ABSTRACT Herbicides play an important role in preventing crop yield losses due to both their weed interference ability and their capacity for increasing soil conservation in no-till systems. Group A herbicides or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) are essential tools the selective management of glyphosate resistance in grass weed species. In this review, we describe important aspects of ACCase biology and herbicides targeting this enzyme, along with a discussion on stewardship programs to delay the evolution of herbicide resistance which can evolve either through target site and/or non-target site mechanisms. Sixteen-point mutations have been reported to confer resistance to ACCase inhibitors. Each mutation confers cross resistance to a different group of herbicides. Metabolic resistance can result in resistance to multiple herbicides with different mechanisms of action (MoA), and herbicide detoxification is often conferred by cytochrome P450 monooxigenases and glutathione- S -transferases. Regardless of whether resistance mechanisms are target or non-target site, using herbicides with the same MoA will result in resistance evolution. Therefore, while field surveys and resistance mechanism studies are crucial for designing reactive management strategies, integrated weed management plays a central role in both reactive and proactive mitigation of herbicide resistance evolution.

Abstract Introduction Acute carotid blowout syndrome (aCBS) is a severe complication of head and neck cancer (HNC). It can be defined as a rupture of the extracranial carotid arteries, or one of their branches, that causes life-threatening hemorrhage, and which nowadays can be treated with urgent endovascular intervention. Objective We retrospectively evaluate the endovascular management of aCBS and its outcome in years of survival. Methods Retrospectively, we describe our experience with endovascular control of aCBS in patients treated for HNC. We review the characteristics, pathology, endovascular treatment and morbidity and assess the gain in life years. Results Nine individuals were included in this study. Four patients had been previously diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), one with paranasal SCC, one with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and three with oral or maxillary adenocarcinoma. All subjects underwent radiotherapy and surgical excision to different extents. Twelve endovascular procedures were performed for injuries to the internal carotid artery (n = 3; 25%), external carotid artery (n = 1; 7%) or one of their branches (n = 8; 67%). Deconstructive methods were used in nine procedures, and three procedures were mainly reconstructive with deployment of covered stents. Total control of bleeding was achieved in all individuals with no intraprocedural complications. Conclusion Endovascular therapy is an effective alternative for the management of exsanguinating CBS. In our series, this palliative therapy increased the overall patient survival by an estimated 9 months.

Abstract Palm oil is obtained from Elaeis guineensis, E. oleifera or the hybrid OxG palm fruits. When crude, it contains high carotenoid concentrations (responsible for the red color), tocopherols and tocotrienols, but most of them are eliminated during its refining. Palm oil main components are palmitic and oleic acids, both near 50%, but their proportion changes depending on the fraction used. Fatty acids absorption and the effect on blood lipid profile depend on the position in the triacylglycerol, especially in the sn-2 position. The location of the monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids varies depending on the type of palm oil or fraction used. We critically review the two main reviews published about palm oil, which analyze 67 publications, and several studies that are more recent. Most of the studies were performed in non-European countries where palm oil is the main culinary oil. The effect on cardiovascular risk factors depends on the fat used as counterpart. Palm oil improves lipid profile after a diet rich in trans and saturated fats, while it impairs lipid profile after a diet rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Relevant methodological errors have been identified, such as not differentiating between palm oil, palm kernel oil and their fractions, comparing single fatty acids with whole oils or fats, or not considering physical activity or other factors that can affect blood lipids. No studies considering palm oil as an ingredient in a Mediterranean diet context, where olive oil is the main culinary oil, were found, so extrapolation of data is currently very difficult.

Resumen El aceite de palma se obtiene de los frutos de Elaeis guineensis, E. oleifera y el cruce de ambas, OxG (híbrida). En crudo contiene gran proporción de carotenoides (responsables del color rojo), tocoferoles y tocotrienoles, pero se pierden durante su refinado. En su composición destacan los ácidos grasos palmítico y oleico, casi al 50%, aunque su proporción varía según la fracción en la que se utilizan. La absorción de los ácidos grasos y, por tanto, su efecto sobre el perfil lipídico plasmático dependen de su posición en el triglicérido, especialmente en sn-2. Según el aceite de palma o la fracción, variará dicha posición de los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados o saturados. Se revisan críticamente las dos principales revisiones publicadas en relación al aceite de palma, que incluyen un total de 67 artículos, además de otros estudios más recientes. La mayoría se realizan en países no europeos donde el aceite de palma es el principal aceite culinario. Su efecto sobre el perfil cardiovascular varía según con qué se compare, mejorándolo frente a las grasas trans y saturadas y empeorándolo frente a las grasas mono y poliinsaturadas. Hemos detectado errores metodológicos importantes, como no diferenciar entre palma, palmiste o fracciones, comparar ácidos grasos con aceites o no considerar la actividad física y otros factores que influyen sobre el perfil lipídico. No hemos encontrado estudios realizados con aceite de palma como ingrediente de alimentos en un contexto de dieta mediterránea, donde el principal aceite culinario es el de oliva, que serían los extrapolables a nuestro entorno.

