ABSTRACT Background: The genetic parameters are necessary in order to formulate optimal genetic improvement programs. Objective. To determine the genetic parameters for growth traits in animals subjected to performance tests (PT) of the Santa Gertrudis breed. Methods: A database made up of 4,607 records of animals belonged to three genetic enterprises between years 1981-2016. The traits studied were: birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), final weight in the adjusted to 540 days of age (FWA), mean daily gain (ADG) and weight for age (WA). The groups of contemporaries were made up of the combination of herd, year and season of birth (four-month period), with no less than 3 animals. Variance and covariance components and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure and the derivative-free algorithm using the MTDFREML software. Results: Heritabilities were: 0,08 ± 0,02; 0,18 ± 0,02; 0,28 ± 0,07; 0,05 ± 0,02 y 0,26 ± 0,07 for BW, WW, FWA, ADG y WA, respectively. The genetic correlations were all positive with the exception between BW and ADG (-0.11) and ranged between 0.10 (BW and PPE) and 0.98 (WW and FWA; FWA and ADG). The phenotypic correlations were lower than the genetic ones. Conclusions The FWA in (PT) which is the main selection criterion, shows the highest heritability and has positive genetic correlations with the other traits, so the simultaneous improvement of all should be expected. FWA, ADG and WA are determined by the same additive genes.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Los parámetros genéticos son fundamentales para programas de mejoramiento genético. Objetivo. Estimar los parámetros genéticos para rasgos de crecimiento en la raza Santa Gertrudis evaluadas en animales sometidos a pruebas de comportamiento (PC). Métodos: Se empleó una base de datos integrada por 4 607 registros de tres Empresas Genéticas entre los años 1981-2016. Los rasgos estudiados fueron: peso al nacer (PN), peso al destete (PD), peso final ajustado a 540 días de edad (PF), ganancia media diaria (GMD) y peso por edad (PPE). Los grupos contemporáneos se conformaron a partir de la combinación rebaño, año y época de nacimiento (cuatrimestre), con no menos de tres animales. Se estimaron los componentes de (co)varianza para modelos unicarácter y multicaracter y los parámetros genéticos se estimaron usando el software MTDFREML. Resultados: Las h2 estimadas fueron: 0,08 ± 0,02; 0,18 ± 0,02; 0,28 ± 0,07; 0,05 ± 0,02 y 0,26 ± 0,07 para PN, PD, PF, GMD y PPE, respectivamente. Las correlaciones genéticas fueron todas positivas excepto entre PN y GMD (-0,11) y las restantes oscilaron entre 0,10 (PN y PPE) y 0,98 (PD y PF; PF y GMD). Las correlaciones fenotípicas fueron más bajas que las genéticas. Conclusiones: El PF en PC que es el criterio de selección principal presenta la h2 mayor y tiene correlaciones genéticas positivas con los demás caracteres por lo que se debe esperar la mejora simultanea de todos. El PF, GMD y PPE están determinados por los mismos genes aditivos.

