ABSTRACT Two hundred and forty Japanese quail aged 125 days were randomly allocated to five treatment groups based on laying (%) and quail’s weight (90.71 ± 1.8% egg/day × 100 and 178.05 ± 9.38 g, respectively), each of which included six replicates of eight quails. The diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and industrial amino acids. An optimal diet achieves 100% of amino acids required by the quail requirements, except for threonine. Five treatments were made: 20% less amino acid; 10% less amino acid; optimal diet; 10% more amino acid; and 20% more amino acids than those in the optimal diet. The increase in amino acid levels in a fixed Lys: amino acid ratio led to histological alterations in the liver and uterine epithelium, reduction in blood lipid peroxidation, lower hepatic HSP70 gene expression, and the performance of laying Japanese quail. The optimal diet based on the NRC with an adjusted Thr: Lys 78 ratio (Lys 1.0%) improved the performance and efficiency of Japanese quail from 125 to 230 days of age.

RESUMO O cultivo de mudas de espécies com raízes tuberosas como Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa), requer recipientes bem dimensionados e o uso de substratos adequados, considerando que a muda será retirada do recipiente antes do plantio. Bagaço de cana, composto de lixo urbano (composto) e vermicomposto são resíduos promissores na composição de substratos. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade das mudas de moringa cultivadas em substratos produzidos a partir de bagaço de cana associado com composto ou vermicomposto em tubetes de diferentes volumes. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x7, sendo: volumes dos tubetes (50 e 240 mL) x sete substratos (substrato comercial; bagaço de cana misturado a composto de lixo urbano em tres diferentes proporções (1:3; 1:1 e 3:1) e bagaço de cana misturado a vermicomposto nas proporções 1:3; 1:1 e 3:1). Concluiu-se que o recipiente de 240 mL foi o mais adequado para a produção de mudas de moringa. Substratos com maiores proporções de composto orgânico resultaram em maior crescimento da parte aérea e das raízes tuberosas, conteúdo e eficiência do uso de nitrogênio, sendo equivalente ao substrato comercial. Maiores proporções de bagaço de cana na composição do substrato proporcionaram maior facilidade de retirada das mudas dos tubetes e melhor qualidade física do torrão após a retirada da muda do tubete.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of tuberous-root species such as Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) requires well-dimensioned containers and the use of appropriate substrates, since seedlings will be removed from the container before their planting. Sugarcane bagasse, urban waste compost (compost), and vermicompost are promising wastes for substrate composition. The present study aims to assess the quality of moringa grown in substrate produced from sugarcane bagasse associated with compost or vermicompost in different-volume tubes. The study followed a randomized blocks design, at 2x7 factorial arrangement, namely: tubes’ volumes (50 and 240 mL) x seven substrates (commercial substrate; sugarcane bagasse associated with urban waste compost at three different ratios (1:3; 1:1 and 3:1) and sugarcane bagasse associated with vermicompost at ratios 1:3; 1:1 and 3:1). In conclusion, the 240 mL container was the most appropriate one for moringa seedlings’ production. Substrates presenting higher organic compost ratios led to greater shoot and tuberous root growth and to greater nitrogen-use accumulation and efficiency, which was equivalent to that of the commercial substrate. Higher sugarcane bagasse rates in substrate composition made it easier to remove the seedlings from the tubes and led to better physical quality of the clod after seedling removal from the tubes.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections including otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. However, there are many limitations for the cultivation in shaker of this microorganism in microbiology laboratories. For this reason, a study of the consistency of the culture in shaker of Streptoccoccus pneumoniae 19A was carried out at a scale of 40 L. The pattern growth curve was made until 5 h, under our laboratory conditions and culture medium. From the pre-inoculum 6 bottles of 100 mL were inoculated, from which the scaling was accomplished to bottles of 1 L and 5 L. In all cases the purity was determined by Gram staining and the bacterial growth by viable counting method and the optical density were monitored every 1 h. In addition, the yield was evaluated from the determination of the amount of biomass obtained by wet weight. Each process has been made in equal conditions in triplicate. In the three processes, similar growth curves were obtained both by optical density and by viable counts, reaching a maximum viability of 109 CFU/mL on the last scale. In addition, biomass yields of 11.62, 11.92 and 11.60 g/L were obtained, respectively. These results demonstrate that the methodology used offers a high process consistency, despite the high volume of culture in rotational shaker, and did not affect the quality of the biomass, which could be demonstrated by the viable count.

