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1.
Dinámicas de reclutamiento: el Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad
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Resumen El gobierno de Felipe Calderón en México es reconocido por la crisis de violencia que desató la “guerra” contra el crimen organizado y por la sistemática criminalización de las víctimas. Encabezado por el poeta Javier Sicilia, padre de un joven asesinado, en 2011 comenzó a articularse el Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad (MPJD), un actor colectivo de trascendencia nacional e internacional que enfrentó el discurso oficial para exigir detener la “guerra”. Mediante entrevistas a profundidad, este trabajo se enfoca en comprender las dinámicas de reclutamiento en el MPJD. Si bien la teoría destaca el papel de las redes en el reclutamiento al activismo, los hallazgos cuestionan su papel entre personas no politizadas.
Abstract The government of Felipe Calderón in Mexico is remembered for the crisis of violence unleashed by the “war” against organized crime and the systematic criminalization of victims. Led by the poet Javier Sicilia -the father of a young man who was murdered- the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity emerged in 2011, becoming a collective actor of national and international significance that opposed the official discourse, calling for an end to the “war”. Through in-depth interviews, this article focuses on understanding the dynamics of recruitment into the MPJD. Although the theory highlights the role of networks in recruiting activists, the findings question their role among non-politicized people.
2.
“Ahí está la diferencia, en el joke…”: el joke Pijao como actante en el proceso de recuperación de Ima
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Gordillo, Andrés Felipe Ortiz
; Yate, Diana Isabel Villalba
; Guzmán, José Jerónimo
; Yate, Adriana Marcela Guzmán
; Yate, Islena Villalba
; Yate, Irma Yadira Villalba
; Flores, Pedro Patiño
; Céspedes, Nelso
; Torres, Jesús Emilio
.
Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas
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Abstract This article utilizes ethnographic-collaborative and testimonial exploration of the notion of the joke [woods or virgin forest] to analyze how the Pijao people of the San Antonio de Calarma Indigenous Reserve (Tolima, Colombia) respond to the colonialist dynamics of capitalism related to territory. Historically, the municipality of San Antonio was part of the coffee colonization process in Colombia in the mid-nineteenth century, and was consequently a territory-region affected by the logic of capitalism. Within this context, the Pijao people of Tolima carry out different actions of re-existence, which in the case of the reservation materialize in the process of recovering Ima (how the Pijao refer to Mother Earth). One being present in the Pijao territory is the joke, a territorial actor with its own defining characteristics and forms of agency that is part of the Pijao’s territorial order through a relational system based on reciprocity.
Resumen A través de la exploración etnográfica-colaborativa y testimonial del concepto de joke (‘monte o selva virgen’), se analiza cómo los indígenas Pijaos del Resguardo Indígena San Antonio de Calarma (Tolima, Colombia) hacen frente a las dinámicas colonialistas del capitalismo relacionadas con el territorio. Históricamente el municipio de San Antonio hizo parte del proceso de colonización cafetera que se dio en Colombia desde mediados del siglo XIX, por lo cual es un territorio-región intervenido por las lógicas del capitalismo. En este contexto, el pueblo Pijao del Tolima realiza diferentes acciones de re-existencia que, para el caso del resguardo, se concreta en el proceso de recuperación de Ima (la Madre tierra Pijao). Uno de esos seres que hace presencia en el territorio Pijao es el joke, un actante territorial con características constituyentes y formas de agenciamiento propias, que participa en el ordenamiento territorial pijao a través de un sistema relacional sustentado en la lógica de la reciprocidad.
3.
Factores condicionantes básicos en cuidadores informales de pacientes crónicos en el domicilio
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Resumen Introducción El aumento de las enfermedades crónicas ubica a los cuidadores informales en el domicilio asumiendo múltiples responsabilidades, inmersos en una serie de variables denominadas Factores Condicionantes Básicos por Dorothea Orem. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los Factores Condicionantes Básicos de cuidadores informales que asistieron a un programa de capacitación entre los años 2011-2015. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con un tamaño muestral de 110 cuidadores informales. Para la recopilación de datos se diseñó un formato de Factores Condicionantes Básicos teniendo en cuenta las variables internas y externas propuestas por Orem ajustadas las condiciones de vida del cuidador informal. Resultados Predominio de mujeres adultas, hijas, con pareja, conviven con el enfermo y alta percepción de apoyo según Zimet, como factores de desarrollo y sistema familiar, 10 años en promedio de cuidado, grado de dependencia total y severa de la persona cuidada según Barthel como factores propios de su rol. Discusión En la vida del cuidador confluyen factores internos y externos que pueden generar déficit de su autocuidado y afectar de diversas formas su vida, salud y bienestar. Conclusiones La identificación de factores condicionantes básicos en la vida del cuidador en el domicilio, permite establecer estrategias de acompañamiento por parte de profesionales y estudiantes de enfermería para fortalecer habilidades de autocuidado en los cuidadores y promover la calidad de vida de la persona cuidada.
Abstract Introduction The increase in chronic diseases places informal caregivers at the patient’s home. Caregivers assume multiple responsibilities immersed in a set of variables that Dorothea Orem calls Conditioning Factors. The objective of this study is to describe the Basic Conditioning Factors of informal caregivers who attended a 2011-2015 training program. Materials and Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 110 informal caregivers. A form of basic conditioning factors was designed for data collection, considering the internal and external variables proposed by Orem that were adapted to the living conditions of the informal caregivers. Results Prevalence of adult women, daughters, with a partner, they coexist with the ill person and there is a high perception of support according to Zimet, as well as development and family-system factors, 10-year care on average, total and serious dependence of the person in care according to Barthel, as factors inherent to the ill person’s role. Discussion Internal and external factors impact the caregivers’ life and may generate self-care deficits and affect their lives, health and well-being in various ways. Conclusions Identifying basic conditioning factors in the life of caregivers at home allows setting accompanying strategies to be used by nursing professionals and nursing students to strengthen the self-care skills of caregivers and promote the quality of life of the person in care.
Resumo Introdução O aumento das doenças crônicas obriga os cuidadores informais em casa a assumir múltiplas responsabilidades e a estarem imersos em uma série de variáveis denominadas por Dorothea Orem de Fatores Condicionantes Básicos. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever Fatores Condicionantes Básicos dos cuidadores informais que participaram de um programa de treinamento entre 2011 e 2015. Materiais e Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, com amostra de 110 cuidadores informais. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um formato de Fatores Condicionantes Básicos, considerando as variáveis internas e externas propostas por Orem, ajustadas às condições de vida do cuidador informal. Resultados Prevalência de mulheres adultas, filhas, casais, que convivem com o paciente e têm alta percepção de apoio segundo Zimet, como fatores de desenvolvimento e sistema familiar, 10 anos em média de atendimento, grau de dependência total e severa por parte da pessoa cuidada, segundo Barthel como fatores inerentes ao seu papel. Discussão Na vida do cuidador, convergem fatores internos e externos que podem gerar déficits no autocuidado e afetar sua vida, saúde e bem-estar de várias maneiras. Conclusões A identificação de fatores condicionantes básicos na vida do cuidador em casa permite estabelecer estratégias de apoio de profissionais e estudantes de enfermagem para fortalecer as habilidades de autocuidado nos cuidadores e promover a qualidade de vida da pessoa cuidada.
https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v10i3.608
248 downloads
4.