ABSTRACT Background: The strategies for cattle production development should rely on information of agro-meteorological characteristics, which determines production processes. The aim was to analyze the climatic conditions at the Genetic Livestock Company, home to the largest herd of Cuban Creole cattle, and its possible relation to the outcome of performance tests. Methods: The information available about 1 375 animals tested during the 1982-2015 period was used. The final weight was adjusted to 540 days (AFW). The mean daily gain (MDG) and weight by age (WBA) were included. The monthly records of minimum temperatures (Tmin), medium temperatures (Tmid), relative humidity (RH) % were also available for the study. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was generated as well. Monthly and yearly analysis of variance and regression equations were performed to analyze the behavior of the climatic variables per year and month, the behavior of AFW, MDG, and WBA throughout time, and their relations with the climatic variables. Results: The general means were, 19.19 ± 0.87 0C; 24.51 ± 0.63 0C; 78.64 ± 2.66 %; 74.23 ± 0.99 for Tmin, Tmid, RH, and THI, respectively. All the variables were influenced (P≤0.001) by start month and year of PT, and the means for the tests. 334.43 ± 39.59 kg; 494.21 ± 107.81 g/day; 610.90 ± 77.25 g/day for AFW, MDG, and WBA, respectively. All the variables were affected (P≤0.001) by the start month and year, and the HTI. The most accurate regression equations with R2 > 94% were observed between AFW-HTI and WBA-HTI. Conclusions: A clear trend was observed toward a worsening of climatic conditions and the PT indicators throughout time. They are developed under conditions of climatic alert, and were favorable only when they were initiated in the first quarter of the year, and December.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las estrategias de desarrollo agropecuario deben estar respaldadas por el conocimiento de las características agrometeorológicas que es un factor determinante en los procesos productivos. Objetivo . Analizar las condiciones climáticas en la Empresa Pecuaria Genética que tiene el principal rebaño de ganado Criollo cubano y su posible relación con el desenvolvimiento en pruebas de comportamiento. Métodos: S e dispuso de la información de 1 375 animales que realizaron su prueba durante el periodo 1982-2015 después que la base fue depurada. El peso final se ajustó a 540 días (PFA) y se dispuso también de la ganancia media diaria (GMD) y el peso por edad (PPE). Se contó con los registros mensuales de la temperatura mínima (Tmin), media (Tmed) en 0C, humedad relativa (HR) en % y se generó el índice temperatura-humedad (ITH). Mediante análisis de varianza y ecuaciones de regresión se analizó el comportamiento de las variables climáticas por mes y año, el comportamiento del PFA, GMD y PPE a través del tiempo y sus relaciones con las variables climáticas. Resultados: Las medias generales y las desviaciones estándar fueron: 19,19 ± 0,87 0C; 24,51 ± 0,63 0C; 78,64 ± 2,66 %; 74,23 ± 0,99 para Tmin, Tmed, HR e ITH, respectivamente. Todas las variables estuvieron influidas (P≤0,001) por el mes y año de inicio de las PC y las medias para la prueba: 334,43 ± 39,59 kg; 494,21 ± 107,81 g/día; 610,90 ± 77,25 g/día para PFA, GMD y PPE, respectivamente. Todas las variables fueron afectadas (P≤0,001) por el mes, año de inicio y el ITH. Las ecuaciones de regresión más precisas con R2 > 94% fueron entre PFA-ITH y PPE-ITH. Conclusiones: Hay una tendencia clara a un empeoramiento de las condiciones climáticas a través del tiempo, así como los indicadores de las PC. Estas se desarrollan bajo condiciones de alerta climática resultando solo favorables cuando se iniciaron en el primer trimestre del año y diciembre.

ABSTRACT Aim: To evaluate the radiotherapy (RT) effect in the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) function in men with prostate cancer (PC). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study included three groups of patients with PC and RT indication: 1) Pre-RT group: evaluated before the beginning of RT; 2) Acute group: evaluated between six months and one year after RT; 3) Late Group: evaluated between two and a half years and four years post-RT. PFM assessment was divided into: a) functional assessment through the digital anal palpation (Modified Oxford Scale) and surface electromyography (sEMG) with anal probe; b) anatomical assessment by pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with thickness measurements of levator ani muscle and pelvic specific parameters at rest and under Valsalva maneuver. We used Student t test, considering as significant p <0.05. Results: Thirty-three men were assessed: Pre-RT (n=12); Acute (n=10) and Late (n=11) groups. PFM functional assessment showed Late group with lower electromyographic activity, especially in the sustained contractions when compared to the Pre-RT (p=0.003) and Acute groups (p=0.006). There was no significant difference between groups in MRI. Conclusion: PFM functional assessment showed a decrease in sEMG activity in the Late group post-RT. Most of the sample (72.7%) did not know how to actively contract the PFM or had a weak voluntary contraction when assessed by digital anal palpation. Also, these patients presented higher prevalence of pelvic complaints. No changes were observed in the morpho-functional parameters evaluated by MRI, except the measurement of the membranous urethra length when comparing Pre-RT Group and Acute and Late Groups.

