ABSTRACT Objective To describe the epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer who received androgen deprivation therapy and those who did not. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy and those who did not undergo androgen deprivation therapy. These patients were treated at the A.C.Camargo Cancer Center between March 2020 and March 2021. Results Of the 78 patients with prostate cancer and positive RT-PCR test results, 50% were undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, and 49% were experiencing a non-metastatic biochemical relapse. Of these, 80.6% were symptomatic on the day of examination compared to 97.2% in the Control Group. A total of 82.1% of the patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy required hospitalization, with 30.8% admitted to the intensive care unit compared to 21.6% in the Control Group. There was no statistically significant difference in the use of a high-flow oxygen cannula, the need for orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, the need for dialysis, multiple organ failure, or death. A significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the average length of stay in the intensive care unit. Conclusion Androgen deprivation therapy was not associated with protective factors or potential treatments in patients with prostate cancer and COVID-19. Although the number of patients analyzed was limited, and there may have been a selection bias, this is a unique study that cannot be expanded or replicated in similar (unvaccinated) populations.

Abstract This theoretical essay aims to reflect, in a Brazilian perspective, on the use of the historical method in the social sciences in general, and in the areas of organizational studies and public administration. To do this, based on a bibliographical review, we have chosen to deepen the reflection from the historical-comparative method and life history, within the qualitative paradigm, in order to offer a more specialized perspective on the implications of such methods for the aforementioned subdisciplines. We conclude that the historical method in general, as well as the historical-comparative method and life history method, in particular, promote new forms of understanding reality, by connecting the singular, the global, the objective with the subjective, the past with the contemporary, and generating innovative perspectives for social, organizational and political analyses.

Resumen Este ensayo teórico tiene el objetivo de reflexionar, desde una perspectiva brasileña, sobre el uso del método histórico en las ciencias sociales en general, y en las áreas de los estudios organizacionales y de la administración pública en particular. Para ello, con base en una revisión bibliográfica, se eligió profundizar la reflexión a partir de los métodos histórico-comparativos y de la historia de vida, dentro del paradigma cualitativo, con el fin de ofrecer una perspectiva más especializada sobre las implicancias de tales métodos para las subdisciplinas antes mencionadas. Se concluye que el método histórico en general, así como el histórico-comparativo y la historia de vida en particular, promueven nuevas formas de comprensión de la realidad, que conectan lo singular con lo global, lo objetivo con lo subjetivo, lo pasado con lo contemporáneo, generando perspectivas innovadoras para el análisis social, organizacional y político.

Resumen: Partiendo de una crítica a las visiones hegemônicas sobre integración regional presentes en los campos de la economía y de relaciones internacionales, este artículo reflexiona sobre la trayectoria del Mercosur argumentando acerca de la correspondencia de tal trayectoria con los intereses de sectores más dinámicos de las burguesías internas de Argentina y Brasil. Se señala que, pese al intento de los gobiernos progresistas del siglo XXI en desafiar los cánones integracionistas impuestos por ciertos sectores hegemônicos de las clases dominantes en ambos países, el Mercosur no consiguió escapar de su marca de origen: la inserción externa dependiente. En este orden, se resaltan las limitaciones que la dinámica del capital y la correlación de fuerzas impusieron, en este campo de la integración, a la acción política.

Abstract: Based on a critique of the hegemonic views on regional integration present in the fields of economics and international relations, this article reflects on the Mercosur's trajectory arguing about the correspondence of this trajectory with the interests of more dynamic sectors of the internal bourgeoisies from Argentina and Brazil. We point out that despite the attempt of the progressive governments of the 21st century to challenge the integrationist canons imposed by certain hegemonic sectors of the dominant classes in both countries, Mercosur did not manage to escape its original goal of a dependent external insertion. In this order, we highlight the limitations that the dynamics of capital and the correlation of forces imposed on political action, in this field of integration.