Abordaje quirúrgico temprano de la trigonocefalia
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Andrade Delgado, Laura
; Gordillo Domínguez, Luis Felipe
; Ortiz-Monasterio Todd, Iván
; Contreras Mérida, Sara
; Gevara Valmaña, Osvaldo
; Andrade Delgado, Laura
; Prada Madrid, José Rolando
.
Abstract Background and objective The premature synostosis of the metopic suture in the most severe forms occurs with a restriction of the lateral growth of frontal and temporal bones, affecting the supraorbital rims, which limits its growth and leads to hypoteleorbitism. The triangular shape of the forehead is accentuated by the compensatory growth of the other structures of the skull. The main problem of the handling techniques are: temporal emptying, lack of defect correction, damage of unaffected sutures while making transpositions that will later produce defects in growth and cranial molding. Our aim is to show our surgical experience operated with the variations of the open technique that was conceived by Dhellemmes in France. Methods Between 2010 and 2018 we operated 7 patients with trigonocephaly; patients´ average age was 7 months. They were studied with presurgical and post operatory CBT-3D, electroencephalograms, neurodevelopmental assessment and by Pediatry and Ophthalmology. Stenosed metopic suture was resected and frontal craniotomies shaped like beetle wings were performed out without drying the coronal suture, securing them to the fronto-orbital bar with a discreet progress of the side edges. The medial osteotomy of the orbital toolbar was used to reshape it and correct its angulation fixing it with a bone graft and radiated parietal osteotomy to modify the restriction of frontoparietal growth. Results Functional and aesthetic results were excellent, without ossification defects or vacuum the temporal fossa, morbidity or mortality, with the scar hidden by hair. Children’s neuropsychological development had a noticeable improvement in irritability, activity and interaction with their rents. Conclusions In trigonocephaly, early surgery achieves total defect correction in a single procedure and a bone remodeling and harmonic skull growth by respecting the sutures system. Our modifications to the technique avoid the temporary emptying defect and don´t use osteosynthesis material.
Resumen Introducción y Objetivo La trigonocefalia, originada por la sinostosis prematura de la sutura metópica, en sus formas más graves presenta mayor restricción del crecimiento lateral de los huesos frontales y temporales, afectando a los rebordes supraorbitarios, limitando el crecimiento y condicionando un hipoteleorbitisimo aparente. Los principales problemas de las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas para su tratamiento son: falta de corrección del defecto, vaciamiento temporal, daño de suturas no afectadas al hacer transposiciones que producen defectos de crecimiento (sinostosis secundarias), sobrecorrección del hipoteleorbitisimo y defectos óseos. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestra experiencia en una serie de casos tratados de forma temprana con modificaciones propias a las técnicas abiertas propuestas por Dhellemmes en Francia. Material y método Entre 2010 y 2018 operamos 7 pacientes con trigonocefalia no sindrómica severa, con una media de 7 meses de edad. Todos fueron estudiados con tomografía computerizada de cráneo con reconstrucción ósea en tres dimensiones (TCC-3D) preoperatoria, postoperatoria inmediata y al año de evolución, electroencefalograma, valoración del neurodesarrollo y por Pediatría y Oftalmología. Resecamos la sutura metópica estenosada y efectuamos craneotomías frontales en forma de alas de escarabajo respetando la sutura coronal. Remodelamos la barra frontoorbitaria con injerto óseo para corregir la angulación y la fijamos con un injerto de hueso. Finalmente practicamos osteotomías radiadas en parietal para modificar la restricción del crecimiento de la bóveda. Resultados Los resultados funcionales y estéticos fueron excelentes, sin defectos de osificación ni vacío de la fosa temporal, ni morbimortalidad, con cicatriz oculta por el cabello. El desarrollo neurocognitivo de los niños tuvo una mejoría notable de la irritabilidad y de la actividad e interacción con los padres. Conclusiones En trigonocefalia, la cirugía temprana logra la corrección total del defecto en un solo tiempo quirúrgico, obteniendo una remodelación ósea y un crecimiento armónico del cráneo al respetar el crecimiento del sistema suturario. Las modificaciones a la técnica que proponemos evitan el defecto de vaciamiento temporal y permiten no utilizar material de osteosíntesis.
https://doi.org/10.4321/s0376-789220190002000008
6330 downloads
5.
Atualização das Diretrizes em Cardiogeriatria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – 2019
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Feitosa Filho, Gilson Soares
; Peixoto, José Maria
; Pinheiro, José Elias Soares
; Afiune Neto, Abrahão
; Albuquerque, Afonso Luiz Tavares de
; Cattani, Álvaro César
; Nussbacher, Amit
; Camarano, Ana Amelia
; Sichinels, Angela Hermínia
; Sousa, Antonio Carlos Sobral
; Alencar Filho, Aristóteles Comte de
; Gravina, Claudia F.
; Sobral Filho, Dario Celestino
; Pitthan, Eduardo
; Costa, Elisa Franco de Assis
; Duarte, Elizabeth da Rosa
; Freitas, Elizabete Viana de
; Moriguchi, Emilio Hideyuki
; Mesquita, Evandro Tinoco
; Fernandes, Fábio
; Fuchs, Felipe Costa
; Feitosa, Gilson Soares
; Pierre, Humberto
; Pereira Filho, Ilnei
; Helber, Izo
; Borges, Jairo Lins
; Garcia, Jéssica Myrian de Amorim
; Souza, José Antonio Gordillo de
; Zanon, José Carlos da Costa
; Alves, Josmar de Castro
; Mohallem, Kalil Lays
; Chaves, Laura Mariana de Siqueira Mendonça
; Moura, Lídia Ana Zytynski
; Silva, Márcia Cristina Amélia da
; Toledo, Maria Alice de Vilhena
; Assunção, Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo
; Wajngarten, Mauricio
; Gonçalves, Mauro José Oliveira
; Lopes, Neuza Helena Moreira
; Rodrigues, Nezilour Lobato
; Toscano, Paulo Roberto Pereira
; Rousseff, Pedro
; Maia, Ricardo Antonio Rosado
; Franken, Roberto Alexandre
; Miranda, Roberto Dischinger
; Gamarski, Roberto
; Rosa, Ronaldo Fernandes
; Santos, Silvio Carlos de Moraes
; Galera, Siulmara Cristina
; Grespan, Stela Maris da Silva
; Silva, Teresa Cristina Rogerio da
; Esteves, William Antonio de Magalhães
.
https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20190086
15622 downloads
6.