Abstract The variability in forage yield and quality of 126 buffel grass ecotypes [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] was evaluated under temporal conditions in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. The average annual rainfall is 850 mm. The experimental unit was a 5 m long furrow with 0.4 m between plants. The variables evaluated were: forage production (PF), plant height (AP), leaf length and width (LH and AH), number of stalks (NT), crude protein (PC), acid and neutral detergent fiber (FDN y FDA) and in vivo digestibility of organic matter (DIVMO). The correlation analysis, main components, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) were performed. The maximum and minimum values that were observed were: FP of 1 302.37 to 7 442.7 kg MS ha-1, AP of 47.7 to 104.48 cm, LH and AH of 12.1 to 33.5 cm and 0.45 to 2.06 cm, respectively. The NT fluctuated from 30 to 125, FDN and FDA from 65.3 to 73.79% and 31.8 to 44.5%, respectively, and DIVMO from 67.9 to 80.67%. A direct linear correlation between PC and DIV was presented (rxy=0.75; p< 0.0001). The first three components explained more than 76% of the total variation described by the nine variables. It was found that eight ecotypes and one variety were those that presented greater production potential and forage quality for temporal conditions.

Resumen Se evaluó la variabilidad del potencial de producción y calidad del forraje de 126 ecotipos de zacate buffel [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link], de temporal en Debre Zeit, Etiopía. La precipitación media anual es de 850 mm. La unidad experimental fue un surco de 5 m de longitud con 0.4 m entre plantas. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción de forraje (PF), altura de planta (AP), largo y ancho de hoja (LH y AH), número de tallos (NT), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro y acida (FDN y FDA) y digestibilidad in vivo de la materia orgánica (DIVMO). Se realizó análisis de correlación, componentes principales, análisis de agrupamiento, análisis discriminante y análisis multivariado de la varianza (Manova). Los valores máximos y mínimos fueron: PF de 1 302.37 a 7 442.7 kg MS ha-1, AP de 47.7 a 104.48 cm, LH y AH de 12.1 a 33.5 cm y 0.45 a 2.06 cm, respectivamente. El NT fluctuó desde 30 hasta 125, FDN y FDA de 65.3 a 73.79% y 31.8 a 44.5%, respectivamente y DIVMO de 67.9 a 80.67%. Se presentó una correlación lineal directa entre PC y DIV (rxy= 0.75; p< 0.0001). Los tres primeros componentes explicaron más de 76% de la variación total descrita por las nueve variables. Se encontró que ocho ecotipos y una variedad fueron los que presentaron mayor potencial de producción y calidad de forraje para condiciones de temporal.

Marco contextual: El Accidente Cerebro Vascular causa cambios permanentes en vida del paciente y del cuidador y en consecuencia en la calidad de vida de los mismos. Objetivos: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los cuidadores e de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular ingresados en la Unidad de accidente cerebrovascular del Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, com amuestra non probabilística por conveniencia. Resultados: Las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas influyen en la calidad de vida. Después de 2 meses los pacientes y el cuidador tienen una peor calidad de vida. Conclusión: Mediante la comparación de la calidad de vida del paciente con el cuidador tanto en el momento de la hospitalización como en la revaluación a los 2 meses (después del alta), concluimos que ambos tienen peor calidad de vida, después del accidente cerebrovascular. Aún concluímos que el cuidador tiene una mejor calidad de vida que lo paciente, pero la diferencia no es estadísticamente significativa.

Enquadramento: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pode provocar alterações permanentes no paciente e no prestador de cuidados (PC) e consequentemente na qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivos: Avaliar a perceção da QV dos prestadores de cuidados e dos pacientes com AVC internados na Unidade de Acidentes Vasculares Cerebrais do Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, com amostra não probabilística por conveniência. Resultados: As variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas influenciam a QV. Dois meses após o AVC, tanto os pacientes como os PC apresentam pior QV. Conclusão: Ao compararmos a QV do paciente e do PC tanto no momento de internamento como na reavaliação aos 2 meses (após a alta) concluímos que ambos têm pior QV aos 2 meses após o AVC. Concluímos ainda que o PC apresenta melhor QV do que o paciente, no entanto a diferença não é estatisticamente significativa.