Resumen Estudios recientes han sugerido que estrategias de regulación emocional (RE) como la re-interpretación y supresión dependen del pensamiento verbal. Fuera del campo de la RE, el pensamiento verbal, como habla interna, ha sido vinculado con la regulación cognitivo/conductual. Sin embargo, a la fecha ningún estudio ha explorado el rol del habla interna en la RE. En esta investigación, 180 sujetos completaron cuestionarios de uso de habla interna (Inner Speech Questionnaire, ISQ), dificultades en la RE (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS), uso de estrategias de RE (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ) y sintomatología (HADS). Se realizaron análisis correlacionales y modelos de regresión lineal para explorar la relación entre habla interna y variables de RE. Una relación positiva fue encontrada entre frecuencia de uso de habla interna y la puntuación global de la escala de dificultades en RE -relación altamente mediada por el nivel de sintomatología. Respecto a las estrategias de RE, solo la reinterpretación presentó una relación positiva y significativa, de tamaño medio, con la frecuencia de uso de habla interna -con independencia del nivel de síntomas. Los resultados de este estudio son discutidos en relación a la conceptualización actual de la re-interpretación así como su relevancia para la práctica clínica.

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that emotion regulation (ER) strategies, such as reappraisal and suppression, rely on the use of verbal thinking. Outside the field of ER, verbal thinking, particularly in the form of inner speech, has been largely linked to behavior and cognitive regulation. However, no article has yet directly addressed the potential role of inner speech in ER. In this study, 180 participants completed a survey that included measures of inner speech usage (Inner Speech Questionnaire), ER difficulties (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale), ER strategy use (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) and symptoms (HADS). Correlational analyses and hierarchical linear regression models were used to explore the potential relationship between inner speech and ER variables. A positive relationship was found between Inner Speech usage and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale overall score. This relationship was, however, heavily mediated by level of symptomatology. As for the ER strategies, only reappraisal presented a significant positive relationship, of medium size, with inner speech usage, which was independent of the level of symptoms. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the current conceptualization of reappraisal as well as its implications for clinical practice.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with chronic complications that lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in young adults of productive age. Intensive insulin therapy has been able to reduce the likelihood of the development of chronic diabetes complications. However, this treatment is still associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycemia. In patients with “brittle T1DM”, who have severe hypoglycemia without adrenergic symptoms (hypoglycemia unawareness), islet transplantation may be a therapeutic option to restore both insulin secretion and hypoglycemic perception. The Edmonton group demonstrated that most patients who received islet infusions from more than one donor and were treated with steroid-free immunosuppressive drugs displayed a considerable decline in the initial insulin independence rates at eight years following the transplantation, but showed permanent C-peptide secretion, which facilitated glycemic control and protected patients against hypoglycemic episodes. Recently, data published by the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry (CITR) has revealed that approximately 50% of the patients who undergo islet transplantation are insulin independent after a 3-year follow-up. Therefore, islet transplantation is able to successfully decrease plasma glucose and HbA1c levels, the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia, and improve patient quality of life. The goal of this paper was to review the human islet isolation and transplantation processes, and to describe the establishment of a human islet isolation laboratory at the Endocrine Division of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the main cause of morbi-mortality in western countries. Serum cholesterol levels have been related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Egg intake has been indirectly related to the risk of developing CVD because of its high cholesterol content. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between egg intake and CVD risk factors in adolescents, assessing the possible influence of physical activity. Methods: We studied 380 adolescents enrolled in the HELENA (HEalthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Food intake was estimated by 2 non-consecutive 24 h recalls. We measured adiposity indicators, lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin levels, insulin resistance, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness. A CVD risk score was computed as a measure of the overall CVD risk profile. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry. Sexual development was examined. Socioeconomic and smoking statuses were obtained by questionnaire. The association between egg intake and CVD risk factors was examined using a multilevel analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Egg intake was not associated with lipid profile, adiposity, insulin resistance, blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness or the integrated CVD risk score. This lack of association was not influenced by physical activity. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that egg intake is not associated with a less favorable lipid or CVD risk profile in adolescents. This lack of association is not influenced by the level of physical activity.