Factores condicionantes básicos en cuidadores informales de pacientes crónicos en el domicilio
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Abstract Introduction The increase in chronic diseases places informal caregivers at the patient’s home. Caregivers assume multiple responsibilities immersed in a set of variables that Dorothea Orem calls Conditioning Factors. The objective of this study is to describe the Basic Conditioning Factors of informal caregivers who attended a 2011-2015 training program. Materials and Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 110 informal caregivers. A form of basic conditioning factors was designed for data collection, considering the internal and external variables proposed by Orem that were adapted to the living conditions of the informal caregivers. Results Prevalence of adult women, daughters, with a partner, they coexist with the ill person and there is a high perception of support according to Zimet, as well as development and family-system factors, 10-year care on average, total and serious dependence of the person in care according to Barthel, as factors inherent to the ill person’s role. Discussion Internal and external factors impact the caregivers’ life and may generate self-care deficits and affect their lives, health and well-being in various ways. Conclusions Identifying basic conditioning factors in the life of caregivers at home allows setting accompanying strategies to be used by nursing professionals and nursing students to strengthen the self-care skills of caregivers and promote the quality of life of the person in care.
Resumen Introducción El aumento de las enfermedades crónicas ubica a los cuidadores informales en el domicilio asumiendo múltiples responsabilidades, inmersos en una serie de variables denominadas Factores Condicionantes Básicos por Dorothea Orem. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los Factores Condicionantes Básicos de cuidadores informales que asistieron a un programa de capacitación entre los años 2011-2015. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con un tamaño muestral de 110 cuidadores informales. Para la recopilación de datos se diseñó un formato de Factores Condicionantes Básicos teniendo en cuenta las variables internas y externas propuestas por Orem ajustadas las condiciones de vida del cuidador informal. Resultados Predominio de mujeres adultas, hijas, con pareja, conviven con el enfermo y alta percepción de apoyo según Zimet, como factores de desarrollo y sistema familiar, 10 años en promedio de cuidado, grado de dependencia total y severa de la persona cuidada según Barthel como factores propios de su rol. Discusión En la vida del cuidador confluyen factores internos y externos que pueden generar déficit de su autocuidado y afectar de diversas formas su vida, salud y bienestar. Conclusiones La identificación de factores condicionantes básicos en la vida del cuidador en el domicilio, permite establecer estrategias de acompañamiento por parte de profesionales y estudiantes de enfermería para fortalecer habilidades de autocuidado en los cuidadores y promover la calidad de vida de la persona cuidada.
Resumo Introdução O aumento das doenças crônicas obriga os cuidadores informais em casa a assumir múltiplas responsabilidades e a estarem imersos em uma série de variáveis denominadas por Dorothea Orem de Fatores Condicionantes Básicos. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever Fatores Condicionantes Básicos dos cuidadores informais que participaram de um programa de treinamento entre 2011 e 2015. Materiais e Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, com amostra de 110 cuidadores informais. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um formato de Fatores Condicionantes Básicos, considerando as variáveis internas e externas propostas por Orem, ajustadas às condições de vida do cuidador informal. Resultados Prevalência de mulheres adultas, filhas, casais, que convivem com o paciente e têm alta percepção de apoio segundo Zimet, como fatores de desenvolvimento e sistema familiar, 10 anos em média de atendimento, grau de dependência total e severa por parte da pessoa cuidada, segundo Barthel como fatores inerentes ao seu papel. Discussão Na vida do cuidador, convergem fatores internos e externos que podem gerar déficits no autocuidado e afetar sua vida, saúde e bem-estar de várias maneiras. Conclusões A identificação de fatores condicionantes básicos na vida do cuidador em casa permite estabelecer estratégias de apoio de profissionais e estudantes de enfermagem para fortalecer as habilidades de autocuidado nos cuidadores e promover a qualidade de vida da pessoa cuidada.
https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v10i3.608
41 downloads
7.
Guía clínica para la resección mucosa endoscópica de lesiones colorrectales no pediculadas
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Albéniz, Eduardo
; Pellisé, María
; Gimeno-García, Antonio-Z.
; Lucendo, Alfredo-José
; Alonso-Aguirre, Pedro-A.
; Herreros-de-Tejada, Alberto
; Álvarez, Marco-Antonio
; Fraile, María
; Herráiz-Bayod, Maite
; López-Rosés, Leopoldo
; Martínez-Ares, David
; Ono, Akiko
; Parra-Blanco, Adolfo
; Redondo, Eduardo
; Sánchez-Yagüe, Andrés
; Soto, Santiago
; Díaz-Tasende, José
; Montes-Díaz, Marta
; Rodríguez-Téllez, Manuel
; García, Orlando
; Zuñiga-Ripa, Alba
; Hernández-Conde, Marta
; Alberca-de-las-Parras, Fernando
; Gargallo, Carla
; Saperas, Esteban
; Muñoz-Navas, Miguel
; Gordillo, Javier
; Ramos-Zabala, Felipe
; Echevarría, José-Manuel
; Bustamante, Marco
; González-Haba, Mariano
; González-Huix, Ferrán
; González-Suárez, Begoña
; Vila-Costas, Juan-José
; Guarner-Argente, Carlos
; Múgica, Fernando
; Cobián, Julyssa
; Rodríguez-Sánchez, Joaquín
; López-Viedma, Bartolomé
; Pin, Noel
; Marín-Gabriel, José-Carlos
; Nogales, Óscar
; de-la-Peña, Joaquín
; Navajas-León, Francisco-Javier
; León-Brito, Helena
; Remedios, David
; Esteban, José-Miguel
; Barquero, David
; Martínez-Cara, Juan-Gabriel
; Martínez-Alcalá, Felipe
; Fernández-Urién, Ignacio
; Valdivielso, Eduardo
.
ABSTRACT This document summarizes the contents of the Clinical Guidelines for the Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Non-Pedunculated Colorectal Lesions that was developed by the working group of the Spanish Society of Digestive Endoscopy (GSEED of Endoscopic Resection). This document presents recommendations for the endoscopic management of superficial colorectal neoplastic lesions.
RESUMEN Este documento resume el contenido de la Guía de resección mucosa endoscópica elaborada por el grupo de trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Endoscopia Digestiva (GSEED de Resección Endoscópica) y expone las recomendaciones sobre el manejo endoscópico de las lesiones neoplásicas colorrectales superficiales.
https://doi.org/10.17235/reed.2018.5086/2017
1566 downloads
8.
Isolation and molecular characterization of Thraustochytrium strain isolated from Antarctic Peninsula and its biotechnological potential in the production of fatty acids
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Caamaño, Esteban
; Loperena, Lyliam
; Hinzpeter, Ivonne
; Pradel, Paulina
; Gordillo, Felipe
; Corsini, Gino
; Tello, Mario
; Lavín, Paris
; González, Alex R.
