Resumo Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) representa a praga mais prejudicial da família Solanaceae. Estudos recentes demonstram que a espécie se diferenciou em quatro raças segundo a variação dos órgãos genitais femininos, a morfometria da asa e a sequência do gene mitocon- drial Citocromo Oxidasa 1 (CO1). Quantificou-se o número de machos capturados na Colômbia e no Equador empregando armadilha do tipo isca com dois feromônios sexuais: Neolegantol® e P228 sintetizados a partir do feromônio natural de fêmeas coletadas em plantações de Solanum lycopersicum L. na Venezuela. Na Colômbia, o número de machos capturados foi significativamente maior com Neolegantol® que com P228, e esse número foi significativamente maior em S. lycopersicum, seguido por S. quitoense e S. betaceum. A rede haplotípica obtida com o gene CO1 produziu dois grupos principais: um cluster conformado por espécimenes de S. lycopersicum e S. quitoense (ambas as hospedeiras deram origem a fêmeas com genital médio) e outro de S. betaceum (com genitais femininos de grande tamanho). O Neolegantol® também foi testado no Equador, mas as capturas foram insignificantes. Os resultados sugerem que a composição ou a concentração do feromônio, os biótipos hospedeiros e a localização geográfica são fatores relevantes para monitorar as populações de N. elegantalis. Outros estudos da espécie devem buscar determinar a composição e a concentração do feromônio entre os quatro biótipos.

Este artículo presenta una serie de análisis relacionados con el desempeño académico actual de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá y se enfoca en los resultados de las evaluaciones académicas que se llevan a cabo en tres momentos: en la admisión, a lo largo del plan de estudios y en las pruebas de educación superior. Respecto a la admisión, se ilustra la heterogeneidad de los admitidos, los resultados de las diversas componentes del examen de admisión, y se identifican las instituciones de educación media que más aportan estudiantes a la facultad. En cuanto al desempeño académico, se reportan las tasas de deserción para cada programa, se evalúa la tasa de pérdida de asignaturas en los diversos componentes de los planes de estudio y se analiza el efecto de la condición socioeconómica de los estudiantes sobre dicho desempeño. Igualmente, se evalúa el rendimiento de los estudiantes en el examen de calidad de la educación superior. Finalmente, se presentan algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre la situación académica de la facultad y se describen las acciones que se han emprendido como parte del mejoramiento continuo.

This paper presents analysis related to some key academic aspects in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's Engineering Faculty on the Bogota campus. The paper has focused on three academic stages: admission, students' academic performance throughout their studies (curriculum) and our students' results in the ECAES exam. Regarding admission, this paper has analysed our intake students' heterogeneity, their behaviour during the different components of the admission exam and analysed the schools providing the most students and which may receive detailed feedback from our faculty. On the topic of curriculum (i.e. overall academic performance during the whole course of studies), this paper has analysed each programme's desertion rates (average and accumulated) and different courses' academic failure rates and has evaluated the effect of socioeconomic conditions on academic performance. This paper has also analysed our students' behaviour during the different components of the ECAES exam. Lastly, this paper has described some of the actions achieved by the faculty's board of directors aimed at addressing some of the academic issues analysed in this document.

Nursing professionals use the nursing process as well as standard languages as working tools. As a result of this, the number of case studies published in scientific publications has increased considerably. The aim of this paper is to suggest a number of proposals which might facilitate the writing process, as well as the development of a certain structure for clinical case studies based on Nursing taxonomies. Furthermore all sections that should be included in such a study are reviewed - title, abstract, introduction, assessment, care plan (diagnosis, planning, execution, evaluation), case management and discussion, as well as bibliography-so that all phases in the nursing process are recorded with the above mentioned taxonomies.

