Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la temperatura en el desarrollo de dos líneas de Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), para determinar los requisitos térmicos de este parasitoide en huevos de Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). El experimento se llevó a cabo con dos líneas (“Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba”, Ceará) de T. pretiosum a partir de huevos parasitarios de N. elegantalis en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). En este experimento, se usaron 40 huevos del huésped N. elegantalis y 4 hembras de los parasitoides, con exposición al parasitismo durante 24 horas (a 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10 % de HR y fotofase de 12 h). Al final de este período, se retiraron las hembras y los tubos se transfirieron a incubadoras (HR = 70 ± 10 % y fotofase de 12 h, a 15, 20, 25, 30 o 35 °C, hasta la aparición de la generación siguiente de parasitoides. Los parámetros evaluados fueron el porcentaje de emergencia, la proporción de sexos, el número de parasitoides que surgieron por huevo y la duración del ciclo. Los experimentos se establecieron en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos (temperaturas) y 12 repeticiones. Se realizó ANOVA y se compararon las medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (P < 0.05). La temperatura base fue de 10,77 y 10,86 °C y el número de generaciones por año fue de 33,29 y 35,63 para “Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba”, respectivamente. La temperatura cambió los parámetros biológicos, y la duración del ciclo de las líneas “Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba” disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la temperatura.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature on the development of two lines of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), to determine the thermal requirements of this parasitoid wasp on Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs. The experiment was carried out with two lines (“Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, Ceará State) of T. pretiosum collected naturally parasitizing eggs of N. elegantalis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. In this experiment, 40 eggs of the host N. elegantalis and 4 females of the parasitoids were used, with exposure to parasitism for 24 hours at 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10 %, and 12-h photophase. At the end of this period, females were removed and the tubes were transferred to incubators (RH = 70 ± 10 %; 12-h photophase), exposed to 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 °C, until emergence of the following generation of the parasitoids. The percentage of emergence, sex ratio, the number of parasitoids that emerged per egg, and cycle duration were assessed. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments (temperatures) and 12 replicates. ANOVA was conducted and the means were compared by Tukey test (P < 0.05). The base temperatures were 10.77 °C and 10.86 °C and the number of generations per year were 33.29 and 35.63 for “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, respectively. The study showed that temperature changed the biological parameters, and cycle duration of the “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba” lines decreased as temperature increased.

Abstract The species Anastrepha zacharyi Norrbom has recently been recorded in the Amazon, however the species is subsampling in the biome. In this research, we report a new occurrence of A. zacharyi in the state of Pará and, through climate suitability modelling, present new possible distribution areas of the species in the Brazilian eastern Amazon.

RESUMO O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de melão (Cucumis melo L.), tendo os estados do Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará os maiores representantes (99% das exportações), com enorme relevância do ponto de vista socioeconômico para a região nordeste. No entanto, a cultura é acometida por insetos-praga, razão pela qual grandes quantidades de agrotóxicos são necessárias os quais afetam sobremaneira organismos benéficos como os crisopídeos. O bioensaio avaliou a toxicidade de nove inseticidas utilizados comercialmente na cultura do meloeiro, aplicados sobre primeiro instar larval de Chrysoperla genanigra, avaliando, inclusive, efeitos subletais, categorizando os inseticidas em classes de toxicidade preconizadas pela IOBC. Foram utilizadas larvas com até 24h de idade, oriundas de criação massal. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por dez tratamentos: clotianidina, pimetrozina, lambda-cialotrina, clorantraniliprole, indoxacarbe, piriproxifem, beta-ciflutrina + imidaclopride, imidaclopride, beta-cipermetrina e a testemunha constituída de água destilada. Cada tratamento consistiu na exposição de trinta larvas aos resíduos secos de cada produto em placas de Petri, realizando-se avaliações de mortalidade, duração de instares, razão sexual, fecundidade, bem como a viabilidade dos ovos produzidos pelos adultos provenientes dos insetos testados. Pelo cálculo do efeito total, os produtos foram enquadrados em classes de toxicidade: clotianidina, pimetrozina, indoxacarbe, lambda - cialotrina, beta-ciflutrina + imidaclopride, imidaclopride, beta-cipermetrina e piriproxifem como nocivos (Classe 4) e, lorantraniliprole como o único produto inócuo (Classe 1) à fase testada, sendo este o único com base neste trabalho recomendado para uso em programas de MIP no melão.

ABSTRACT Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of melon (Cucumis melo L.), and Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará are the largest producers states of the country (99% of exports). This crop had great socio- economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast, however, it is affected by insect pests and consequently, large amounts of pesticides are applied to it, which greatly affect beneficial organisms, such as Chrysopidae. This bioassay evaluated the toxicity of nine insecticides used in commercial crops of muskmelon, applied to first- instar larvae of Chrysoperla genanigra of up to 24-hour-old, from mass rearing cultures. Sublethal effects were evaluated, classifying the insecticides into the toxicity classes recommended by the IOBC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of ten treatments (clothianidin, pymetrozine, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, pyriproxyfen, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin and a control consisted of distilled water). The treatments consisted of exposure of thirty larvae to dry residues of each product in Petri dishes, assessing their mortality, duration of instars, sex ratio, fecundity and viability of eggs from adults of the insects evaluated. The products were classified in toxicity classes as harmful (Class 4) (clothianidin, pymetrozine, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta- cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen) and innocuous (Class 1) (chlorantraniliprole) to first -instar larvae of C. genanigra, by calculate their total effect. Based on this work, chlorantraniliprole is the only recommended insecticide for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs in muskmelon crops.