.
ABSTRACT Thraustochytrids are unicellular protists belonging to the Labyrinthulomycetes class, which are characterized by the presence of a high lipid content that could replace conventional fatty acids. They show a wide geographic distribution, however their diversity in the Antarctic Region is rather scarce. The analysis based on the complete sequence of 18S rRNA gene showed that strain 34-2 belongs to the species Thraustochytrium kinnei, with 99% identity. The total lipid profile shows a wide range of saturated fatty acids with abundance of palmitic acid (16:0), showing a range of 16.1-19.7%. On the other hand, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are present in a range of 24-48% and 6.1-9.3%, respectively. All factors analyzed in cells (biomass, carbon consumption and lipid content) changed with variations of culture temperature (10 °C and 25 °C). The growth in glucose at a temperature of 10 °C presented the most favorable conditions to produce omega-3fatty acid. This research provides the identification and characterization of a Thraustochytrids strain, with a total lipid content that presents potential applications in the production of nutritional supplements and as well biofuels.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2017.01.011
1193 downloads
9.
DEGRADATION OF FOOD MANUFACTURING WASTES BY A FUNGAL ISOLATE
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Gordillo, Felipe
; Candia, Oscar
; Gonzalez, Alex R.
; Pradel, Paulina
; Cordero, Cecilia
; Diaz, Rodrigo
; Garcia-Gonzalez, Rolando
.
Chilean journal of agricultural & animal sciences
- Journal Metrics
ABSTRACT Food manufacturing wastes, such as olive mill solid waste, tomato pomace and grape pomace are three wastes produced by food industries in the Region of Maule. One of the simplest strategies for the proper disposal of these residues is to directly eliminate them by cultivation with degrading mesophilic microorganisms, which use these wastes as their sole carbon source. A fungal strain was isolated from tomato peel and used to degrade food manufacturing wastes. This strain was effective in degrading olive mill solid waste, but partially degraded both grape and tomato pomace. Based on mycelium morphology, sequence of part of the ribosomal and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA, the strain most probably belongs to Botrytis genera. This is the first report that uses a strain similar to Botrytis in degrading food manufacturing wastes from the Region of Maule.
753 downloads
10.
Trabajos de investigación presentados en el L Congreso Mexicano de Anestesiología: Chihuahua 2017. México
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Ríos Medrano, Alea Fernanda
; Herrero Trujillano, Manuel
; Robles López, Maria Decire
; Rodríguez Barajas, Ruben
; Gutiérrez-Martínez, Paola Virginia
; Ramírez-Gómez, Melba
; Olvera-Hernández, Jesus Arnoldo
; Márquez Noyola, Elizabeth Alicia
; Almonte de León, Héctor
; Hernández Mancilla, Arturo
; Castro Salinas, José Ernesto
; Medrano-Duarte, Olga Abigahil
; Ramírez-Mendoza, Karla
; Rodriguez-Nieves, Georgina Monserrat
; Pareces Ríos, Adriana
; Ruiz-Rubio, Yolanda
; Hernández-Santiago, María Guadalupe
; Ramírez Mendoza, Karla
; Medrano Duarte, Olga Abigahil
; Martínez-Alpuche, Rocío Adriana
; Valenzuela-Priego, Francisco
; Álvarez-Santiago, José Heriberto
; Lugo-Rodríguez, Julian
; Betancourt-Sandoval, Alonso
; Prince-Angulo, Silvia Annel
; Martínez-Felix, Israel
; Salazar-Castro, Laura
; Espinazo-Quintero, Erendira
; Otañez, Monica Thalia
; Priego, Gloria
; Alzate, Ana Lizette
; Salazar, Laura Elena
; Nieblas, Mariela
; Martinez, Israel
; Alvarez-Betancourt, Ana Elsa
; Sánchez-Hernández, Eloy
; Romo-Serrano, Erika
; Rodríguez-Jauregui, Adriana
; Díaz-Aceves, Erica Raquel
; Arteaga-Trejo, Jaime
; Rodríguez-Jáuregui, Adriana
; Robles-Lopéz, María Decire
; Ibarra-González, María Livier
; Alvarez-Betancourt, Ana Elsa
; Díaz-Aceves, Erica Raquel
; Arteaga-Trejo, Jaime
; Santana-Sonora, Beatriz Alejandra
; Prince-Angulo, Silvia Annel
; Sandoval-Rivera, Arturo Guadalupe
; Camacho-López, Jesús Erick
; Alzate-Moctezuma, Ana Lizette
; Valencia-Echávarri, Andrea
; Canales-Bonilla, Carlos Patricio
; Ramos-Hernández, Julia Demetria
; Flores-Posada, Jesus Jonathan
; Muñoz Garcia, Aleyda
; Osorio Santiago, Maria Areli
; Lopez Cartita, Victor
; Ortega, Julio
; Fuentes García, Víctor E
; Moyao García, Diana
; Villars Zamora, Elvia Gabriela
; Prince Angulo, Silvia Annel
; Gerardo Angulo, Alma Ruth
; Martinez Felix, Israel
; Ayala Camargo, Yuridia
; Esquer de la Rosa, Jaquelyn Roxana
; Trapaga Millares, Yazmin
; Sánchez León, Claudia Elena
; Vásquez Puente, Felipe
; Rojo Medina, Victor Javier
; Urias Romo de vivar, Emma Gabriela
; Prince Angulo, Silvia Annel
; Ojeda Ramos, Joel
; Caceres Figueroa, Leonardo Andres
; Martinez Reyes, Maria Fernanda
; Contreras Ramírez, Nathalie
; Martínez Barreto, Nelly
; Ruelas León, Berenice
; Reyes Salgado, Karla
; Ruvalcaba Sánchez, Rafael
