RESUMO: Neste estudo foi avaliada a eficácia do imazamox para controle de E. crassipes, com bico de pulverização de energia centrífuga em doses e volumes de calda de pulverização e comparação do custo de controle mecânico e químico de plantas aquáticas. Foram utilizadas as doses de 200, 400 e 600 g i.a. ha-1 de imazamox e volumes de calda de 25, 50 e 100 L ha-1, além de um controle (sem aplicação do herbicida), com dez repetições. As aplicações foram feitas com bico de pulverização de energia centrífuga. As avaliações foram realizadas por porcentagem de controle em 7, 15, 21 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAA), e a massa seca das plantas foi mensurada aos 30 DAA, assim como a retenção foliar das caldas de pulverização. Aos 30 DAA, em 200, 400 e 600 g i.a. ha-1 e 50 L ha-1, ocorreu eficácia de 96% a 100% e redução da massa seca das plantas de 88% a 100%. As doses e volumes de calda do imazamox foram eficazes no controle de E. crassipes, exceto 200 g i.a. ha-1 e 25 L ha-1. A maior retenção foliar do aguapé foi de 0,010 mL cm² na concentração de 400 g i.a. ha-1 e 50 L ha-1. O custo do controle químico foi 20 vezes menor que o mecânico, o que o torna economicamente mais viável que este. Esses resultados são importantes para a tomada de decisão sobre qual método e tecnologia de aplicação devem ser utilizados no controle de E. crassipes.

ABSTRACT: The efficacy of imazamox to control Eichhornia crassipes with a centrifugal energy spray nozzle at doses and volumes of spray solution and the costs of mechanical and chemical control of aquatic plants were evaluated in this study. Imazamox doses consisted of 200, 400, and 600 g a.i. ha-1, and spray solution volumes consisted of 25, 50, and 100 L ha-1, with a control (without herbicide application) and ten replications. Applications were performed with a centrifugal energy spray nozzle. The evaluations were carried out considering the percentage of control at 7, 15, 21, and 30 days after application (DAA), and plant dry matter was measured at 30 DAA, as well as leaf retention of spray solutions. An efficacy from 96 to 100% and plant dry matter reduction from 88 to 100% was observed at 30 DAA using imazamox doses of 200, 400, and 600 g a.i. ha-1 and a spray solution volume of 50 L ha-1. Imazamox doses and spray solution volumes were effective in controlling E. crassipes, except for 200 g a.i. ha-1 and 25 L ha-1, respectively. The highest leaf retention of E. crassipes was 0.010 mL cm2 at an imazamox dose of 400 g a.i. ha-1 and volume of 50 L ha-1. The cost of chemical control was 20 times lower when compared to mechanical control, making it economically more viable. These results are important for decision-making on which method and application technology should be used to control E. crassipes.

Bothrops erythromelas is responsible for many snake bites in northeastern Brazil. In the present study we determined the in vivo distribution of the venom following its subcutaneous injection into mice. B. erythromelas venom and albumin were labeled individually with 131I by the chloramine T method, and separated in a Sephacryl® S-200 column. The efficiency of labeling was 68%. Male Swiss mice (40-45 g), which had been provided with drinking water containing 0.05% KI over a period of 10 days prior to the experiment, were inoculated dorsally (sc) with 0.3 ml (2.35 x 105 cpm/mouse) of 131I-venom (N = 42), 131I-albumin or 131I (controls, N = 28 each). Thirty minutes and 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after inoculation, the animals were perfused with 0.85% NaCl and skin and various organs were collected in order to determine radioactivity content. There was a high rate of venom absorption in the skin (51%) within the first 30 min compared to albumin (20.1%) and free iodine (8.2%). Up to the third hour after injection there was a tendency for venom and albumin to concentrate in the stomach (3rd h), small intestine (3rd h) and large intestine (6th h). Both control groups had more radioactivity in the digestive tract, especially in the stomach, but these levels decreased essentially to baseline by 12-18 h postinjection. In the kidneys, the distribution profiles of venom, albumin and iodine were similar. Counts at 30 min postinjection were low in all three groups (1.37, 1.86 and 0.77, respectively), and diminished to essentially 0% by 12-18 h. Albumin tended to concentrate in muscle until the 3rd h postinjection (1.98%). There was a low binding of labeled venom in the liver (<0.54%), thyroid (<0.11%) and lungs (<0.08%), and no iodinated venom was detected in brain, heart, diaphragm, spleen or bladder. The low venom binding observed in most internal organs, comparable to that of albumin, suggests that B. erythromelas venom does not specifically target most internal organs. That is, the systemic effects of envenomation are mainly due to an indirect action