Resumo Introdução: As lesões vasculares iatrogénicas são uma causa importante de morbilidade e mortalidade após intervenções cirúrgicas ortopédicas ou neurocirúrgicas. Neste artigo, os autores apresentam dois casos clinicos de quasi-iatrogenia vascular. Casos clínicos: Dois casos, um procedimento ortopédico e um procedimento neurocirúrgico, são apresentados. O primeiro caso refere-se a uma mulher de 80 anos com migração do componente acetabular de uma prótese da anca, associado a trombose da veia ilíaca externa. O segundo caso reporta um homem de 27 anos com compressão medular ao nível de D6 por motivo de um hemangioma ósseo. Após a operação, verificou-se a presença de material de fixação (parafuso) fazendo protusão para o lúmen da aorta torácica. Este foi removido num segundo momento. Ambas as operações decorreram sem complicações. Conclusão: Os autores consideram que uma abordagem multidisciplinar contribuiu significativamente para o sucesso dos casos apresentados.

Resumen: Las organizaciones usan varios lenguajes de programación para desarrollar sus sistemas. Estas utilizan las características mas apropiadas de cada lenguaje para un dominio determinado. Por su parte los programadores deben tener dominio de diferentes lenguajes para hacer frente a la creciente complejidad del desarrollo y mantenimiento del software. Así que necesitan herramientas que les ayuden a realizar esas tareas. Esas herramientas deben ser capaces de analizar los programas para identificar las relaciones entre sus elementos internos, ayudar a descubrir patrones y calcular métricas de calidad. Sin embargo, la mayoría tienen soporte limitado para analizar diversos lenguajes de programación y altos costos de adquisición. Por lo que existe la necesidad de contar con nuevos métodos para analizar el código escrito en múltiples lenguajes de programación. Este artículo describe el diseño de un método para transformar automáticamente la sintaxis de varios lenguajes de programación en un lenguaje universal con una sintaxis genérica. La función del lenguaje genérico es encapsular las especificidades de cada lenguaje concreto, de manera que se facilite el análisis de programas en una sola sintaxis de programación y no en múltiples sintaxis. La ventaja de este enfoque es que solo se requiere un motor de análisis, no varios analizadores de código, para estudiar los programas.

Abstract: Organizations use various programming languages to develop their systems. These aim to take advantage of the most appropriate features of each language for a given domain and require programmers to command different languages and also to face the growing complexity of software development and maintenance. So, they need tools to help them analyze programs to identify relationships between their internal elements, uncover patterns, and calculate quality metrics. However, most tools have limited support for parsing multiple programming languages and high acquisition costs. Therefore, there is a need for new methods to analyze code written in multiple programming languages. This article describes the design of a method to automatically transform the syntax of various programming languages into a universal language with a generic syntax. The function of the generic language is to encapsulate the specificities of each specific language, so that the analysis of programs is facilitated in a single programming syntax and not in multiple syntaxes. The advantage of this approach is that only one analysis engine is required, not multiple code analyzers, to study the programs.

ABSTRACT. Selection practices are maximized when plant breeders have the availability of consolidated parameters, which will guide direct and indirect selection methods. This study aimed to apply a biometric alternative to minimize residual variance and maximize selection parameters by parent-progeny regression, interim controls, and mixed linear models intrinsic to breeding. The obtained data were subjected to the assumptions of the statistical model, which identified the normality and homogeneity of the residual variances and model additivity. Subsequently, two analysis scenarios were created. The first preserved all information obtained in the experiment, both from segregating families and pure-line cultivars, and was called original scenario. The other scenario preserved progeny data, but the residual variability of controls was restricted using as criterion observations contained between the interval of the first sample standard deviation. Thereby, an acceptable residue limit could be obtained. Both scenarios were submitted to three consolidated frequentist methods (genitor-progeny regression; sum of squares of augmented block design with interim controls; and mixed linear models, wherein random genetic effects are taken as weighted genetic parameters by the genealogical matrix). Restricting residual variation in parents or controls can maximize genetic parameters and genetic gains in soybean breeding. Significant heritability estimate gains were obtained in the augmented blocks with interim control approach. Mixed linear models with random genetic effects can be considered a great tool to obtain genetic parameters in experiments with a high magnitude of common and regular treatments.