; Núñez Valencia, Carolina
; Escamilla Asiain, Gabriela
; Carranza-Cortés, José Luis
; Puga-Flores, Eva del Carmen
; Jiménez-Cardona, María Beatriz
; Puga-García, Diana Marisol
; Alcaraz-Ramos, Rosina
; Martinez-Delgado, Olinda
; Zamudio-Gracia, Carlos Amador
; Mireles Vega, Elizabeth
; Hernández López, Clara
; Ceballos Niño, Jose Luis
; Carreño Caballero, Jessica
; Montiel Jarquín, Álvaro José
; López García, Ingrid
; Serrano Cuevas, Beatriz
; Martinez Marin, Dolores Guillermina
; Díaz-Aceves, Erica Raquel
; Romo-Serrano, Erika
; Campechanos-Asencio, María de los Ángeles
; Rodríguez-Jáuregui, Adriana
; Betancourt-Álvarez, Ana Elsa
; Arteaga-Trejo, Jaime
; Arteaga-Trejo, Jaime
; Romo-Serrano, Erika
; Rios-Navarro, Ramón Alejandro
; Rodriguez-Jauregui, Adriana
; Alvarez-Betancourt, Ana Elsa
; Diaz Aceves, Érica Raquel
; Calleja-Zenteno, Liliana
; Fernández-Vázquez, María Urbelina
; Carreño-Caballero, Jessica
; Serrano Cuevas, Beatriz
; Montiel Jarquín, Álvaro José
; Carreño- Caballero, Jessica
; Cortes- Pineda, Claudia
; Fernández-Vázquez, María Urbelina
; Hernández-Domínguez, Juan
; Serrano-Cuevas, Beatriz
; Ruiz- Luna, Mayra
; Gómez-Moreno, Julieta Berenice
; Hernández-Santiago, Maria Guadalupe
; Ruiz-Rubio, Yolanda
; Ruiz-Serrano, Ana Cristina
; Medina-Flores, Aleida
; Sánchez Torres, Claudia
; Osorio Santiago, María Areli
; Lee, Angel
; Correa-Ovis, Jose Francisco
; Priego-Martínez, Luis Alberto
; Valencia-Carrillo, Miguel
; Sánchez-Arteaga, Sofia
; Cruz-Márquez, Abraham Josué
; Duran-Zamora, Karina Aurora
; Corral-Guerrero, Sergio Francisco
; Arce Bojorquez, Brisceyda
; Medina, Francisco
; Felix, Pavel
; Estrada, Haydeé Gloria
; González-Herrera, Francisco Javier
; Zepeda Olivera, Silvia
; Pablo-Yañez, Julio Cesar
; Colores Velazquez, Julio Cesar
; Calva Maldonado, Miguel
; Veyna Rocha, Sissy Barubi
; Veyna Rocha, Abraham Irishd
; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, María Guadalupe
; Castillo- Rodriguez, Juan Orlando
; Martínez-Figueroa, Brenda Paola
; Romero Guillén, Lorena Priscila
; Pavía Vega, Susy Sáez
; Jiménez Siles, María Eugenia
; Hurtado Reyes, Ignacio Carlos
; Rojas Zarco, Eder Marcelo
; Sánchez Tapia, Mario Alberto
; Villicaña-Ayala, Carolina
; Díaz-Aguilar, Marco Antonio
; Apolinar Jiménez, Evelia
; García-Parra Pérez, Paola Carolina
; García-Parra Pérez, Natalia Cristina
; Yee-Rendón, Zumey
; Valle-Leal, Jaime Guadalupe
; Reyes-Jiménez, Gerardo Antonio
; Ortiz-Magallanes, Elías
; Sanchez-Aguilar, Maricela
; Mota-Figueroa, Roanne Patrician
; Espinosa-Tadeo, Aldo Ernesto
; Díaz-Hernández, Alejandro Eduardo
; Cendón-Ortega, María Mercedes
; Ortega-Ponce, Fabiola Estela Elizabeth
; Romero-Guillen, Lorena Priscila
; Cruz Castañedo, Greta
; Constantino-Rivera, Luis Armando
; Gordillo-Paniagua, Jorge Alberto
; Contreras-Ramírez, Nathalie
; Bernal-Zambrano, Luis Omar
; Flores-Alvarado, Rosa María
; Ferrera-Sarquís, María Aurora
; Espino Vega, Ana Frain
; Guillen-Narváez, María del Rocio
; López-García, Rocío Angélica
; Martínez-Sánchez, Angélica
; Huerta-Beltrán, Juana Geraldine
; Gómez-Rojas, Juan Pablo
; Rivera-Ruiz, Rodolfo Eduardo
; Ramírez Reyes, Liliana Georgina
; Muñoz Martínez, Raúl
; Martínez-Morales, Nayeli Noemi
; Mariscal-Cervantes, Beatriz
; Chávez-Barragán, Oscar Fernando
; Barrera-de León, Juan Carlos
; Carrillo-Guerra, Valentin
; Huitrón-Hernández, José Alonso
; De la Rosa-Fabián, Viviana Marysela
; Zertuche-Méndez, David Ricardo
; Riquelme Holguin, Karla Talia
; Gutierrez Beltran, Maria del Refugio
; Martinez-Tapia, Maria Elena
; Amezquita Esparza, Monica
; Portillo Villalobos, Samantha
; Díaz Solís, Erick Iván
; Estrada Utrera, Maria Sandra
; Islas Ruz, Félix Gilberto
; Pérez Díaz, Roberto
; Chávez-Contreras, Sara Idali
; Zepeda Olivera, Silvia
; Calva-Maldonado, Miguel
; Fragoso-Avilés, Fabían
; Rosa-Moya, Griselda de la
; Ávila-López, Armando
; López Castruita, Victor Manuel
; Manrique Carmona, Luisa Piedad
; Ramírez- Martínez, Elizabeth
; Rojas-Peñaloza, Janeth
; López-Gómez, Antonio
; Veyna Rocha, Abraham Irishd
; Veyna Rocha, Sissy Barubi
; Torres Hernández, Rosa
; Aleman-Ortega, Cristina
; Guevara-Pérez, Alejandra
; Castillo Gamez, Tobias Francisco
; Gutierrez Beltran, María del Refugio
; Martínez Tapia, María Elena
; Alanis Uribe, Karla
; Guerrero Morales, Fernando
; Molina Rodríguez, Gloria
; Gómez Cruz, José Roberto
; Tapia Castro, Gabriela
; Ley, Marcial Luis
; Castro Ortega, Julio
; Martínez, Leo Bruno
; Portugal Moreno, Víctor Hugo
; García Cabello, Luis Manuel
.
15352 downloads
11.
Trabajos de investigación presentados en el XLIX Congreso Mexicano de Anestesiología: Zacatecas 2015. México
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Sánchez, Claudia
; Osorio-Santiago, María Arelí
; Medina-Tarango, Marco Antonio
; Fernandez De Lara, Alfredo
; Castro-Salinas, Jose Ernesto
; Salazar-Luna, Miguel Angel
; Sanchez, Placido
; Castro-Cayetano, José Esteban
; Millán Hernández, Manuel
; Almonte, Hector Asencion
; Zamora-Aguirre, Salvador A.