Los profesionales de enfermería cuentan como herramienta de trabajo con el proceso enfermero y los lenguajes estandarizados, lo que ha posibilitado en éstos un aumento considerable en la publicación de casos clínicos en revistas científicas. A partir de esta situación, el presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de proponer un conjunto de sugerencias que contribuyan a la labor de redactar y fijar una estructura determinada en un caso clínico en el que se gestionen cuidados basados en el uso de las taxonomías enfermeras, contemplando cada uno de los apartados que debería de contener: desde el título, resumen, introducción, valoración, plan de cuidados (fase de diagnóstico, planificación, ejecución, evaluación), gestión del caso, discusión, hasta la bibliografía, quedando recogidas todas las fases del proceso enfermero, con la ayuda de la taxonomías antes mencionadas.

A new trypanosomatid species, Blastocrithidia cyrtomeni, is herein described using morphological and molecular data. It was found parasitising the alimentary tract of the insect host Cyrtomenus bergi, a polyphagous pest. The morphology of B. cyrtomeni was investigated using light and transmission microscopy and molecular phylogeny was inferred from the sequences of spliced leader RNA (SL rRNA) - 5S rRNA gene repeats and the 18S small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Epimastigotes of variable size with straphanger cysts adhering to the middle of the flagellum were observed in the intestinal tract, hemolymph and Malpighian tubules. Kinetoplasts were always observed anterior to the nucleus. The ultrastructure of longitudinal sections of epimastigotes showed the flagellum arising laterally from a relatively shallow flagellar pocket near the kinetoplast. SL RNA and 5S rRNA gene repeats were positive in all cases, producing a 0.8-kb band. The amplicons were 797-803 bp long with > 98.5% identity, indicating that they originated from the same organism. According to the sequence analysis of the SL-5S rRNA gene repeats and the 18S SSU rRNA gene, B. cyrtomeni is different from all other known species or isolates of Trypanosomatidae. Both analyses indicate that among known species, it is most closely related to Blastocrithidia triatomae.

This paper presents the results of a literature review regarding how operating conditions influence vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification yield. The following parameters were studied: temperature and time reaction, alcohol:oil molar ratio, alcohol type, biocatalyst type and concentration, solvent, mixed intensity, reagent purity and free fatty acid and moisture concentration. Yields greater than 90% can be achieved in the enzymatic catalyst of vegetable oil using 35-50°C temperatures, long time reactions (790h) and a 3:1alcohol:vegetable oil molar ratio; however, such values would intrinsically depend on the type of lipase and oil used. It was also found that free fatty acid and moisture concentration were parameters which did not require rigorous control due to high enzyme specificity. Lipases immobilisedfrom Pseudomona cepacia bacteria and Rhizopus orizae fungi were most used in vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica de los efectos de las variables de operación sobre el rendimiento en la transesterificación química de aceites vegetales. Las variables estudiadas fueron: temperatura y tiempo de reacción, concentración molar alcohol:aceite vegetal, tipo de alcohol, tipo de catalizador, concentración de catalizador, intensidad del mezclado, y concentración de ácidos grasos libre y humedad. También se reporta que este proceso se ha llevado a cabo empleando catalizadores ácidos y básicos, a través de procesos catalíticos homogéneos y heterogéneos, para una amplia variedad de aceites. Se encontró que el rendimiento de la reacción se incrementa cuando la temperatura y el tiempo de reacción aumenta, pero disminuye a bajas concentraciones de catalizador (< 0,5% w/w) y altos contenidos de ácidos grasos libres (> 1% w/w) y humedad (> 3% w/w) en el aceite.

This article describes the results of a bibliographic review of the effects of operation conditions on process yield in the chemical transesterification of vegetable oil. The parameters studied were: temperature and time reaction, alcohol:oil molar ratio, catalyst and alcohol type, catalyst concentration, mixed intensity and free fatty acid and water concentration. It also reports that this process has been carried out with basic and acid catalysts using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes for a wide variety of oils. It was found that reaction yield increased when temperature and time reaction increased; however this parameter decreased at low catalyst concentration (<0.5 % w/w) and high free fatty acid (> 1% w/w) and water (> 3% w/w) concentration in oil.