ABSTRACT: This research determined the adaptability and stability of soybean yield for organic systems in different environments. Grain yield data (GY, kg ha-1) from experiments with six soybean genotypes evaluated in six environments in Brazil and one environment in Paraguay were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in an incomplete factorial scheme, with six environments in Brazil (Toledo- PR, Palotina- PR, Mangueirinha- PR, Três Passos- RS, Passo Fundo- RS, Major Vieira- SC) and one in Paraguay (Bela Vista do Norte- PY) with six soybean genotypes (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) arranged in four replications per environment. BRS 511 genotype was characterized by high average grain yield and stability by the AMMI method. BRS 284 genotype was identified as the ideal genotype in the GGE biplot method. WAASBY and BLUP index selected BRS511 and BRS284 genotypes.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade da soja para sistemas orgânicos em diferentes ambientes. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos (GY, kg ha-1) de experimentos com seis genótipos de soja avaliados em seis ambientes no Brasil e um ambiente no Paraguai. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, organizados em esquema fatorial incompleto, com seis ambientes no Brasil (Toledo - PR, Palotina - PR, Mangueirinha - PR, Três Passos - RS, Passo Fundo - RS, Major Vieira - SC) e um no Paraguai (Bela Vista do Norte - PY) com seis genótipos de soja (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) dispostos em quatro repetições por ambiente. O genótipo BRS 511 foi caracterizado por alta produtividade média de grãos e estabilidade pelo método AMMI. O genótipo BRS 284 foi identificado como o genótipo ideal pelo método GGE biplot. Os índices WAASBY e BLUP selecionaram os genótipos BRS511 e BRS284.

Abstract The flax cultivar CISJU21, developed by the crop breeding program of the UNIJUÍ, was the result of selection for plants with early flowering, a shorter cycle, greater capsule diameter, optimized weight and higher number of grains per plant, with high yield stability and grain yield in the tested scenarios.