; Gudiño, Yocelin Montserrat
; Reyes-Valle, Roberto
; Zepeda-Olivera, Silvia
; Ferretiz-López, Giancarlo
; Salgado, Mónica
; Moctezuma-Ramírez, Luis
; Hernández-Ortiz, Israel Ivan
; Hernández-Zenteno, Norma Angelica
; Martinez, Raquel
; Sánchez-Hernández, Eloy
; Camacho-Gómez, Aldo Constantino
; Martinez, Raquel
; Chenge-Said, Jarumi
; Flores Fonseca, Elvia
; López-Centeno, Martha Alicia
; López, Angélica Yanine
; Jiménez-Ramos, Adriana
; Velasco-Sordo, Luis Ramón
; Hurtado-Reyes, Ignacio Carlos
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Rojas-Peñaloza, Janeth
; Zapién-Madrigal, Jesús Miguel
; Sánchez, Placido
; Sánchez-López, Eric Mauricio
; Mendoza- García, María Isabel
; Calzada-Grijalba, José Francisco
; Hernandez, Israel Ivan
; Castellanos De León, Edgar
; Luna Medina, Cinthya Isabel
; Alvarez-Mora, Lucy Andrea
; López, Angélica Yanine
; Jiménez-Ramos, Adriana
; Velasco-Sordo, Luis Ramón
; Hurtado-Reyes, Ignacio Carlos
; Diaz, Erica Raquel
; Hernandez-Gutierrez, Deoselina
; Gargiulo, Paul Raphael
; Barragán, Maria Jimena
; Ham Mancilla, Ofelia
; Zamora- Gutiérrez, Ana Lilia
; Arteaga, Jaime
; Hernández-Gutierrez, Deoselina
; Ríos-Navarro, Ramón Alejandro
; Romo-Serrano, Erika
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Zapién-Madrigal, Jesús Miguel
; Rojas- Peñaloza, Janeth
; Garduño, Araceli Marselle
; Flores-Rodriguez, Alfonso de Jesus
; Cuervo-Ggonzalez, Alma Kenia
; Puente-Solorio, Armando
; Benitez-Rebollar, Joel Enrique
; Gaona-Valle, Laura Soraya
; Jaime, Mayra Alicia
; Ortega-Suarez, Lizbeth
; Barrientos-Quintanilla, Luis Alberto
; Alvarado-Ramos, Salomon
; Moya-Morales, Yuliana
; Ferretiz, Giancarlo
; César, Julio
; Yañez, Pablo
; Reyes-Valle, Roberto
; Colores-Velazquez, Julio César
; Luna, Arístides De Jesús
; Almonte, Hector Asencion
; Márquez-Noyola, Elizabeth Alicia
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Barrera, Lorena
; Cabrera-Sánchez, Miroslava
; Fernanández-Muñoz, Angel Fernando
; Rolón-Sánchez, Yumara Georgina
; Barragán-Hernández, Adriana Guadalupe
; Lòpez, Estefania
; Osorio-Santiago, Maria Areli
; Muñoz, Beatriz Adelaida
; Cruz-Bautista, Mayra Ivette De La
; Ripoll-Aburto, Carlos Andres
; Ortiz-Maldonado, Jessie Karolina
; Hernández-Rasgado, Javier
; Cuj-Díaz, Alberto
; Sanchez, Placido
; Sarmiento, Lina
; Peña-Olvera, Silvia
; Santiago-Poot, Nohemí
; López, Angélica Yanine
; Jiménez-Ramos, Adriana
; Hurtado-Reyes, Ignacio Carlos
; Ferretiz, Giancarlo
; Pablo-Yañez, Julio César
; Flores-Martinez, Juan Ramón
; Chavez-Contreras, Sara Idali
; Gudiño-Larios, Yocelin Montserrat
; Velazquez, Sara
; Vences-Perez, Noemi Dolores
; Ayala-Bermudez, Celina Alejandra
; Garcia-Castro, Marco Tulio
; Gordillo-Parra, Alejandra
; Barrera, Lorena
; Cabrera-Sánchez, Miroslava
; Martínez-García, Claudia Lizeth
; Zuñiga-Iñiguez, Paloma
; Anaya-Romo, Eduardo
; Antelo-Corral, Jaqueline
; Ramos, Perla Del Carmen
; Hernández-Rasgado, Javier
; Cuj-Díaz, Alberto
; Fonz-Murillo, Elma Patricia
; Cruz-Bautista, Mayra Ivette De la
; Ripoll-Aburto, Carlos Andres
; Cruz, Mayra Ivette De La
; Cuj-Díaz, Alberto
; Hernández-Rasgado, Javier
; Vega-Cano, Miguel
; Ramos-Rodríguez, Perla del Carmen
; Muñoz-Hernández, Beatriz Adelaida
; Caceres, Leonardo Andres
; Arteaga-Favela, Claudia Berenice
; Nava-Osorio, Alejandro
; Arce-Bojorquez, Brisceyda
; Urias, Emma
; Rosario-Ayala, Yuridia Del
; Salazar-Castro, Laura Elena
; Nieblas-Torres, Mariela Lizet
; Arce-Bojorquez, Brisceyda
; Prince-Angulo, Silvia Annel
; Espinoza-Quintero, Erendira
; Alzate, Ana Lizette
; Camacho, Jesus Erick
; Aviles-Lozoya, Jose Trinidad
; Urias, Emma
; Espinoza-Quintero, Erendira
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Cruz, Nora Cecilia
; Rendón-Salazar, Dafne Denisse
; González-Cordero, Gustavo
; Garduño-Chávez, Belia Inés
; Orozco, Arturo Emmanuel
; Guerrero-Morales, Fernando
; Gonzalez-Ortiz, Julio Cesar
; Casillas-Cruz, Angel Alberto
; Aquino-Tamayo, Blanca Olga
; Estrada, Haydeé Lucía
; Soberanes-Alderete, Francisco Javier
; Ojeda-Ramos, Joel
; Martinez-Flores, Carlos
; Sandoval-Rivera, Arturo Guadalupe
; Cáceres-Figeroa, Leonardo Andres
; Ortega, Columba
; Torres-Mata, Lizbeth Yareli
; Peña-Olvera, Silvia
; Huerta, Juana Geraldine
; Sarmiento-Kamar, Rodrigo Ignacio
; Espinoza, Erendira
; Gerardo-Angulo, Alma Ruth
; Nieblas-Torres, Mariela Lizet
; Martinez-Felix, Jesus Israel
; Rochin-Parra, Julia Teresa
; Chavez, Veronica
; Buendía-Roque, Daniel
; Pinales-Aguilar, Guillermina
; Sandoval, Linda Alejandra
; Ovalle-Bueno, Claudia
; Armendáriz-Salinas, Jaime
; Valdovinos, Salvador
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Sandoval, Linda Alejandra
; Medina-Piqué, Sheila
; Aguilar, Hugo
; Barrera, Eduardo
; Márquez, Elizabeth Alicia
; León, Héctor Almonte De
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Rojas-Peñaloza, Janeth
; Zapién-Madrigal, Jesús Miguel
; Paez, Nancy
; Borquez-Torres, Samantha Anabel
; Chinchillas-Chinchillas, Yanira Zelene
; Silva-Romo, Luis Julian
; Aldana, Jorge Pablo
; Hernández-Gutiérrez, Deoselina
; Sánchez-Hernández, Eloy
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Coronel, Berta
; Fuentes-González, Nalleli del Carmen
; Mendoza-García, María Isabel
; Yañez, Gonzalo
; Contreras-Salomón, José Luis
; Garcia-Simbron, Emma
; Chable-Juárez, Randy Josue
; Manriquez-Merino, Ricardo
; Martinez, Raquel
; Chenge-Said, Jarumi
; Hernández Gutiérrez, Deoselina
; Sánchez, Placido
; Arrieta-Ruiz, Marelyn
; González-Velázquez, Felipe
; Estrada-Utrera, Sandra
; Castellanos, Antonio
; Meza, Oscar Eduardo
; Jimenez-Gonzalez, Adriana Guadalupe
; Pilar-Velazquez, Estefania
; Romo-Cortes, Ramona
; Torres-Soto, Maria de la Luz
; Estrada, Maria Sandra
; Espinoza, Cinthia Yadira
; Islas-Ruz, Felix Gilberto
; Perez-Diaz, Roberto
; Manuel-Serna, Roberto Aurelio
; Arce-Bojorquez, Brisceyda
; Medina-Lopez, Francisco de Jesus
; Nieblas-Torres, Mariela Lizet
; Espinoza-Quintero, Erendira
; Ayala-Camargo, Yuridia
; Guadarrama, Hugo
; Flores-Rodriguez, Alfonso de Jesus
; Benitez-Rebollar, Joel Enrique
; Cedillo-Hernandez, Carolina
; Acevedo-Corona, Arturo
; Gaona-Valle, Laura Soraya
; Morfin, Cecilia
; Flores Rodriguez, Alfonso de Jesus
; Cortes-Aceves, Hector Omar
; Rodríguez-Martínez, José Carlos
; Puente Solorio, Armando
; Gaona-Valle, Laura Soraya
; Reyes, Agustin
; Uscanga-Villa, Maria Nieves
; Molina-Rodriguez, Gloria
; Aquino-Tamayo, Blanca Olga
; Cabrera, Francisco
; Motta-Amezquita, Luis Gerardo
; Castellanos-Olivares, Antonio
; Joffre-Mora, Oscar Paul
; Moncada, Adriana Patricia
; Hernandez-Baez, Humberto Trinidad
; Cecilia, Nora
; Garduño-Chávez, Belia Inés
; González-Cordero, Gustavo
; Palacios-Ríos, Dionicio
.
5425 downloads
12.
Neurotransmisores del sistema límbico. Hipocampo. GABA y memoria. Segunda parte
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Castro-Sierra, Eduardo
; Chico Ponce de León, Fernando
; Gordillo Domínguez, Luis Felipe
; Portugal Rivera, Alison
.