Se evaluaron los efectos residuales y subletales de insecticidas acetamiprid (0,05 g i.a./L), lufenurón (0,04 g i.a./L), imidacloprid (0,14 g i.a./L), novaluron (0,02 g i.a./L), triflumurón (0,14 g i.a./L) y piriproxifen (0,1 g i.a. L) en la generación parental de adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum, tanto como sus efectos posteriores sobre las generaciones F1 y F2. Huevos de Anagasta kuehniella adheridos con goma árabe a cuadros de cartón fueron sacrificados con luz UV y tratados por inmersión en las soluciones de insecticida. Luego, se expusieron al parasitismo 1, 24 y 48 horas después del tratamiento durante 24 horas bajo condiciones controladas (24 ± 2°C, humedad relativa 70 ± 10%, 12-h fotofase) hasta la emergencia de los parasitoides. Se calculó la toxicidad de los insecticidas basados en la longevidad y la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación materna, así como en la tasa de emergencia, la proporción de sexos, la longevidad y la capacidad de parasitismo de las generaciones F1 y F2. Los compuestos se clasificaron según la IOBC. Piriproxifen fue levemente perjudicial (clase 2) para la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras maternales y la generación F1 de T. pretiosum. Novaluron fue levemente perjudicial para la emergencia de la generación F1. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, lufenurón y triflumurón fueron inocuos (clase 1).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual and sublethal effects of the insecticides acetamiprid (0.05 g a.i./L), lufenuron (0.04 g a.i./L), imidacloprid (0.14 g a.i./L), novaluron (0.02 g a.i./L), triflumuron (0.14 g a.i./L), and pyriproxifen (0.1 g a.i./L) on adults from the maternal generation of Trichogramma pretiosum, as well as their subsequent effects on the F1 and F2 generations. Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella were glued to paper cards, UV-killed, and dip-treated in insecticide solutions. Next, the eggs were exposed for parasitism 1, 24, and 48 h after treatment, maintained that way for 24 h under controlled conditions (24 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, 12-h photophase), until the emergence of the parasitoids. The insecticide toxicity was calculated based on the longevity and parasitism capacity of the maternal generation, as well as on the emergence rate, sex ratio, longevity, and parasitism capacity of the F1 and F2 generations. The insecticides were toxicologically classified according to IOBC. Pyriproxifen was slightly harmful (class 2) for the parasitism capacity of T. pretiosum maternal and F1 generation females. Novaluron was slightly harmful for the emergence rate of the F1 generation. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, lufenuron, and triflumuron were harmless (class 1) to T. pretiosum.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de inseticidas recentemente lançados no mercado para o controle de pragas na cultura dos citros, em adultos de Chrysoperla externa e Ceraeochrysa cubana. Os produtos utilizados e as respectivas dosagens em g L-1 de i.a. foram: tiametoxam 200 WG, 0,05; imidacloprido 700 WG, 0,07; milbemectina 50 CE, 0,008; piriproxifem 100 CE, 0,075; e espirodiclofeno 240 SC, 0,06. Em cada tratamento, 11 casais de C. externa e 13 de C. cubana, com idade de até 24 horas, foram submetidos à aplicação dos inseticidas e de água (testemunha), por meio de torre de Potter. A mortalidade dos adultos, a capacidade de oviposição num período de oito semanas e a viabilidade dos ovos foram avaliadas. O tiametoxam foi classificado como nocivo a C. externa; o imidacloprido como moderadamente nocivo e os demais inseticidas como inócuos. Para C. cubana, o tiametoxam foi considerado nocivo, o espirodiclofeno foi levemente nocivo e os demais produtos foram inócuos. Os produtos milbemectina, piriproxifem e espirodiclofeno podem ser recomendados em programas de manejo integrado de pragas visando à manutenção dessas espécies de artrópodes benéficos em áreas de citricultura.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of insecticides recently released for the control of citrus pests on adult specimens of Chrysoperla externa and Ceraeochrysa cubana. The products used and their respective dosages in g L-1 of a.i. were: thiametoxam 200 WG, 0.05; imidacloprid 700 WG, 0.07; milbemectin 50 CE, 0.008; pyriproxyfen 100 CE, 0.075; and spirodiclofen 240 SC, 0.06. In each treatment, 11 couples of C. externa and 13 of C. cubana, at an age up to 24 hours, were submitted to the application of the insecticides and water (control), through a Potter´s tower. Adults mortality and oviposition capacity were evaluated in a period of eight weeks, as well as the viability of laid eggs. Thiametoxam was classified as harmful to C. externa; imidacloprid as moderately harmful and the other insecticides as harmless. As for C. cubana, thiametoxam was considered harmful; spirodiclofen was slightly harmful and the other products were innocuous. The insecticides milbemectin, pyriproxyfen and spirodiclofen can be recommended to integrated pest management programs aiming at the maintenance of these species of beneficial arthropods in citrus areas.