Abstract The objective of this work was to select white oat (Avena sativa) genotypes for environments with and without fungicide application, as well as to identify relationships between meteorological variables and agronomic traits. Two experiments were carried out: one without and the other with the use of the tebuconazole fungicide. In each experiment, 26 genotypes were evaluated, conducted during ten years in the same experimental area; cultivation years were considered as one environment. The methodologies of genotype and of the genotypes x environments interaction were used to define the ideal genotype. 'URS Corona' is considered an ideal genotype due to its excellent responses in the environment with tebuconazole. The 'Brisasul', 'IPR Aphrodite', and 'URS Taura' genotypes respond better in the environment without the fungicide. However, based on multitraits, the 'URS Taura' and 'IPR Afrodite' genotypes can be positioned in environments with or without the use of tebuconazole. Genotypes with a rust incidence lower than 15% and a height higher than 93 cm in an environment with a relative humidity lower than 70.75% have a higher grain yield regardless of fungicide use. Greater magnitudes of air temperature and solar radiation result in a higher grain yield of white oat, regardless of fungicide use.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de aveia-branca (Avena sativa) para ambientes com e sem aplicação de fungicidas, bem como identificar relações entre variáveis meteorológicas e características agronômicas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um sem e outro com o uso do fungicida tebuconazole. Em cada experimento, foram avaliados 26 genótipos, conduzidos durante dez anos na mesma área experimental; os anos de cultivo foram considerados como um ambiente. As metodologias de genótipos e da interação genótipos x ambientes foram utilizadas para definir o genótipo ideal. 'URS Corona' é considerado um genótipo ideal devida às suas ótimas respostas em ambiente com uso de tebuconazole. Já os genótipos 'Brisasul', 'IPR Afrodite' e 'URS Taura' respondem melhor em ambiente sem o fungicida. Contudo, com base em multicaracterísticas, os genótipos 'URS Taura' e 'IPR Afrodite' podem ser posicionados em ambientes com ou sem o uso de tebuconazole. Genótipos com incidência de ferrugem menor que 15% e altura maior que 93 cm, em ambiente com umidade relativa menor que 70,75%, apresentam maior produtividade de grãos independentemente do uso de fungicida. Maiores magnitudes de temperatura do ar e radiação solar resultam em maior produtividade de grãos de aveia-branca, independentemente do uso de fungicida.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar el comportamiento de cultivares de yuca sometidos a diferentes densidades y bioestimulantes al momento de la siembra, y seleccionar cultivares superiores a través de atributos nutricionales y productivos basado en el enfoque multivariado. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar de tres factores y tres repeticiones: tres cultivares de yuca (FEPAGRO-RS 13 Vassourinha, BRS CS01, Iapar - 19 Pioneira), dos densidades de plantación (10 y 20 yemas por metro lineal) y bioestimulate (con y sin), en total 36 unidades experimentales. El cultivar BRS CS01 presentó el mayor rendimiento y concentración de material mineral; el genotipo FEPAGRO - RS 13 Vassourinha presentó el mayor contenido de lípidos y ‘Iapar 19 - Pioneira’ presentó las mayores concentraciones de proteína. El contenido de almidón fue evaluado por la prueba de comparación de medias e índice MGIDI. El cultivar FEPAGRO - RS 13 Vassourinha mostró superioridad, además de ser considerado por el índice ideal por el multi-variado. La densidad 10 y bioestimulador se caracterizó como favorable para la productividad y lípidos, mientras que la densidad 10 y sin bioestimulador favorable para almidón, lípidos, proteína y productividad. La densidad 20 con bioestimulador fue favorable para lípidos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to highlight the behavior of cassava cultivars when subjected to different densities and biostimulants at planting and to select superior cultivars based on nutritional and productive attributes using the multivariate approach. The experiment design used randomized blocks in a three-factor scheme, with three cassava cultivars (FEPAGRO-RS 13 Vassourinha, BRS CS01, Iapar - 19 Pioneira) × two planting densities (10 and 20 buds per linear meter) × two biostimulator forms (with and without) in three replications, totaling 36 experiment units. Cultivar BRS CS01 had the highest yield and concentration of mineral material, genotype FEPAGRO - RS 13 Vassourinha had the highest lipid content, and Iapar 19 - Pioneira had the highest protein concentrations. The starch content was tested with a comparison of means and MGIDI index. Cultivar FEPAGRO - RS 13 Vassourinha had the highest content and, according to the index, was the ideal cultivar based on multi-characteristics. Density 10 with the biostimulator was favorable for productivity and lipids, whereas density 10 without the biostimulator was favorable for starch, lipids, proteins and productivity. Density 20 with the biostimulator was favorable for lipids.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um procedimento para elicitação de distribuição a priori informativa, comparada à distribuição a priori não informativa, em tamanho amostral reduzido, com uso de 14 caracteres de três genótipos de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum), em sete épocas de semeadura. Os valores dos hiperparâmetros regulam a informatividade da distribuição a priori; portanto, para cada época, foram calculados os hiperparâmetros a serem utilizados na próxima época. As duas distribuições a priori, não informativa e informativa, foram comparadas pelo comprimento dos intervalos de credibilidade e pela variância da distribuição a posteriori. Em geral, quando a distribuição a priori informativa é adotada, os parâmetros genéticos apresentam menor comprimento do intervalo de credibilidade e estimativas mais precisas. O mecanismo de elicitação a priori informativa com uso de informações prévias de programas de melhoramento é eficiente para estimativa de parâmetros genéticos, incluindo herdabilidade e variância genética, mesmo quando o tamanho da amostra é pequeno. Na avaliação genética, o uso da distribuição a priori informativa é melhor do que o da distribuição não informativa para tamanho amostral pequeno. Em geral, os resultados das distribuições a priori informativas indicam que os valores genéticos da primeira época de semeadura são maiores para os seguintes caracteres: comprimento do ciclo, altura da planta, e número de cápsulas não granuladas e de ramos produtivos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate a procedure for the elicitation of informative prior distribution, compared with non-informative prior distribution, in a small sample size, using 14 traits of three linseed (Linum usitatissimum) genotypes in seven sowing seasons. The values of the hyperparameters regulate the informativeness of the prior distribution; therefore, for each season, the hyperparameters to be used in the next season were calculated. The two prior distributions, non-informative and informative, were compared by the length of the credible interval and variance of the posterior distribution. In general, when the informative prior distribution is adopted, the genetic parameters present a shorter length of the credible interval and more precise estimates. The mechanism for informative prior elicitation using previous information from breeding programs is efficient for the estimation of genetic parameters, including heritability and genetic variance, even when the sample size is small. In genetic evaluation, the use of informative prior distribution is better than that of non-informative distribution for a small sample size. In general, the results of the informative prior distributions are indicative that the genetic values of the first sowing season are greater for the following traits: cycle length, plant height, and number of non-grained capsules and of productive branches.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes affecting the healthcare systems and the approach to the infectious diseases worldwide. The hope to regain a certain level of “normalcy” relays on the development of vaccines. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine in the Paraguayan population, exploring factors that could be addressed to support the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign. Materials and methods: Cross sectional and descriptive study. Participants were recruited through an Internet-based survey, spread through social media, during the month of March 2021. All participants received complete information about the aim of the study, privacy and data-processing. Results: Of the 2,297 participants, 67.9% (n=1,559) were women, 49.9% (n=1,147) were employed, 89.1% (n=2,046) reported a university education, and 96.6% (n=2218) were from urban areas. Overall, 81.8% (n=1,879) of participants stated that they were willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19 if a vaccine was available. A significant relationship has been found between having applied for the influenza vaccine and the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 (p <0.0001), with an OR: 3.09 (95% CI 2.1-4.5). Conclusion: The percentage of participants inclined to be vaccinated against the COVID-19 is similar to that of those expecting a proper immunization from the vaccine. Government and health agencies should make an effort to provide accurate information that responds to people's concerns about vaccination, at any level of society.

RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado cambios que afectan a los sistemas sanitarios y al enfoque de las enfermedades infecciosas en todo el mundo. La esperanza de recuperar un cierto nivel de "normalidad" depende del desarrollo de vacunas. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue describir las actitudes hacia la vacuna COVID-19 en la población paraguaya, explorando los factores que podrían abordarse para apoyar la campaña de vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal y descriptivo. Los participantes fueron reclutados a través de una encuesta por Internet, difundida a través de las redes sociales, durante el mes de marzo de 2021. Todos los participantes recibieron información completa sobre el objetivo del estudio, la privacidad y el procesamiento de datos. Resultados: de los 2297 participantes, el 67,9 % (n=1559) eran mujeres, el 49,9 % (n=1147) estaban empleados, el 89,1 % (n=2046) declararon tener estudios universitarios y el 96,6 % (n=2218) eran de zonas urbanas. En general, 81,8 % (n=1879) de los participantes declararon estar dispuestos a vacunarse contra la COVID-19 si hubiera una vacuna disponible. Se encontró una relación significativa entre haber recibido la vacuna contra la gripe y la intención de vacunarse contra la COVID-19 (p <0,0001), con una OR de 3,09 (95% IC 2,1-4,5). Conclusión: el porcentaje de participantes inclinados a vacunarse contra la COVID-19 es similar al de los que esperan recibir una inmunización adecuada gracias a la vacuna. El gobierno y las agencias de salud deben hacer un esfuerzo para proporcionar información precisa que responda a las preocupaciones de la gente sobre la vacunación, en cualquier nivel de la sociedad.

Abstract Adsorption of microorganisms and/or their different components onto a mineral surface would modify the surface characteristics of the mineral. Thus, this investigation evaluated the adsorption capacity of the Rhodococcus opacus strain onto an apatite surface. Zeta potential and contact angle measurements of the mineral showed dislocations of the values after interaction with the microorganism. The maximum adsorption density reached was 24.10 mg of bacterial cells per gram of mineral using a biomass concentration of 400 mg/L. The experimental data were linearly fitted by the Freundlich model and the adsorption density as a function of time was linearly fitted by the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. The results showed that the bacterial strain has affinity for the apatite surface and ability to make it hydrophobic.

ABSTRACT Cassava (Manihot esculenta) has high phenotypic plasticity, acclimatization, broad adaptability, and resilience under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions. This systematic review aimed to identify factors that determined cassava production in Brazil during the last three decades and direct perspectives for this crop in Colombia. The methodology was based on studies that integrated academic information from different situations (1990-2020), environments, states, groups of researchers and existing scientific evidence. Based on the information, a binary matrix of information was assembled based on the following characteristics: plant density per hectare, soil type, city, state, average air temperature, planting line spacing, plant spacing on the planting line, implantation date, implantation station, harvesting station, productivity per hectare, days for harvest, liming, fertilization, precipitation and climate. During the last 30 years, the productivity of cassava in Brazil has increased, mainly in low-income populations and rural populations. There are prospects for increasing cassava production for fresh sale and industries. This crop is characterized as rustic, highly adaptive, tolerant of water stress and acidic soils, and highly influenced by climate, rainfall, air temperature, and incident solar radiation. Productivity is determined by implantation time, liming, fertilization, density, and plant arrangement.