RESUMEN Streptococcus pneumoniae es un patógeno oportunista que puede causar infecciones como otitis media, neumonía, sepsis y meningitis. Sin embargo, existen muchas limitaciones para el cultivo en zaranda de este microorganismo en los laboratorios de microbiología. Por esta razón, se realizó un estudio de la consistencia del cultivo en zaranda de Streptoccoccus pneumoniae 19A a escala de 40 L. Para esto se desarrolló previamente la curva de crecimiento patrón hasta las 5 h. Desde el pre-inóculo se inocularon 6 frascos de 100 mL, de los cuales se realizó la inoculación en botellones de 1 L y 5 L. En todos los casos, se determinó la pureza a partir de la tinción de Gram y el crecimiento bacteriano se monitoreó por el método de conteo de viables y la densidad óptica cada 1 h. Además, se evaluó el rendimiento del cultivo a partir de la cantidad de biomasa obtenida por peso húmedo. Cada proceso se llevó a cabo en condiciones iguales por triplicado. En los tres procesos se obtuvieron curvas de crecimiento similares, tanto por densidad óptica como por conteo de viables, alcanzando una viabilidad máxima de 109 UFC/mL en la última escala. Además, se obtuvieron rendimientos de biomasa de 11,62; 11,92 y 11,60 g/L, respectivamente. Estos resultados demuestran que la metodología utilizada ofrece una consistencia de este proceso, a pesar del alto volumen de cultivo en zaranda, lo cual no afectó la calidad de la biomasa, demostrado por la viabilidad final.

ABSTRACT Textile effluents from reactive black dyes, decolorized using the advanced Fenton oxidation method, were reused in cellulosic fiber exhaustion bleaching processes. Textile black reactive effluents were collected, provided from two recipes of reactive blacks; Corafix Black SD (Black SD) and Corazol Black B 133 % (Black 5), simulated and real, due to being decolored by the Fenton treatment. The discoloration was monitored using UV- visible spectrophotometry, the optimal proportions of Fenton reagent (Fe (II) salt (g) / H2O2 (mL)) were determined: 0,0156 g / mL and 0,0251 g / mL with 90 minutes of reaction time, and optimal treatment pH of 3,70 and 3,88 for textile effluents from dyeing with Corafix Black SD and Corazol Black B 133 % dyestuffs respectively. The discolored effluents were characterized, adequated, and used in bleaching of cellulosic fabrics. Textiles with a degree of whiteness of 74,73 °Be and 73,41 °Be were obtained, similar to the substrate bleached with soft water (76,61 °Be). The reflectance curves were compared with the Datacolor SF550 spectrophotometer, hydrophilicity and capillarity according to standardized methods. Finally, it was concluded that the Fenton treatment is viable for this type of reactive black effluent since bleached substrates with properties similar to bleaching with soft water were obtained.

RESUMEN Se reusaron efluentes textiles provenientes de teñidos negros reactivos, decolorados por el método de oxidación avanzada Fenton en procesos de blanqueo de fibra celulósica por agotamiento. Se recolectaron efluentes textiles provenientes de dos teñidos reactivos negros: Corafix Black SD y Corazol Black B 133 %, simulados y reales, para ser decolorados con el tratamiento Fenton. Se monitoreó la decoloración usando espectrofotometría UV-visible, se determinaron las proporciones óptimas de reactivo Fenton (sal de Fe (II) (g)/H2O2 (mL)): 0,0156 g/mL y 0,0251 g/mL con un tiempo de reacción de 90 minutos y pH óptimos de tratamiento de 3,70 y 3,88 para los efluentes textiles provenientes de teñido con colorantes Corafix Black SD y Corazol Black B 133%, respectivamente. Los efluentes tratados se caracterizaron, adecuaron y usaron en el blanqueo de tejidos celulósicos. Se obtuvo textiles con un grado de blancura de 74,73 °Be y 73,41 °Be, similares al sustrato blanqueado con agua blanda (76,61°Berger). Se compararon: las curvas de reflectancia con el espectrofotómetro Datacolor SF550, hidrofilidad y capilaridad según métodos normalizados. Finalmente se concluyó que el tratamiento Fenton es viable para este tipo de efluentes negros reactivos, pues se obtuvieron sustratos blanqueados con propiedades similares al blanqueo con agua blanda.