Resumo Neste artigo buscamos construir o conceito ampliado de autonomia estatal para, a partir dele, entendermos a integração regional como ferramenta fundamental para a superação do subdesenvolvimento e da dependência dos Estados latino-americanos. Para tanto, trabalhamos o Estado como regulador social do âmbito interno e como pertencente a um sistema internacional hierárquico, e, logo, condicionado a partir da posição que ocupa nessa estrutura. Aplicamos as abordagens discutidas nas seções anteriores para entendermos que tipo de Estado interventor seria o mais adequado para o desenvolvimento interno dos Estados latino-americanos. Construímos nosso conceito ampliado de autonomia, que emana da interligação das dimensões interna e externa defendida neste trabalho. Encerramos nosso trabalho argumentando a favor da relevância de entender a integração regional como instrumento de desenvolvimento interno e de inserção não subordinada dos países latino-americanos no sistema internacional.

Abstract In this paper, we aim to build an expanded concept of state autonomy in order to understand regional integration as a fundamental tool for overcoming underdevelopment and dependence on Latin American states. With this aim, we conceive the state as a social regulator of the internal scope and as belonging to an international hierarchical system, and therefore, conditioned by the position it occupies in this structure. We apply the approaches discussed in the previous sections to understand what type of intervening state would be most appropriate for the internal development of Latin American states. We construct our extended concept of autonomy, which emanates from the interconnection of the internal and external dimensions defended in this article. We conclude our work by arguing for the relevance of understanding regional integration as an instrument of internal development and non-subordinate insertion of Latin American countries into the international system.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir diferentes questões em torno do tema referente às assimetrias e seu tratamento no Mercosul, bem como do tema referente à questão produtiva. Para isso, efetuamos um perpassar histórico desde a gênese do bloco até o renovado espírito adquirido a partir de 2003, considerando-se especialmente os paradigmas econômicos e os modelos de desenvolvimento que têm exercido influência na região.

The present paper aims to discuss different questions around the theme that refers to asymmetries and how they are treated in Mercosur, as well as its productive issues. With this aim, we performed a historical analysis from the genesis of the bloc until the renewed spirit that emerged after 2003, considering specially the economic paradigms and the developmental models that have exerted influence in the region.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo discutir diferentes cuestiones en torno al tema de las asimetrías y de su tratamiento en el Mercosur, así como también de la cuestión productiva. Para ello, efectuaremos un recorrido histórico desde la génesis del bloque hasta el renovado espíritu adquirido a partir de 2003, considerando especialmente los paradigmas económicos y los modelos de desarrollo que han influido en la región.

L’objectif de ce travail est de dicuter les différentes questions concernant le thème des asymétries et de leur traitement au sein du Mercosur ainsi que celui relatif à la question productive. Pour ce faire nous avons fait une rétrospective historique allant de la genèse du bloc jusqu’à un nouvel esprit acquis à partir de 2003, en prenant tout spécialement en considération les paradigmes économiques et les modèles de développement qui ont influencé la région.

Este artículo se propone analizar y discutir las especificidades del federalismo argentino y sus implicancias para la formulación de políticas públicas en el país. Se hará un recorrido histórico desde el periodo que siguió a la Revolución de Mayo de 1810, en el que Argentina se consolida como nación soberana, hasta la actualidad, describiendo las principales características del proceso de formación del Estado federal. Posteriormente, abordaremos lo que denominamos el "federalismo formal", en el que se incluirán los aspectos jurídicos, fiscales y de descentralización, y por último, el "federalismo político", cuyo propósito es brindar una interpretación de la dinámica y funcionamiento de la organización federal argentina.

This paper aims to analyze and discuss the specifics of the Argentinian federalism and its implications in the formulation of public policies in the country. A historical overview will be made starting at the aftermath of the May Revolution of 1810, when Argentina consolidated itself as a sovereign nation, to the present, describing the main features of the formation of the federal state. Later, we will discuss what we call the "formal federalism", including legal, fiscal and decentralization issues, and finally, the "political federalism", whose purpose is to provide an interpretation of the dynamics and operation of the Argentinian federal organization.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar e discutir as especificidades do federalismo argentino e as suas implicações para a formulação de políticas públicas no país. Primeiramente, faremos um perpassar histórico a partir da Revolução de Maio de 1810, que consolida a Argentina como uma nação soberana, até ao presente, descrevendo as principais características da formação do Estado federal. Em seguida, abordaremos o chamado "federalismo formal", em que estarão presentes as questões jurídicas, fiscais e de descentralização e, finalmente, o "federalismo político", cujo objetivo é proporcionar uma compreensão da dinâmica e do funcionamento da organização federal argentina.