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECVs) suponen la principal causa de morbi-mortalidad en los países occidentales. El incremento del colesterol plasmático se ha relacionado con el desarrollo de ECV. El huevo, por su alto contenido en colesterol, ha sido indirectamente relacionado con el riesgo de desarrollar ECVs. Objetivo: Examinar la asociación entre ingesta de huevo y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes, estudiando si dicha relación está influenciada por la actividad física. Método: Se estudiaron 380 adolescentes pertenecientes al estudio HELENA (HEalthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence). La ingesta de alimentos se estimó mediante anamnesis nutricional de dos días no consecutivos. Se midieron indicadores de adiposidad, perfil lipídico, glucosa, insulina, resistencia a la insulina, tensión arterial y capacidad aeróbica. Se calculó un índice integrado de riesgo cardiovascular (IRCV) como medida del perfil cardiovascular global. La actividad física se midió mediante acelerometría. Se examinó el desarrollo madurativo. El estatus socioeconómico y consumo de tabaco se obtuvieron mediante cuestionario. La asociación entre ingesta de huevo y factores de riesgo de ECV se examinó mediante un modelo de regresión multinivel ajustado por factores de confusión. Resultados: La ingesta de huevo no se asoció con perfil lipídico, nivel de adiposidad, tensión arterial, resistencia a la insulina, capacidad aeróbica o IRCV (todos P > 0,05). Esta falta de asociación no estuvo influenciada por el nivel de actividad física. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que no existe asociación entre ingesta de huevo y perfil lipídico, adiposidad, resistencia a la insulina, tensión arterial, capacidad aeróbica o el IRCV en adolescentes. La actividad física no influencia dicha falta de asociación.

Background and aim: Many exercise studies, although generally showing the beneficial effects of supervised aerobic, resistance or combined exercise on blood lipids, have sometimes reached equivocal conclusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of different programs that combined exercise and dietary restriction on blood lipids versus a clinical practice intervention for weight loss, in overweight adults. Methods: For this study 66 subjects participated in a supervised 22 weeks training program, composed of three sessions per week and they were randomized in three groups: strength training (S; n = 19), endurance training (E; n = 25), a combination of E and S (SE; n = 22). Eighteen subjects served as physical activity group (PA) that followed a clinical intervention consisted of physical activity recommendations. All groups followed the same dietary treatment, and blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements, at the beginning and end of the study. Results: Lipid profile improved in all groups. No significant differences for baseline and post-training values were observed between groups. In general, SE and PA decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values (p < 0.01). S decreased triglyceride levels (p < 0.01) and E, SE, and PA decreased total cholesterol levels (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: These results suggest that an intervention program of supervised exercise combined with diet restriction did not achieved further improvements in blood lipid profile than diet restriction and physical activity recommendations, in overweight adults. (Clinical Trials gov number: NCT01116856).

Antecedentes y objetivo: Muchos estudios sobre ejercicio han proporcionado en ocasiones conclusiones equívocas, si bien, por lo general, han demostrado los efectos beneficiosos del ejercicio supervisado aeróbico, de resistencia o combinado. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de diferentes programas que combinan ejercicio y restricción dietética sobre los lípidos sanguíneos frente a una intervención de la práctica clínica de pérdida de ejercicio en los adultos con sobrepeso. Métodos: En este estudio participaron 66 individuos en un programa de entrenamiento supervisado de 22 semanas, compuesto por tres sesiones semanales y, posteriormente, se les distribuyó al azar en tres grupos: entrenamiento de fuerza (F; n = 19), entrenamiento de resistencia (R; n = 25), o una combinación de R y F (FR; n = 22). Dieciocho sujetos sirvieron como grupo de actividad física (AF) que siguió una intervención clínica que consistía en recomendaciones de actividad física. Todos los grupos siguieron el mismo tratamiento dietético y se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para medición de lípidos al inicio y al final del estudio. Resultados: El perfil lipídico mejoró en todos los grupos. No se observaron diferencias significativas basales ni tras el entrenamiento entre los grupos. Por lo general, el FR y la AF disminuyeron los valores de lipoproteínas de densidad baja-colesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0,01). El F disminuyó los valores de triglicéridos (p < 0,01) y el R, FR y AF disminuyeron las concentraciones de colesterol total (p < 0,05, p < 0,01 y p < 0,01, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la intervención con un programa de ejercicio supervisado combinado con la restricción dietética no proporcionó mejorías en el perfil lipídico con respecto a la restricción dietética y las recomendaciones de actividad física, en adultos con sobrepeso. (Núm. de registro en Clinical Trials Gov: NCT01116856).