RESUMO: Um pônei mestiço de 48 horas de vida foi encaminhado ao hospital para avaliação por desconforto abdominal, diminuição do reflexo de sucção e prostração. Durante a investigação clínica, tratamentos de suporte e sintomáticos foram necessários, e radiografia abdominal foi realizada revelando cólon maior repleto de fezes e grandes quantidades de gás, além de fluido livre na cavidade. Após três dias de tratamento, o potro ainda não havia defecado, sendo a laparotomia exploratória indicada, mas os proprietários recusaram. Portanto, o potro foi humanamente eutanasiado. O exame post-mortem revelou ausência completa da flexura pélvica. Porções subseqüentes dos cólons dorsal, cólon transverso e cólon menor se apresentaram intensamente reduzidas. Além disso, na cavidade abdominal havia 850 ml de líquido translúcido amarelado. Esses achados são compatíveis com o hidroperitônio e a atresia coli tipo III na flexura pélvica, associados ao subdesenvolvimento dos cólons dorsal, transverso e menor.

ABSTRACT: A 48-hour-old mixed breed pony colt was referred to the hospital because of abdominal discomfort, weak suckling reflex and prostration. During clinical investigation, supportive and symptomatic treatments were necessary, and an abdominal radiography was performed revealing a large intestine filled with feces and large amounts of gas, in addition to free fluid in the cavity. After 3 days of treatment, the foal had not yet defecated, thus exploratory abdominal surgery was indicated, but the owners declined. Therefore, the foal was humanly euthanized. Post-mortem examination revealed complete absence of the pelvic flexure. Subsequent portions of the dorsal, transverse and small colons were intensely reduced. In addition, at the abdominal cavity there was 850 ml of yellowish translucent liquid. These findings are compatible with hydroperitoneum and type III atresia coli at the pelvic flexure, associated with underdevelopment of the dorsal, transverse and small colons.

The objective of the work was to determine the biodegradability potential of chicken litter in combination with a high concentration of propionate, using a microbial consortium previously adapted to high amounts of this metabolite. The chicken litter 3 % of total solids (TS) with 4895 ppm of propionate was degraded under mesophilic conditions using microcosms with a working volume of 250 mL. The accumulated methane yield results indicated triple sigmoidal behavior; which could be attributed to the difference in the degradation rates of the components, such as macromolecules and volatile fatty acids. The biochemical potential of methane was 364,52 mL CH4 gVSfe -1.

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el potencial bioquímico de metano de pollinaza en combinación con una alta concentración de propionato, empleando un consorcio microbiano previamente adaptado a elevadas cantidades de este metabolito. La pollinaza al 3 % de sólidos totales (ST) con 4895 ppm de propionato fue degradada en condiciones mesofílicas empleando microcosmos con un volumen de trabajo de 250 mL. Los resultados del rendimiento de metano acumulado indicaron un comportamiento triple sigmoidal; lo cual podría atribuirse a la diferencia en las velocidades de degradación de los componentes, tales como macromoléculas y ácidos grasos volátiles. El potencial bioquímico de metano fue de 364,52 mL CH4 gSValimentados-1.

ABSTRACT Introduction: ethanol is a teratogenic agent and its excessive consumption represents a major worldwide health problem. Objective: to demonstrate the protective role of folic acid on the Central Nervous System and craniofacial dimensions in a biomodel of prenatal alcohol intoxication in Wistar rats. Methods: an experimental study with offspring of three groups of pregnant rats: without alcohol intoxication; with 5 ml of 40 % ethanol during gestation and with 5 ml of 40 % ethanol plus 200 µg/day of folic acid. The presence of meningocele, encephalocele and microcephaly was evaluated in the offspring and the craniofacial dimensions were measured. The comparison of proportions for independent samples, the Kruskal-Wallis test and a statistically significant risk association was estimated for an Odds-Ratio confidence interval not containing the unit. Results: supplementation with folic acid in pregnant rats with alcohol intoxication prevented the onset of encephalocele of the offspring, reduce the microcephaly, diminution of the biparietal diameter and the distance between the eyeballs, however the damage of the Central Nervous System could not completely avoided, and not prevent the reduction of the anteroposterior diameter or the nasal-ear pore distance. Conclusion: the biomodel demonstrated the toxic effect of ethanol and the protection of folic acid on the Central Nervous System and some craniofacial dimensions of the offspring. A higher dose of folic acid, than the one used in the research, could be recommended to achieve a better protection of the offspring.