Se evaluaron los efectos de los insecticidas químicos acetamiprid, lufenuron, imidacloprid, novaluron, triflumuron, y piriproxifen en las etapas de desarrollo de Trichogramma pretiosum. Se ofrecieron huevos de Anagasta kuehniella adheridos a cartón azul a las hembras de T. pretiosum durante 24 h. Después de parasitismo, los huevos fueron tratados por inmersión en las soluciones químicas o en agua durante cinco segundos, después de alcanzadas las etapas de huevo-larva, pre-pupa o pupa. La aplicación de piriproxifen a T. pretiosum durante su período de huevo-larva fue ligeramente perjudicial a la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F1 y la tasa de emergencia de adultos de la generación F1 y F2. Cuando se aplicó a T. pretiosum en el período de huevo-larva, acetamiprid fue ligeramente perjudicial a la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F1 de T. pretiosum. Cuando se aplicó a T. pretiosum en la fase de pupa, acetamiprid fue ligeramente perjudicial para la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F2. Cuando se aplicó durante el período de huevo-larva, imidacloprid fue ligeramente perjudicial a la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de T. pretiosum de la generación F1. Lufenuron aplicado en T. pretiosum en la fase de pupa fue ligeramente perjudicial para la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F2. Los insecticidas novaluron y triflumuron cuando se aplicaron en los estados inmaduros de T. pretiosum fueron inofensivos para las generaciones F1 y F2.

The effects of the chemical insecticides acetamiprid, lufenuron, imidacloprid, novaluron, triflumuron, and pyriproxifen on the developmental stages of Trichogramma pretiosum were evaluated. Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella glued on blue paper cards were offered to T. pretiosum females for 24 h. After parasitization, the eggs were treated by dipping the cards into the insecticide solutions or in water for 5 s after they had reached the egg-larval, pre-pupal, or pupal stages. The application of pyriproxifen to T. pretiosum during its egg-larval period was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of F1 generation females and the emergence rate of F1 and F2 generation adults. When applied to T. pretiosum in the egg-larval period, acetamiprid was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of the F1 generation females of T. pretiosum. When applied to T. pretiosum in the pupal stage, acetamiprid was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of F2 generation females. When applied during the egg-larval period, imidacloprid was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of T. pretiosum females of the F1 generation. Lufenuron applied on T. pretiosum in the pupal stage was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of the F2 generation females. The insecticides novaluron and triflumuron, when applied during the immature stages to T. pretiosum, were harmless to its F1 and F2 generations.

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do crisântemo a adultos de Orius insidiosus (Say). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 25±1oC, UR 70±10% e fotofase de 12h, em Lavras, MG. Os inseticidas avaliados foram abamectina (0,0009 g i.a./100 ml), cartap (0,06 g i.a./100 ml), ciromazina (0,011 g i.a./100 ml), fenpropatrina (0,009 g i.a./100 ml) e imidaclopride (0,042 g i.a./100 ml). As pulverizações foram realizadas por meio de torre de Potter calibrada a 15 lb/pol2, com volume de 1,5±0,5 mg de calda/cm2, sobre casais de O. insidiosus. Avaliou-se a ação dos produtos sobre a mortalidade, oviposição, fertilidade e capacidade predatória dos adultos. Abamectina, fenpropatrina e imidaclopride foram altamente tóxicos aos adultos de O. insidiosus, e ciromazina e cartap apresentaram moderada toxicidade. Ciromazina e cartap apresentam possibilidades de serem recomendados em programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura do crisântemo.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the selectivity of products used in the chrysanthemum crop to adults of Orius insidiosus (Say). The experiments were kept under controlled conditions at 25±1oC, RH 70±10% and L/D 12:12 h, in Lavras, MG, Brazil. The insecticides evaluated were abamectin (0.0009 g a.i./100 ml), cartap (0.06 g a.i./100 ml), cyromazine (0.011 g a.i./100 ml), fenpropathrin (0.009 g a.i./100 ml) and imidacloprid (0.042 g a.i./100 ml). The sprays were done using Potter's tower calibrated to 15 lb/pol2, applying volume of 1.5±0.5 mg of solution/cm2. The applications were realized directly in the pairs of O. insidiosus. It was evaluated the action of the products on mortality, oviposition, fertility and the adult's predatory capacity. Abamectin, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid were highly harmful to the adults of O. insidiosus. Cyromazine and cartap were moderately toxic. Cyromazine and cartap presented possibilities of being recommended in integrated pest management programs of the chrysanthemum crop.