Summary: Action of GABA agonists and antagonists on memory. The θ rhythm. Muscimol may directly alter memory. Recently, a modified matching to position (MTP) paradigm was employed aimed at influencing the type of associations a rat may use to solve the task. The main behavioral manipulation was the application of a differential outcomes procedure (DOP). DOP implies correlating each event to be remembered with a different reward condition. This procedure will result in the development of specific reward expectations which will in turn increase and guide choice behavior. Such different reward expectations will not be present when the reward assignation used is either common or random (non-differential outcomes procedure, NOP). Intraventricular infusion of muscimol or CSF in rats carrying out a delayed MTP using either a MOP or an NOP protocol will affect both groups of rats, but the nature of the deficit will differ depending on the reinforcement contingencies. Rats trained in DOP will show general non-mnemonic damage independent of delay, i.e., performance will be affected at all delay intervals employed. On the contrary, rats trained in NOP will show delay-dependent damage. This appears to demonstrate that muscimol may also have untoward memory effects, which further indicates that activation of GABA receptors will affect a set of memory associations and functions. Difficulties experienced in the past regarding LTP induction at the level of the CA3-CA1 synapse using time-based spike presentation protocols have been disconcerting given the preeminence of these synapses as a model system for the study of synaptic plasticity. Results previously discussed in experiments using picrotoxin as a GABA inhibitor have suggested that such difficulties arise from the requirement that, for LTP to be induced, CA1 dendrites must be persistently and totally activated. Doublets used in this case represent a minimal burst, or level of post-synaptic stimulation for LTP induction that subsumes greater depolarizations. In vitro, synaptically induced bursts would correspond to regenerative electrical events in apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. The same requirements for dendritic activation would be satisfied in vivo during the θ rhythm, which is present during active exploration. Therefore, GABA might serve as an engram modulator through the activation of the hippocampal θ rhythm. Effect of μ-opioid receptors on hippocampal memory activity. Hippocampal μ-opioid receptors (MOR) have been involved in the formation of memory associated with the abuse of opioid drugs. When chronically activated, and during programmed drug abstinence, MORs acutely modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity At the level of neuronal networks, MORs increase excitability of area CA1 by means of a disinhibition of pyramidal cells. The specific inhibitory interneuronal subtypes which become affected by activation of MORs are not known. Nevertheless, not all subtypes are inhibited and some subtypes preferentially express these receptors. In one study, the effect of activation of MORs on inhibitory patterns and propagation of excitatory activity in CA1 of rat hippocampus was investigated through cortical images created using voltage-sensitive dyes. MOR activation increased excitatory activity originated by the increased stimulating input to stratum oriens (i.e., Schäffer collateral and commissural [SCC] fibers, as well as the retrograde pathway), to stratum radiatum (i.e., SCC fibers) and to stratum lacunosum-moleculare (i.e., the perforant pathway and the thalamus). Increased excitatory activity was additionally facilitated by propagation through the neural network of area CA1. This was observed as a proportionally greater increment of amplitudes of excitatory activity in sites distant from the originally evoked activity. Such facilitation was noted in excitatory activity propagating from three sites of stimulation. The increment and facilitation were prevented with GABAA receptor antagonists (bicuculline, 30 μM), but not with GABAB receptor antagonists (CGP, 10 μM). Besides, MOR activation inhibited inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) in every layer of area CA1. These findings suggest that MOR-originated suppression of GABA release to GABAA receptors increases every type of input to pyramidal CA1 neurons and facilitates propagation of excitatory activity through the neural network of area CA1. Cannabis indica and memory. Cannabinoids (derived from Cannabis indica, or marihuana) disturb memory processes in mammalians. In spite of the fact that the neuronal cannabinoid CB1 receptor was identified several years ago, the neuronal network mechanisms mediating these effects are still controversial. Tritium-labeled GABA-releasing experiments have been used to test for the localization of this receptor at a cellular and subcellular level in the human hippocampus. CB1 expression detected with this technique is limited to hippocampal interneurons, most of which, it could be determined, are cholecystokinin-containing basket neurons. The CB1-positive neuronal somata show immune staining of their cytoplasm, but not of their somatodendritic plasma membrane. CB1-immunoreactive axonic terminals densely cover the entire hippocampus and form symmetrical synapses, characteristic of GABAergic neuronal boutons. It could thus be observed that WIN 55,212-2, a CB1-receptor agonist, considerably reduces the release of tritium-labeled GABA, and that this effect is preventable using the receptor antagonist, SR 141716A. This single pattern of expression and pre-synaptic modulation of GABA release suggests the existence of a preserved role of CB1 receptors in the control of inhibitory hippocampal networks responsible for the generation and maintenance of fast and slow oscillation patterns. Therefore, a probable mechanism whereby cannabinoids could affect associational processes in memory might be a disturbance of synchrony of rhythmical events in distinct neuronal populations. GABA effects against aging. Certain components which stimulate GABAergic neurotransmission might prevent the hippocampal and striatal degeneration which typically appears with old age and causes memory deterioration. On using a 4-vessel occlusion model in animals to study the effect of ischemia on expression of GABAA receptor subunits, which are vulnerable in region CA1 and resistant in region CA3 of Amnion's horn, an increment in expression of GABAA2, GABA B2, GABA G2 units and a decrement in expression of GABA A1 and GABA A3 subunits in region CA3 were obtained. On the contrary, there was no change in region CA1 or the dentate gyrus under the same conditions. These data speak in favor of the stimulation of type 2 receptor GABAergic subunits which might protect certain hippocampal areas against a harmful neurodegenerative effect, for example, of memory activities during old age.