RESUMEN Introducción: el etanol es un agente teratógeno cuyo consumo excesivo representa un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial. Objetivo: demostrar el papel protector del ácido fólico sobre el Sistema Nervioso Central y las dimensiones craneofaciales, en un biomodelo de intoxicación alcohólica prenatal en ratas Wistar. Métodos: estudio experimental con crías de tres grupos de ratas gestantes: sin intoxicación alcohólica; con 5 ml de etanol al 40 % durante la gestación y con 5 ml de etanol al 40 % más 200 µg/día de ácido fólico. Se evaluó en las crías la presencia de meningocele, encefalocele y microcefalia, y se midieron las dimensiones craneofaciales. Se utilizó la comparación de proporciones para muestras independientes, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y se estimó una asociación de riesgo estadísticamente significativa para un intervalo de confianza del Odds-Ratio que no contenga la unidad. Resultados: la suplementación con ácido fólico en ratas gestantes con intoxicación alcohólica, evitó en las crías la aparición de encefalocele, redujo la microcefalia, la disminución del diámetro biparietal y de la distancia entre los globos oculares, sin embrago, no logró evitar totalmente los daños en el Sistema Nervioso Central, ni impedir la disminución del diámetro anteroposterior ni de la distancia poro nasal-oreja. Conclusión: el biomodelo demostró el efecto tóxico del etanol y la protección del ácido fólico sobre el Sistema Nervioso Central y algunas dimensiones craneofaciales de las crías. Una dosis superior de ácido fólico a la utilizada en el experimento, pudiera ser recomendada para lograr una mayor protección de la descendencia.

ABSTRACT Trichodiniasis is one of the major diseases found in fish aquaculture worldwide causing massive fish mortality and costly effects. In this study, fresh smears of gills and skin were prepared and analyzed for the presence of trichodinids under light microscopy, revealing the presence of Trichodina pediculus Ehrenberg, 1831, T. compacta Van As & Basson, 1989, and T. nigra Lom, 1960 and T. centrostrigeata (Basson, Van As & Paperna, 1983). The effectiveness of treatment with sodium chloride and formaldehyde was evaluated for controlling infection caused by these parasites in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 in aquaculture facilities in southeastern Mexico. A total of 240 fish were examined. The results showed that all doses using sodium were effective for controlling trichodinids and eliminated the parasites (100%) however, fish exposed to doses of formalin showed a higher level of stress than those exposed to sodium chloride. Bathing in formalin 0.250 mL L−1 for 10 min and 30 g L−1 of sodium chloride for 10 min, significantly reduced parasitic infection in tilapia under captive conditions (P < 0.05). This is the first record of a trichodinids species for native wild freshwater fish in a culture environment in southeastern Mexico since all previous records were from exotic cultured fish. The species found were Trichodina pediculus, T. compacta, T. nigra and T. centrostrigeata are new records of host and geographic location.

RESUMO A cadeia produtiva de bambu, no Brasil, ainda é incipiente, e tem baixa oferta de mudas devido aos métodos convencionais de propagação. Objetivou-se, aqui, estabelecer um protocolo de micropropagação para Guadua chacoensis. Explantes de matrizes cultivadas em ambiente controlado resultaram em menor contaminação, relativamente aos de plantas cultivadas em campo. A contaminação foi ainda mais reduzida quando se adicionaram 2 mL L-1 de Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM™) ao meio de cultura, resultando em maior taxa de estabelecimento. As culturas foram multiplicadas por meio de segmentos nodais de plantas in vitro ou por divisão de touceiras em concentrações crescentes (0 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 30 µM ou 40 µM) de 6-Benzilaminopurina (BAP). O número de brotações aumentou com o incremento na concentração de BAP; porém, isto reduziu a taxa de enraizamento e o comprimento de raízes. Plantas aclimatizadas sob 0 %, 35 % ou 65 % de sombreamento apresentaram rendimento quântico máximo do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) dinâmico, o qual diminuiu nos primeiros sete dias após a transferência para condições ex vitro e, em seguida, aumentou até atingir valores estáveis de 0,775, aos 17 dias. Além disso, o sombreamento aumentou as taxas de sobrevivência das plantas, em comparação ao tratamento sem sombreamento, o qual apresentou sintomas de fotoinibição e fotodano.

