Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the enzymatic hydrolysis of okara protein concentrate with respect to degree of hydrolysis (DH) in order to obtain a protein hydrolysate with high antioxidant capacity and aglycones isoflavone content. A central composite rotatable design was carried out to evaluate the influence of temperature (40 to 70°C), enzyme:substrate ratio (0.5 to 5.0%, g/100g protein) and pH (7.0 to 9.0) on DH. The optimal condition was 55°C, pH 9 and enzyme:substrate ratio of 5.0%, resulting a DH value of 35.5%. After protein hydrolysis at optimal condition, the antioxidant capacities of hydrolysate increased from 58.29 to 383.49 μM Trolox equivalent/g solids (ABTS method) and 2.41 to 15.32 μM Trolox equivalent/g solids (FRAP method) when compared with protein concentrate. The higher radical scavenging ability of hydrolysate was due to great amount of hydrophobic amino acids (34.92 g/100g protein). Moreover, the protein hydrolysate obtained under optimal condition had 3 times higher aglycone isoflavone content than non-hydrolyzed sample. These results showed that protein hydrolysis of okara could be an alternative approach to increase antioxidant activity and enrich aglycones isoflavone in this byproduct generated from soymilk industry.

Abstract In the search for alternative wall materials to replace gum Arabic (GA), a good but expensive encapsulating agent, this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of maltodextrin 10DE in combination with GA (GA/MD, 50:50 ratio) for the microencapsulation of grape seed oil by spray drying. The addition of maltodextrin to gum Arabic did not influence the mean particle diameter, powder bulk density, encapsulation efficiency or the total oil retained in the microspheres. Although the oil encapsulated with GA showed greater retention of phenolic compounds after spray drying, the sample encapsulated with GA/MD had greater ferric reduction antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and a lower peroxide index.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of okara using an endopeptidase (Alcalase) and exopeptidase (Flavourzyme). The reaction was monitored by the pH-stat procedure in which five aliquots were collected during the hydrolysis by each enzyme, corresponding to different degrees of hydrolysis (DH). The antioxidant activities of the aliquots were evaluated by the ABTS, DPPH and FRAP methods. For the hydrolysates obtained using Alcalase, the antioxidant activities increased from: 68.6 to 99.5% (ABTS), 14.5 to 17.7% (DPPH) and 222.6 to 684.9 µM Trolox (FRAP), when the DH varied from 0 to 33.6%. With respect to Flavourzyme, the results were: 67.2 to 88.2% (ABTS), 9.5 to 18.5% (DPPH) and 168.0 to 360.3 µM Trolox (FRAP), when the DH increased up to 5.8%. The results showed that the protein hydrolysates had antioxidant capacities, which were influenced by the degree of hydrolysis and the type of enzyme.

Neste trabalho foram utilizados dois distintos secadores (leito de jorro e spray dryer) para a produção de extratos secos de Bauhinia forficata Link (Leguminosae, Caesalpinoideae) obtendo-se um produto seco com elevada qualidade em termos de suas propriedades físicas e químicas. Análises qualitativas obtidas por CLAE revelam que os perfis cromatográficos dos compostos flavonóides presentes nos extratos secos não apresentaram significativas mudanças durante a secagem quando comparados aos perfis obtidos para os extratos concentrados. Em geral, a secagem por leito de jorro acarreta menores perdas dos flavonóides totais do que a secagem em spray drying. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos secos foi examinada pelos métodos de (DPPH•) e peroxidação lipídica induzida por Fe+2 (LPO). Uma pequena redução na atividade sequestradora de radicais livres observada para os extratos secos pode ser associada com a ocorrência de reações oxidativas, decomposição e/ou perdas de compostos termolábeis induzidas pelo calor.