Introduction: The influence of socioeconomic status on health-related fitness is not clear. Aim: To examine the influence of socioeconomic status on health-related fitness in adolescents. Methods: A total of 3,259 adolescents (15.0 ± 1.3 y) from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS) participated in the study. Socioeconomic status was assessed by the family affluence scale (FAS). Speed-agility, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed. Covariates included total body fat, physical activity and pubertal status. Results: Adolescents with high FAS had significantly higher fitness levels than their peers of lower FAS categories except for speed-agility and handgrip in boys. Overall, the associations observed presented a medium to large effect size. Conclusion: These results suggest that socioeconomic status is positively associated with physical fitness in European adolescents independently of total body fat and habitual physical activity.

Introducción: La influencia del estatus socioeconómico sobre la condición física en relación con la salud no está clara. Objetivo: Examinar la influencia del estatus socioeconómico sobre la condición física en relación con la salud en adolescentes. Metodología: Un total de 3259 adolescentes (15,0 ± 1,3 años) del "Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study" (HELENA-CSS) participaron en el estudio. El estatus socioeconómico fue medido con una escala de riqueza familiar "family affluence scale (FAS)". Se midieron velocidad-agilidad, fuerza muscular y capacidad aeróbica. Las covariables incluidas fueron grasa corporal total, actividad física y estadio madurativo. Resultados: Los adolescentes con alto FAS tuvieron significativamente mayores niveles de condición física que aquellos con bajo FAS exceptuando los tests de velocidad-agilidad y fuerza de prensión manual en chicos. En general, las asociaciones observadas presentaron un efecto del tamaño de la muestra (effect size) entre medio y largo. Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que el estatus socioeconómico esta positivamente asociado con la condición física en adolescentes Europeos independientemente de la grasa corporal total y el nivel de actividad física.

Background: The effects of alcohol consumption on body weight have been evaluated in a large number of studies suggesting to be inversely as well as positively related to body weight and body fat. Objective: This study examined the relationships between moderate beer consumption and anthropometrical parameters in Spanish healthy adults. Method: After a 30 day alcohol abstemious period, 58 healthy volunteers were submitted to a daily moderate consumption of beer during the following 30 days. Weight, height, skinfolds and circumferences were measured at three points: a) basal; b) abstemious and c) after moderate consumption of beer. Results: Biceps skinfold (mm) increased (p < 0.05) in men after moderate beer consumption in regard to abstinence period (5.74 ± 1.70 vs 6.23 ± 1.74). No significant differences were observed in the rest of anthropometrical parameters studied in both women and men along the study intervention. Conclusion: Moderate beer consumption during one month did not mostly change weight and weight-related parameters in healthy adults.

Introducción: Son numerosos los estudios que han investigado los efectos del consumo de alcohol en el peso corporal, sugiriendo una relación tanto inversa como positiva en relación al peso y la grasa corporal. Objetivo: Examinar la relación entre un consumo moderado de cerveza y el peso corporal en una población adulta española sana. Material y métodos: Después de un período de 30 días de abstinencia alcohólica, 58 voluntarios sanos (31 varones y 27 mujeres) fueron sometidos a un consumo moderado de cerveza diario durante los 30 días siguientes. Se evaluaron los parámetros antropométricos correspondientes a la talla, peso, pliegues cutáneos y perímetros, al principio del estudio (a), tras un mes de abstinencia de alcohol (b), y tras un mes de consumo moderado de cerveza (c). Resultados: Se observó un aumento significativo (p < 0,05) en el pliegue bicipital (mm) en el grupo de los hombres tras el consumo moderado de cerveza al compararlo con el mes de abstinencia (5,74 ± 1,70 vs 6,23 ± 1,74). No se observaron cambios en el resto de los parámetros antropométricos estudiados a lo largo del estudio, ni en el grupo de las mujeres ni en el de los hombres. Conclusión: En una población adulta sana, el consumo moderado de cerveza durante un mes no modifica los parámetros ponderales, ni los relacionados con la composición corporal a excepción del pliegue bicipital en los hombres.

Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (angico-do-cerrado), uma leguminosa arbórea, forma associações simbióticas com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio (rizóbios) e com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos e rizóbios no crescimento inicial de plantas de angico-do-cerrado, crescidas em solo autoclavado e em solo não autoclavado com e sem inoculação, foi desenvolvido um experimento em casa de vegetação, utilizando raízes micorrizadas de milho e uma mistura de isolados de rizóbios como inoculantes. O crescimento das plantas foi influenciado positivamente pela concomitante inoculação do fungo micorrízico e do rizóbio, tendo as plantas desse tratamento apresentado biomassa cerca de 60 % maior do que o controle no décimo mês. A inoculação de apenas um dos microssimbiontes, entretanto, não provocou diferença na produção de biomassa das plantas. A percentagem de colonização micorrízica foi significativamente mais alta e o número de nódulos maior nas raízes das plantas crescidas no solo não autoclavado, ocasionados pela população de fungos e rizóbios nativos. Nesse tratamento, houve pequeno acúmulo de matéria no xilopódio, provavelmente em virtude do dreno fotossintético por parte dos microssimbiontes, e a concentração de P na parte aérea e xilopódio dessas plantas foi cerca de 1,2 e 8 vezes maior, respectivamente, por causa da colonização micorrízica.

The leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (angico-do-cerrado) forms symbiotic associations with nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the influence of rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the initial growth of angico-do-cerrado plants, in autoclaved and non-autoclaved soil with and without inoculations. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using mycorrhized roots of maize and a mixture of rhizobial isolates as inocula. Plant growth was positively affected by dual inoculation of mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobia: plants of this treatment produced 60 % more biomass than in the control in the 10th month. Inoculation of only one microsymbiont, however, did not promote difference in plant growth. Mycorrhizal formation was significantly more extensive and the number of nodules higher in plants of non-autoclaved soil, caused by native soil borne fungi and rhizobia. In this treatment mass accumulation was lowest in the xylopodium, probably because of the photosynthetic drain caused by microsymbionts, and P concentrations in shoot and xylopodium were about 1.2 and 8 times higher in these plants, respectively, due to the mycorrhizal colonization.

Background: Adolescence is a decisive period in human life due to the multiple physiological and psychological changes that take place. These changes will condition both nutritional requirements and eating/physical activity behavior. It has been demonstrated that these "adolescence" factors are of significant influence in health status during adult life. Due to its importance and adequate development the project has been granted by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of the Institute of Health Carlos III. Objective: To develop a methodology to evaluate the health and nutritional status of a representative population of Spanish adolescents. Specific attention is paid to three specific health problems: obesity, anorexia nervosa/ bulimia, dislipidemia. Methodology: The following magnitudes will be studied: 1) dietary intake, food habits and nutrition knowledge; 2) daily physical activity and personal approach; 3) physical condition; 4) anthropometry and body composition; 5) hematobiochemical study: plasma lipid phenotypic and metabolic profile, blood cell counts; 6) genotipic profile of cardiovascular risk lipid factors; 7) immune function profile related to nutritional status; 8) psychological profile. Conclusion: This project includes the co-ordinate activity of five Spanish centers of five different cities (Granada, Madrid, Murcia, Santander, Zaragoza). Each center is specialized in a specific area and will be responsible for the corresponding part of the study. From the data obtained, we will elaborate a specific intervention program in order to improve nutrition and neutralize the risk for nutritional related problems in adolescence. By this, we will contribute to improve the health status of the Spanish population in the new millennium.

Antecedentes: La adolescencia es una etapa decisiva en el desarrollo humano por los múltiples cambios fisiológicos y psicológicos que en ella ocurren los cuales, a su vez, condicionan tanto las necesidades nutricionales como los hábitos de alimentación, actividad física y comportamiento. Además, está demostrado que estos hábitos tienen repercusión en el estado de salud en la vida adulta. El interés de este tema así como su apropiado desarrollo ha merecido una financiación por parte del Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología que evalúe el estado de salud así como la situación nutricional-metabólica y forma física de una muestra representativa de adolescentes españoles. Especial atención se prestará a tres tipos específicos de patologías como son obesidad, anorexia nerviosa/bulimia, dislipidemia. Metodología: Para alcanzar el objetivo, se van a estudiar ocho tipos diferentes de magnitudes: 1) ingesta dietética, hábitos alimentarios y conocimientos nutricionales; 2) actividad física habitual y actitud frente a la práctica físico-deportiva; 3) nivel de condición física; 4) antropometría y composición corporal; 5) estudio hematobioquímico: perfil fenotípico lipídico y metabólico, estudio hematológico; 6) perfil genotípico de factores lipídicos de riesgo cardiovascular; 7) perfil inmunológico de estado nutricional; 8) perfil psicológico. Conclusión: Este proyecto incluye la actividad coordi nada de cinco centros españoles situados en otras tantas ciudades (Granada, Madrid, Murcia, Santander, Zaragoza). Cada uno de esos centros tiene larga y acreditada experiencia en la parte del estudio de la que es responsable. En función de los resultados obtenidos, se propondrá un programa específico de intervención que permita mejorar la alimentación y neutralizar el riesgo que, para las patologías antes mencionadas, existe entre los adolescentes españoles. Con ello se pretende contribuir a mejorar el estado de salud de la población española del nuevo milenio.