ABSTRACT The bamboo productive chain is still incipient in Brazil, and the low supply of plantlets due to low-efficient conventional propagation methods presents a significant bottleneck to its development. This study aimed to establish a micropropagation protocol for Guadua chacoensis. Explants from donor plants cultivated under controlled environment showed less contamination, if compared to explants from plants grown in the field. The contamination rate was even lower when 2 mL L-1 of Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM™) were added to the culture medium, leading to a higher establishment rate. The obtained cultures were then multiplied using either in vitro-derived nodal segments or clump division in the presence of increasing contents (0 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM or 40 mM) of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). The number of shoots increased with increasing BAP concentrations, but this also resulted in a reduced rooting rate and root length. Plants acclimatized under 0 %, 35 % or 65 % of shading showed a dynamic maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), which initially decreased within the first seven days after the transfer to ex vitro conditions, but then increased until reaching stable values of 0.775 after 17 days. Additionally, the shading improved the plant survival rates, if compared to those under non-shaded conditions, which presented photoinhibition and photodamage symptoms.

RESUMO A contaminação por micro-organismos e oxidação dos explantes no estabelecimento in vitro de bambu são problemas recorrentes na sua micropropagação. Avaliaram-se os efeitos do biocida Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM®), do antibiótico casugamicina e da consistência do meio de cultura no estabelecimento in vitro de Bambusa vulgaris,Phyllostachys bambusoides e Dendrocalamus asper. A presença de PPM® no meio de cultura apresentou efeito significativo nas concentrações de 2 mL L-1 ou 4 mL L-1, assim como o meio de cultura líquido no aumento de plantas estabelecidas no outono. A casugamicina promoveu respostas variáveis para as três espécies, dependendo da estação do ano. Houve interação entre os fatores, demonstrando que maiores índices de plantas viáveis podem ser obtidos aliando-se diferentes estratégias para diminuir a oxidação e a contaminação. Para o estabelecimento in vitro de B. vulgaris,P. bambusoides e D. asper, é recomendada a adição de 2 mL L-1 ou 4 mL L-1 de PPM® ao meio de cultura líquido.

ABSTRACT The contamination by microorganisms and oxidation of explants in the in vitro establishment of bamboo are recurrent problems for its micropropagation. In the present study, effects of the biocide Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM™), the antibiotic kasugamycin and the consistency of the culture medium were evaluated in the in vitro establishment of Bambusa vulgaris,Phyllostachys bambusoides and Dendrocalamus asper. The presence of PPM™ in the culture medium had a significant effect using 2 mL L-1 or 4 mL L-1 concentrations, as well as in the liquid culture medium, increasing the plants established in the autumn. Kasugamycin promoted variable responses for all the three species, depending on the season. There was interaction among the factors, demonstrating that higher rates of viable plants can be obtained by combining different strategies to reduce the oxidation and contamination. For the in vitro establishment of B. vulgaris,P. bambusoides and D. asper, it is recommended to add 2 mL L-1 or 4 mL L-1 of PPM™ to the liquid culture medium.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la producción de metano (CH4) por gramíneas tropicales fermentadas in vitro. Materiales y métodos. Una muestra de 20 g de materia seca de Cynodon nlemfuensis, Hyparrhenia rufa, Megathyrsus maximus y Digitaria swazilandensis más 200 ml de medio de cultivo se depositaron por triplicado en frascos de acero inoxidable estériles con flujo de CO2, se inocularon con 20 ml de líquido ruminal de bovino e incubaron a 38 °C por 24, 48, 72 y 96 h. Se evaluó producción total de gas, CH4, ácidos grasos volátiles, y pH en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por tratamiento y la comparación de medias con Tukey; la concentración de bacterias totales y celulolíticas, se analizaron con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, y el procedimiento GLM con datos de rangos independientes de Wilcoxon. Resultados. H. rufa y D. swazilandensis tuvieron la menor producción total de gases (p<0.05), mientras que D. swazilandensis tuvo menor producción de CH4, mayor producción de ácido propónico (p<0.05) y menor pH a las 96 horas de incubación (p<0.05). D. swazilandensis mostró mayor eficiencia en la producción de energía por la menor producción de CH4 y mayor producción de propionato. La concentración de bacterias totales fue similar entre tratamientos (p>0.05), mientras que la concentración de bacterias celulolíticas fue menor en C. nlemfuensis y D. swazilandensis a la hora 96 de incubación (p<0.05). Conclusiones. La Digitaria swazilandensis, mostró condiciones favorables para tener menor producción total de metano y gases totales.