RESUMEN La yuca (Manihot esculenta) muestra alta plasticidad fenotípica, climática, amplia adaptabilidad y resistencia a condiciones edafoclimáticas adversas. En este contexto, esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo identificar cuáles fueron los factores que determinaron la producción de yuca en Brasil en las últimas tres décadas, y orientar cuáles son las posibles perspectivas del cultivo en el país. La metodología para producir esta revisión se basó en estudios que integran la información académica producida en diferentes situaciones (1990-2020), entornos, estados, grupos de investigadores y evidencia científica existente para esta temática. Con base en la información, se ensambló una matriz binaria de información basada en los siguientes caracteres: densidad de plantación por hectárea, tipo de suelo, ciudad, estado, temperatura promedio del aire, espaciado entre línea de siembra, espaciado entre planta en la línea de siembra, fecha de siembra, estación de siembra, estación de cosecha, productividad por hectárea, días de cosecha, encalado, fertilización, precipitación y clima. Es evidente que en los últimos 30 años se a incrementado la productividad de la yuca en Brasil, principalmente en poblaciones de bajos ingresos y ubicadas en áreas rurales. Hay perspectivas de aumentar la producción de yuca para la venta fresca y la industria. El cultivo se caracteriza por ser rústico, altamente adaptativo, tolerante al estrés hídrico y suelos ácidos, siendo altamente influenciado por el clima, las precipitaciones, la temperatura del aire y la radiación solar incidente. La productividad está determinada por el momento de la siembra, encalado, fertilización, densidad y disposición de la planta.

Abstract The microstructure of the main structural elements (Phoenix columns, transversal beams and tie-rods) of the Simón Bolivar iron bridge, located in Arequipa (Peru), was investigated. The bridge was supposedly designed by Gustave Eiffel and opened to the public in 1882. The characterisation revealed that the columns, beams and tie-rods are made of puddled iron (ferritic matrix of equiaxial grains and numerous slag inclusions). The tensile properties were estimated by hardness and nanohardness measurements, and the tensile strength varied between 285 and 390 MPa and the Young's modulus from 187 to 198 GPa. The components of puddled iron with the same provenance, Phoenix Iron Company, showed typical variations in the chemical composition and microstructure of the slag inclusions. The microanalysis results of the slag inclusions indicated that the wüstite phase presented qualitatively the same composition with pronounced variations in the ratio between V2O5 and TiO2 contents, confirming that a single parameter cannot be used to determine the provenance of iron artefacts. The intense presence of slag inclusions in the puddled iron components (~ 10% in volume fraction) heterogeneously distributed in the iron illustrates the technological limits of the iron refining technique of the time.

The Chilean healthcare system is composed of public and private sectors, with most of the higher-income population being covered privately. Primary healthcare in the public system is provided in more than 2,500 public primary care centers of different sizes with assigned populations within territories. Private insurance companies have their own healthcare networks or buy services from individual health providers. Patients from the public system receive most medications free of charge in primary care pharmacies embedded in each care center. Private patients must purchase their medicines from community pharmacies. Some government policies subsidize part of the cost of medications, but original medicines remain as the most expensive of Latin America. Three chain pharmacies have more than 90% of the market share, and these pharmacies have negative public perception because of price collusion court sentences. A non-profit, municipal pharmacy model was developed but has limited implementation. Most privately owned independent and chain community pharmacies do not provide pharmaceutical services as there is no remuneration or cover by insurers. The limited number of publicly owned Municipal pharmacies could implement pharmaceutical services in community settings as they are non-profit establishments and have full-time pharmacists but are not resourced for these services. A limited number of pharmaceutical services are almost exclusively provided in public primary care, including medication reviews, pharmaceutical education, home visits and pharmacovigilance services, but several barriers to their implementation remain. A risk-based multimorbidity care model was implemented in 2020 for public primary care with additional employment of part-time pharmacists to provide services. We believe that this model will help pharmacists to optimize their time by prioritizing the much-needed clinical tasks. We propose within this multimorbidity care model that the more time-consuming services are provided to higher risk patients. Pharmacy prescribing i.e. amending or approving changes in medications in primary care for chronic conditions could also be useful for the health system, but pharmacists would require additional training. The landscape for pharmaceutical services for primary care in Chile is promising, but the integration with community pharmacies will not be possible until they are funded by public and private insurance, and the public perception of these establishments is improved.