Two distinct drying methods (spouted bed and spray drying) were used for production of dried extracts of Bauhinia forficata Link (Leguminosae, Caesalpinoideae). High-quality powder products in terms of physical and chemical properties were obtained. HPLC fingerprints revealed that the chromatographic profiles of flavonoid compounds present in the dried extract did not change significantly, due to drying. In general, the spouted bed drying caused a degradation of total flavonoids than was lower than that of the spray drying. Antioxidant properties of the dried extract, examined by their radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by Fe+2 assays (LPO), confirmed their antioxidant potential. The slight reduction in scavenging activity of the dried extracts may be associated with the occurrence of oxidative reactions, decomposition or losses of thermolabile compounds, induced by the heat.

Para ser efetiva contra os danos oxidativos induzidos pela radiação UVB na pele, é necessário que o ativo seja liberado da formulação na qual foi incorporado e alcance as camadas da pele onde são geradas as EROS. Desta forma, torna-se de grande importância o desenvolvimento de métodos eficazes e sensíveis para extrair e quantificar, nas diferentes camadas de pele, o agente antioxidante liberado de formulações tópicas. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos adequados para extrair e quantificar a quercetina em amostras de pele e na fase receptora após estudos de penetração cutânea in vitro. Os resultados demonstraram que a recuperação das camadas de pele, EC e [E+D], quando do uso de duas diferentes metodologias de quantificação (ensaio de DPPH• e CLAE, respectivamente), foi de 93,8 % quando aplicada uma dose de 50 µg/mL de quercetina, 100,4 % para 100 µg/mL e 89,9 % para 250 µg/mL e a recuperação média da extração da quercetina da fase receptora, quando do emprego de diclorometano como solvente extrator, foi de 96 %. Tais resultados demonstram que os métodos descritos têm grande potencial de aplicação em estudos de penetração in vitro já que apresentaram exatidão e sensibilidade.

To be effective against the oxidative damages induced by UVB irradiation in the skin, the drug needs to release from the formulation in which it was incorporated and reach the skin layers where the ROS are generated. Thus, it is very important the development of a robust and sensitive methodology to extract and quantify in different skin layers the antioxidant agent delivered from topical formulations. Therefore, in the present work suitable methods to extract and quantify quercetin in skin samples and receptor phase after in vitro penetration studies were developed. The results demonstrated that the recovery from two different layers of skin, the SC and [E+D], using two different methods of quantification (DPPH• assay and HPLC, respectively), was 93.8 % when the quercetin spiked dose was 50 µg/mL, 100.4 % when it was 100 µg/mL and 89.9 % for 250 µg/mL and the average recovery of the quercetin extraction from receptor phase when dichloromethane was used as extractor solvent was 96%. These results demonstrate that the described methods have a potential application to in vitro skin penetration studies of quercetin, since it showed to be accurate and sensitive.

Mesalazina (ácido 5-aminosalicílico, 5-ASA) é utilizado devido seu efeito local no tratamento de doença inflamatória intestinal. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar e validar três métodos analíticos para o controle de qualidade de comprimidos comerciais revestidos contendo 5-ASA: cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), radical 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil (DPPH•) e nitrosação. Os parâmetros linearidade, precisão e exatidão foram estudados neste trabalho. CLAE com detecção ultravioleta em 254 nm foi realizada utilizando coluna C18 e a eluição em fase móvel constituída de tampão fosfato monobásico 30 mmol/L (pH 7,0) e metanol (70:30; v/v), com 25% de sulfato hidrogênio de tetrabutilamônio. Para o método de DPPH• utilizou-se tampão acetato 100 mmol/L, pH 5,5, álcool etílico e 250 µmol/L solução etanólica de DPPH• a 517 nm. Para o método de nitrosação utilizou-se um eletrodo de platina e um padrão de nitrito de sódio 0.1 mol/L como solução titulante. Repetibilidade (intra-dia) e precisão intermediária (inter-dia), expressado como DPR, foi menor que 3%. A recuperação experimental foi entre 72,5 e 99,9%. Análise estatística por "one-way" ANOVA, seguida de comparação múltipla do teste de Bonferroni, não mostrou significância entre os três métodos. Os métodos propostos podem ser usados para análise quantitativa do5-ASA em formas farmacêuticas.

Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) is used because of its local effects in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, the aims of this work were to compare and validate three analytical methods for the quality control of commercial coated tablets containing 5-ASA: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH•) and nitrosation. The parameters linearity, precision and accuracy were studied in this work. HPLC with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm was carried out with a C18 column and a mobile phase constituted of 30 mmol/L monobasic phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and methanol (70:30; v/v), with 25% tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate. The DPPH• method was performed at 517 nm and using 100 mmol/L acetate buffer, pH 5.5, ethanol and 250 µmol/L ethanolic solution of DPPH•. The nitrosation method was accomplished by using a platinum electrode and standard 0.1 mol/L sodium nitrite as titrant solution. Repeatability (intra-day) and intermediate precision (inter-day), expressed as RSD, were lower than 3%. The experimental recoveries were between 72.5 and 99.9%. Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA, followed by the multiple comparison test of Bonferroni showed no significant difference among the three methods. All proposed methods can be used for the reliable quantitation of 5-ASA in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

O retardo da cicatrização de feridas em pacientes diabéticos eleva os custos hospitalares e a morbidade dos procedimentos operatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da suplementação dietética de óxido de zinco e cromo (ZC) na reparação tecidual de feridas cutâneas. Foram estudados 69 ratos Wistar, pesando entre 200-270 gramas, separados em cinco grupos (G). Na primeira semana do experimento induziu-se diabetes com streptozotocin em 53 animais (GIII, GIV, GV). A partir do 8º dia os ratos normais (GI, GII) e os diabéticos receberam, além de ração e água: GI, nenhum tratamento (NT); GII, ZC adicionados à água; GIII, NT; GIV, insulina; GV, ZC e insulina. No 15º dia foi retirado fragmento elíptico de pele e subcutâneo do dorso dos animais. Nos 15º, 22º, 29º e 36º dias, as feridas operatórias foram fotografadas. Essas fotografias foram transferidas para computador, onde foram calculadas as suas áreas. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística. No 22º dia da avaliação, não houve diferença significante (NS) na redução das áreas das feridas operatórias entre os grupos. Nas datas seguintes, os ratos diabéticos não tratados (GIII) também não apresentaram diferença significante na redução das áreas das feridas operatórias (RA) em relação aos normais (GI). Mas os tratados com zinco e cromo e com insulina (GII, GIV e GV) apresentaram RA significativamente maior do que os do GIII. O GV apresentou maior RA do que o GIV, porém NS. Conclui-se que o tratamento de ratos diabéticos com insulina e a suplementação dietética de ZC favorecem a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas.

The delay in tissue repair of cutaneous wounds in diabetic patients increase hospital costs and morbidity in surgical procedures. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of zinc oxide and chromium as diet supplements (ZC) in tissue repair of cutaneous wounds. This study was carried out in 69 Wistar rats with weight ranging from 200 to 270 grams divided in 5 (five) groups (G). Diabetes was induced in 53 animals with streptozotocin in the first week of the study (GIII, GIV, and GV). After the 8th day, normal (GI, GII) and diabetic rats (GIII, GIV, GV) received diet supplements together with food and water: GI, no treatment (NT); GII, ZC added to the water; GIII, NT; GIV, insulin; GV, ZC and insulin. On the 15th day an elliptical fragment was taken from the skin and from the dorsum of the animals. The operative wounds were then photographed on days 15, 22, 29 and 36. These pictures were sent to a computer and wound areas were calculated. The scores obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis. On the 22nd day of assessment there was no significant difference (NS) in the reduction of the operative wound site among the groups (RA). In the following dates the diabetic rats that did not receive the treatment (GII) also did not have any significant difference in RA in comparison to normal rats (GI). On the other hand, those rats treated with zinc, chromium and insulin (GII, GIV. and GV) had a higher RA level than those of the GIII did. The GV had a higher level of RA than GIV, but it was not significant. (NS). The conclusion was that the treatment of diabetic rats with insulin and diet supplement with ZC improved the healing of cutaneous wounds.