ABSTRACT Objective. Estimate the production of methane (CH4) by tropical grasses fermented in vitro. Materials and methods. A sample of 20 g dry matter of Cynodon nlemfuensis, Hyparrhenia rufa, Megathyrsus maximus and Digitaria swazilandensis plus 200 ml of culture medium were plated in triplicate flasks sterile stainless steel with CO2 flux, inoculated with 20 ml of ruminal fluid bovine, incubated at 38 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Total production of gas, CH4, volatile fatty acids, and pH were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment and comparison of means with Tukey; the concentration of total and cellulolytic bacteria were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis, and the GLM procedure independent data Wilcoxon rank. Results. H. rufa and D. swazilandensis both had the lowest total gas production (p<0.05), while D. swazilandensis had lower production of CH4, increased production of propionic acid (p<0.05) and lower pH 96 hours of incubation (p<0.05). D. swazilandensis showed greater efficiency in energy production due to reduced production of CH4 and increased propionate production. The concentration of total bacteria was similar between treatments (p>0.05), while the concentration of cellulolytic bacteria was lower in C. nlemfuensis y D. swazilandensis when 96 of incubation (p<0.05). Conclusions. The Digitaria swazilandensis, showed favorable conditions to have lower total methane and total gas production.

Resumen La utilización de extractos vegetales como insecticidas naturales es una alternativa eficiente y ecológicamente viable para el uso directo en el control de plagas. En el estudio se evaluó el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de resina de Jatropha curcas en el control de larvas de Hypsipyla grandella Zéller, para el efecto en un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA), en esquema de parcelas subdivididas, se evaluaron cinco tratamientos, en tres repeticiones y 10 discos foliares de S. macrophylla por unidad experimental. Las parcelas principales consistieron en cinco concentraciones (%) de resina de J. curcas : T1:0; T2: 10; T3: 20; T4: 30; y T5: 40 y las subparcelas en los tiempos de evaluación (horas): 6, 12, 18 y 24 en el transcurso del dia. Como variables medidas se incluyeron el consumo del disco foliares-CDF (%), el incremento de consumo foliar-ICF (%), la sobrevivencia-SL (%), la mortandad - ML (%), el número de orificios foliares-NOF y actividad larval-AL (%). La resina de J. curcas en concentración de 40% ocasiona en larvas de H. grandella una mortalidad de 67% y una actividad larval < 30%). Los resultados indican que las concentraciones de extracto de J. curcas ocasionaron efectos significativos en todas las variables evaluadas, no obstante, las concentraciones menores fueron menos eficientes en el control de larvas. Se concluye que la resina de J. curcas es un bioinsecticida potencial en el control de larvas de H. grandella presentando los mejores resultados en concentraciones > 30%.

Abstract The use of plant extracts as natural insecticides is an efficient and ecologically viable alternative for direct use in pest control. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Jatropha curcas resin in the control of larvae of Hypsipyla grandella Zéller. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (DCA), in a subdivided plot scheme, with 5 treatments, 3 replicates and 10 leaflets of S. macrophylla per experimental unit. The plots consisted of 5 resin concentrations of J. curcas (T1: 0, T2: 10%, T3: 20%, T4: 30% and T5: 40%) and the subplots were composed of 4 evaluation times 6h, 12h, 18h and 24h) during the day. The variables evaluated were foliar disk consumption (CDF), foliar consumption (ICF), survival (SL), mortality (ML), number of leaf holes (NOF) and AL-larval activity (%). Thus, in the concentration of 40% was verified 63% of leaf consumption, 67% of dead larvae and less larval activity below 30%. In this way the concentrations of extract of J. curcas caused significant effects in all the evaluated variables, being that the smaller concentrations were less efficient in the control of larvae. In this sense, it is concluded that the resin of J. curcas, acted as an insecticide in the control of H. grandella larvae and the higher mortality of larvae occurred in the high concentrations of resin of J. curcas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare effectiveness of ОхОrаl® versus sodium hypochlorite in Enterococcus faecalis elimination at 15 and 60 seconds. Material and methods: Material used in the study was 36 E, faecalis ATCC 29212 cultures assigned to two groups: ОхОrаl® and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. Both groups were in turn divided into 15 and 60 second samples. Samples were placed in peptone water, 1 mL of irrigating solution and 1 mL of strain were left to rest. 1 mL was extracted at each time, samples were seeded into blood agar for 24 hours. Mann-Whitney и test was applied. Results: With sodium hypochlorite at 15 seconds, there were three cultures with acceptable growth and six with extended growth; at 60 seconds four cultures exhibited effective result, three acceptable and one extended. With ОхОrаl® there was extended growth in all nine cultures at both established times, significant statistical differences were found at the 60 seconds time (p < 0.01). Conclusion: E, faecalis elimination was better with sodium hypochlorite at 60 seconds.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia en la eliminación de Enterococcus faecalis con OxOral® versus hipoclorito de sodio a los 15 y 60 segundos. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 36 cultivos de E. faecalis ATCC 29212 asignados en dos grupos; OxOral® e hipoclorito de sodio al 5.25% que a su vez fueron divididos en 15 y 60 segundos. Se colocaron 8 mL de agua peptonada, 1 mL del irrigante y 1 mL de la cepa, se dejó reposar. A cada tiempo se extrajo 1 mL y se sembró en agar sangre por 24 horas. Se empleó и de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Con hipoclorito de sodio a 15 segundos hubo tres cultivos con crecimiento aceptable y seis extendido; a los 60 segúndos, cuatro tuvieron resultado eficaz, tres aceptable, uno extendido. Con OxOral® hubo crecimiento extendido en los nueve cultivos, en ambos tiempos, encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas a los 60 segundos (p < 0.01). Conclusión: La eliminación de E. faecalis fue mejor con hipoclorito de sodio a los 60 segundos.