The tropical multipurpose shrub legume Cratylia argentea is well adapted to acid soils of low to medium fertility and has excellent drought-tolerance. Due to its high nutritive value it is particularly suited as forage for dry-season supplementation. A collection of 47 C. argentea accessions in a collection, derived from seed replicating of original accessions with differing geographic origin and morphological and agronomic characteristics was investigated using molecular markers (RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)). Genetic diversity (H T = 0.145) in the collection was low, with 30% of differentiation among groups and high genetic similarity among accessions (GS = 0.805). Within-accession variability was high. One taxonomic mismatch and five possible duplicate accessions were identified. Our results suggest that the genetic diversity in the C. argentea accessions studied is relatively homogeneously distributed, indicating the likelihood of extensive outcrossing. The genetic diversity of original accessions should be assessed to determine if outcrossing has occurred during or before ex situ storage. This might also support any decision on whether accessions should be bulked rather than maintaining them individually

The genetic variation and population structure of three populations of Anopheles darlingi from Colombia were studied using random amplified polymorphic markers (RAPDs) and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (AFLPs). Six RAPD primers produced 46 polymorphic fragments, while two AFLP primer combinations produced 197 polymorphic fragments from 71 DNA samples. Both of the evaluated genetic markers showed the presence of gene flow, suggesting that Colombian An. darlingi populations are in panmixia. Average genetic diversity, estimated from observed heterozygosity, was 0.374 (RAPD) and 0.309 (AFLP). RAPD and AFLP markers showed little evidence of geographic separation between eastern and western populations; however, the F ST values showed high gene flow between the two western populations (RAPD: F ST = 0.029; Nm: 8.5; AFLP: F ST = 0.051; Nm: 4.7). According to molecular variance analysis (AMOVA), the genetic distance between populations was significant (RAPD:phiST = 0.084; AFLP:phiST = 0.229, P < 0.001). The F ST distances and AMOVAs using AFLP loci support the differentiation of the Guyana biogeographic province population from those of the Chocó-Magdalena. In this last region, Chocó and Córdoba populations showed the highest genetic flow.

Microsatellite polymorphism was studied in a sample of 39 traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and 11 improved varieties widely planted in Cuba. The study was aimed at assessing the extent of genetic variation in traditional and improved varieties and to establish their genetic relationship for breeding purposes. Heterozygosity was analyzed at each microsatellite loci and for each genotype using 10 microsatellite primer pairs. Between varieties genetic relationship was estimated. The number of alleles per microsatellite loci was 4 to 8, averaging 6.6 alleles per locus. Higher heterozygosity (H) was found in traditional varieties (H TV = 0.72) than in improved varieties (H IV = 0.42), and 68% of the total microsatellite alleles were found exclusively in the traditional varieties. Genetic diversity, represented by cluster analysis, indicated three different genetic groups based on their origin. Genetic relationship estimates based on the proportion of microsatellite loci with shared alleles indicated that the majority of traditional varieties were poorly related to the improved varieties. We also discuss the more efficient use of the available genetic diversity in future programs involving genetic crosses.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze 119 DNA samples of three Colombian Anopheles nuneztovari populations to study genetic variation and structure. Genetic diversity, estimated from heterozygosity, averaged 0.34. Genetic flow was greater between the two populations located in Western Colombia (F ST: 0.035; Nm: 6.8) but lower between these two and the northeastern population (F ST: 0.08; Nm: 2.8). According to molecular variance analysis, the genetic distance between populations was significant (phiST 0.1131, P < 0.001). The variation among individuals within populations (phiST 0.8869, P < 0.001)was also significant, suggesting a greater degree of population subdivision, not considered in this study. Both the parameters evaluated and the genetic flow suggest that Colombian An. nuneztovari populations are co-specific.