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1457 downloads
13.
Neurotransmisores del sistema límbico. Hipocampo, GABA y memoria. Primera parte
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Castro-Sierra, Eduardo
; Chico Ponce de León, Fernando
; Gordillo Domínguez, Luis Felipe
; Portugal Rivera, Alison
.
Summary: Introduction. The entire hippocampus is derived from the telencephalon. Embryologically, it is made up of the most archaic cortices. Through special phylogenetic and ontogenetic telencephalization processes, it will arrive at its particular mesial basal position. This structure has three components: a) Retrocommisural hippocampus, or hippocampus proper (RH). b) Supracommisural hippocampus (SH). c) Precommisural hippocampus (PH). The RH is situated in the most medial part of the 5th temporal gyrus (5 TG). The outer/upper face of the RH is to be found in the temporal recess of the lateral ventricle. It is called pes hippocampi or albeus. Inwards, it is limited by the choroid fissure, outwards and downwards by the parenchyma of the 5th TG, forwards, by the amygdala of the striatal body and, backwards, by the isthmus. The fornix is a continuation of efferent pathways from CA3, CA1 and the subiculum. By means of a circular course, it ascends over the thalamus and, descending in front of Monro's foramina and traversing the hypothalamus, reaches the mammillary bodies. It consists of fimbria, posterior pillars and a body and anterior pillars. The latter pass behind the anterior white commisure (AWC), and make up the anterior portion of Monro's foramina. The SH originates in the RH. At the level of the splenium of the corpus callosum (CC), the fornix produces two striae, medial and lateral, and the dentate gyrus turns from fasciola cineria into induceum griseum. These structures are to be found in both hemispheres and, traveling over the CC, will reach the preoptic and hypothalamic septal areas, as well as the PH. The PH is a small fiber contingent which stems from the fornix at the level and in front of the AWC. Memory. General aspects. There is general agreement that the main role of the hippocampus is that of creating new memories relative to experienced events (episodic or autobiographic memory). Some researchers, however, prefer to think of the hippocampus as part of a major medial temporal lobe memory system responsible for declarative memory. This memory would include, besides episodic memory, memory of events. Another very important hippocampal function would relate to storage of semantic (conceptual) memories. Engrams. Memory and synaptic plasticity. Engrams are hypothetical means whereby memory traces are stored as physical or chemical changes in the brain in response to external stimuli. The existence of engrams has been proposed by diverse scientific theories which try to explain the persistence of memory and how some memories are stored in the brain. The term engram was coined by Sermon and explored by Pavlov Lashley tried to locate the engram and failed in finding a sole biological locus for the same which made him think that memories were not localized in any particular part of the brain, but distributed throughout the cerebral cortex. Afterwards, in 1949, Hebb, a student of Lashley's, published his empiricist theories in The Organization of Behavior. Hebb referred to Lorente de Nó's reverberating circuits to propose a mechanism for maintaining activity in the cerebral cortex after the external stimulus had ceased: the so called central autonomous process. This led him to consider the cellular assembly, a complex reverberating circuit which could be assembled by experience. Changes in synaptic resistance with experience were eventually named Hebb's, or the Hebbian, synapse. Hebbian theory describes a basic mechanism for synaptic plasticity by means of which an increment in synaptic efficacy stems from repetitive and persistent stimulation of the post-synaptic cell. This theory receives the name of Hebb's rule. The fact that memory is persistent stresses the relevance of understanding those factors which maintain synaptic strength and prevent undesired synaptic changes. There is evidence that recurrent inhibitory connections in region CA1 of Ammon's horn of the hippocampus might contribute in this sense by modulating the ability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic activity, given by a sequence of high-or low-frequency stimulations, respectively. The hippocampus seems to be able to select the most relevant from the least relevant aspects of a definite experience in order to transform them into long-term memory. According to the concept of Emotional Tagging, for example, through the activation of the amygdala by emotionally suggestive events, the experience will be tagged as important and synaptic plasticity promoted in other cerebral regions, such as the hippocampus. Recently, it has been shown that activation of the amygdala transforms transient plasticity into long-term plasticity. This finding directly relates to the afore mentioned hypothesis of emotional tagging, since activation of this organ could trigger neuromodulatory systems, further reduce the activation threshold of the synaptic marker and facilitate transformation of early into late memory at the level of the hippocampus via direct amygdalar action on the latter organ. γ-aminobutyric acid. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), together with its different receptor subunits, functions as an inhibitor neurotrans-mitter in hippocampus and memory activities. GABA and memory. LTP has been a widely studied mechanism of synaptic plasticity and, as we have mentioned, it is intimately related to diverse memory and learning processes in mammals. It has been observed in pyramidal cells of area CA1 of the hippocampus of young C57BL/6 mice that the pairing of pre-synaptic stimulation with just one post-synaptic action potential will be sufficient to induce LTP, whereas in the adult animal this stimulation must be paired with several post-synaptic action potentials to achieve such induction. This change might result from a modification during maturation of GABAergic inhibitory processes. A bath of muscimol, a GABAA agonist, given to sections of hippocampal area CA1 will increase the range of frequencies inducing LTD, while in the presence of picrotoxin, a GABAA antagonist, LTD will be induced only at very low stimulation frequencies. The resulting recurrent inhibition appears to stem from GABAergic input to pyramidal neurons of CA1. In this way, post-synaptic spike activity could increase GABAergic feedback inhibition, and thus favor LTD. However, in experiments in which the pairing of stimulating action potentials is set apart in time, LTD, LTP or no plasticity may be observed. An explanation for these results could be that, in the presence of picrotoxin, and therefore GABA inhibition, the first action potential may have a greater tendency to "back propagate", so that only one spike would be enough to cause LTP instead of LTD, and affect memory processes differently.
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