Abstract In recent years, progress has been made in regulating skeletal development and maintenance of bone mass of the adult by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Studies have been carried out into the effect of thyroid hormones on the osteoblasts, osteoclast and the chondrocyte. This research has led to better genetic knowledge into the physiology of the cellular action of these hormones. Recently, possible D2 deodinase interventions in osteoporosis have been proposed. The link between bone mineral dignity, bone quality and the risk of fractures with thyroid hormones in normal postmenopausal women suggest a role for these hormones, even within the range of normal thyroid, in these diseases. On the other hand, the incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer, experimental in vivo thyroid hormone suppression by therapy, recurrent disease, has increased significantly. There are management guides, but it is clear that the secondary derivatives require a precise balance-adjusted indication, risk-benefit ratio of thyroid hormone dosage, prescribed long term, especially in cases of low tumor aggressiveness, advanced age and even in fragile patients. High risk patients should be referred for a bone densitometry, to consider treating future fractures. Prevention of osteoporosis, particularly in postmenopausal women, is highly desirable and should include adequate diet in calcium and vitamin D supplementation if necessary. There is still no consensus on osteoporosis treatment in the patient with thyroid cancer and suppressive treatment, but the indicated criteria for postmenopausal osteoporosis seem to be applicable in general.

Resumen En los últimos años se han realizado progresos en el conocimiento de la regulación del desarrollo del esqueleto y del mantenimiento de la masa ósea del adulto por el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides. Se han hecho estudios sobre el efecto de las hormonas tiroideas sobre el osteoblasto, osteoclasto y el condrocito, que han implicado un mejor conocimiento genético y fisiológico de la acción celular de estas hormonas. Recientemente se han propuesto posibles intervenciones de las deiodinasas D2 en la osteoporosis, e incluso se ha señalado la relación entre la densidad mineral ósea, la calidad del hueso y el riesgo de fracturas con las hormonas tiroideas en mujeres postmenopáusicas normales, lo que sugiere un papel de estas hormonas, incluso dentro del rango de la normalidad tiroidea, en estas patologías. Por otro lado, la incidencia del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides, modelo experimental in vivo de la supresión de la hormona tiroidea por la terapia preventiva de recidivas, ha aumentado significativamente. Existen guías clínicas para su manejo, pero es evidente que los posibles efectos secundarios derivados requieren una precisa indicación ajustada al balance riesgo-beneficio de la dosificación de las hormonas tiroideas, prescritas a largo plazo, especialmente en los casos de baja agresividad tumoral, edad avanzada e incluso en pacientes frágiles. Las pacientes con elevado riesgo, deben ser referidas para una densitometría ósea, para considerar el tratamiento de futuras fracturas. La prevención de osteoporosis, en particular en la mujer postmenopáusica, es altamente conveniente y debe incluir dieta adecuada en calcio y suplementación de vitamina D si es necesario. No existe aún un consenso sobre el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en la paciente con cáncer de tiroides y tratamiento supresor, pero los criterios indicados para la osteoporosis postmenopáusica en general parecen aplicables. En los últimos años se han realizado progresos en el conocimiento de la regulación del desarrollo del esqueleto y del mantenimiento de la masa ósea del adulto por el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides. Se han hecho estudios sobre el efecto de las hormonas tiroideas sobre el osteoblasto, osteoclasto y el condrocito, que han implicado un mejor conocimiento genético y fisiológico de la acción celular de estas hormonas. Recientemente se han propuesto posibles intervenciones de las deiodinasas D2 en la osteoporosis, e incluso se ha señalado la relación entre la densidad mineral ósea, la calidad del hueso y el riesgo de fracturas con las hormonas tiroideas en mujeres postmenopáusicas normales, lo que sugiere un papel de estas hormonas, incluso dentro del rango de la normalidad tiroidea, en estas patologías. Por otro lado, la incidencia del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides, modelo experimental in vivo de la supresión de la hormona tiroidea por la terapia preventiva de recidivas, ha aumentado significativamente. Existen guías clínicas para su manejo, pero es evidente que los posibles efectos secundarios derivados requieren una precisa indicación ajustada al balance riesgo-beneficio de la dosificación de las hormonas tiroideas, prescritas a largo plazo, especialmente en los casos de baja agresividad tumoral, edad avanzada e incluso en pacientes frágiles. Las pacientes con elevado riesgo, deben ser referidas para una densitometría ósea, para considerar el tratamiento de futuras fracturas. La prevención de osteoporosis, en particular en la mujer postmenopáusica, es altamente conveniente y debe incluir dieta adecuada en calcio y suplementación de vitamina D si es necesario. No existe aún un consenso sobre el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en la paciente con cáncer de tiroides y tratamiento supresor, pero los criterios indicados para la osteoporosis postmenopáusica en general parecen aplicables.

There are endemic species exist in the Pinar del Rio municipality, Cuba. That in one season of the year birds and pigs take advantage of their fruits for their feeding. They are developed in different ecosystems, presenting different characteristic in the period of fructification. Among these species the Cordia collococca is used for the farmers to feed hens and pigs. It was carried out the gathering of their fruits, in "El avioncito" locality later pulping and watery and alcoholic extracts were prepared, used to carry out rehearsals of sifting phytochemical in function of determinate the presence of secondary metabolites. It was weighed 5 grams of the sample, they were added 50 mL of alcohol and reflowed. They were identified in abundance alkaloids, reducers’ compounds, free aminoacids, flavonoids and mucilage and japonicas in smaller proportion. Also they were carried out acceptability rehearsals of the foods in substitution birds of 34 days. The period of adaptation began with the observation method during four weeks. The acceptability tests allowed evaluate in a short time the preference of the food, providing fast and sharp results. In the conclusions we realize that present active principles in the extracts show a low toxicity, what allows contining their development for their evaluation like a conventional alimentary alternative

Existen especies endémicas en el municipio Pinar del Río, Cuba, que en una época del año las aves y los cerdos aprovechan sus frutos para su alimentación.Estas se desarrollan silvestres en diferentes ecosistemas, presentando características diferentes en cuanto al periodo de fructificación. Dentro de estas especies se encuentra la Cordia collococca, utilizada por campesinos para alimentar gallinas y cerdos. Los frutos fueron colectados en la localidad "El avioncito", posteriormente se despulparon y se llevó a cabo la preparación de los extractos acuosos y alcohólicos, utilizados para realizar ensayos de tamizaje fitoquímico en función de determinar la presencia de metabolitos secundarios. Se pesaron 5 gramos de la muestra, se le adicionaron 50 mL de alcohol y se reflujaron. Se identificaron en abundancia alcaloides, azúcares reductores, aminoácidos libres, flavonoides y en menor proporción mucilago y saponinas. También se realizaron ensayos de aceptabilidad del alimento en aves de reemplazo camperos de 34 días. Se inició el periodo de adaptación por el método de observación durante cuatro semanas. La prueba de aceptabilidad permitió evaluar a corto tiempo la preferencia del alimento, proporcionando pronósticos rápidos y certeros de los resultados. Se concluyó que los principios activos presentes en los extractos presentan una baja toxicidad, lo que permite continuar su desarrollo para su evaluación como alternativa alimentaria no convencional