Background: Stroke may cause permanent changes in the patient and in the caregiver and, consequently, in their quality of life. Objectives: To assess the perception of quality of life of caregivers and stroke patients hospitalized in the Stroke Unit of the Hospital Center of Baixo Vouga. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a non-probability convenience sample. Results: The socio-demographic and clinical variables influence the quality of life. Two months after the stroke, both the patients and the caregivers have worse quality of life. Conclusion: When comparing patients' and caregivers' quality of life at the time of hospitalization and at the 2-month follow- -up (after discharge), we concluded that both have worse quality of life 2-months after the stroke. We also concluded that the caregivers have better quality of life than the patients, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Objetivo. Medir los parámetros productivos de hembras Holstein-Friesian desde el destete hasta los 470 días de edad, comparando la alimentación con ensilado de caña de azúcar (ECA) y ensilado de maíz (EM) en una proporción forraje concentrado de 70:30. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 28 becerras, con una edad promedio de 80±16 días y un peso inicial de 79.5±12.9 kg. Se utilizó la prueba de comparación de medias T- Student, donde se dividieron las becerras en dos grupos de 14, uno para cada tratamiento. Cada 30 días se midió el peso corporal, PC (kg); altura a la cruz, AC (cm); condición corporal, CC (escala de 1 a 5); ganancia diaria de peso, GDP (kg); y conversión alimenticia, CA (kg). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias entre los tratamientos, donde las vaquillas alimentadas con ECA mostraron mejor CC (3.12), CA (7.4) en comparación con el tratamiento EM. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la GDP (0.666 y 0.743 kg/d). Conclusiones. La alimentación basada en ensilaje de caña de azúcar permite una mejora en la condición corporal y en la conversión alimenticia de los animales teniendo con esto un comportamiento productivo aceptable y económicamente rentable en la crianza de reemplazos lecheros.

Objective. Measure the productive parameters of Holstein-Friesian females from weaning to 470 days old, comparing feeding through sugarcane silage (SCS) and corn silage (CS) in a concentrated fodder ratio of 70:30. Materials and methods. Twenty-eight post-weaning calves were used, with an average age of 80±16 days old and an initial weight of 79.5±12.9 kg. The T-Student test was used for the comparison of means, where calves were divided into two groups of 14, one for each treatment. The body weight BW (kg), wither height WH (cm), body condition BC (1 to 5 scale), daily weight gain DWG (kg) and feed conversion FC (kg) was measured every 30 days. Results. Differences were found between treatments, where heifers fed with SCS showed better BC (3.12), FC (7.4) as compared to the CS treatment. No significant differences were found in terms of DWG (0.666 and 0.743 kg/d). Conclusions. Feeding based on sugarcane silage allows for an improved body condition and feed conversion of animals having with this an acceptable and cost-effective production performance in the raising of dairy replacements.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a evapotranspiração real (ETc), os coeficientes de cultivo (kc) e a eficiência do uso da água (EUA) da cultura do pimentão cultivado em plantio direto (PD) e plantio convencional (PC), na condição da baixada fluminense, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O manejo da irrigação e a quantificação da demanda evapotranspirométrica foram realizados mediante o cálculo diário do balanço de água no solo, utilizando-se a técnica da TDR e dados coletados em estação meteorológica automática. Verificou-se que a ETc acumulada aos 181 dias após transplantio (DAT) foi de 363 e de 335 mm, para PC e PD, respectivamente. Os kc's encontrados foram de 0,32; 1,18 e 0,77 e de 0,34; 1,05 e 0,86, para os sistemas PC e PD, nas fases de crescimento inicial (0-40 DAT), média (81-120 DAT) e final (181 DAT), respectivamente. Os valores encontrados de kc para a cultura do pimentão para o sistema PC foram semelhantes aos valores preconizados pela FAO, sendo, no entanto, não-recomendados para PD. Considerando-se a lâmina total aplicada (chuva e irrigação), os valores médios de EUA foram de 3,9 e 4,5 kg m-3 para PC e PD, respectivamente.

The objective of this study was to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), crop coefficients (kc) and water-use efficiency (EUA) of the bell pepper crop in the no till system (PD) and conventional tillage system (PC), in the Fluminense Valley, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The irrigation was managed and the evapotranspiration demand quantified by calculating the daily soil water balance using the TDR technique and data collected in an automatic meteorological station. It was verified that the accumulated ETc at 181 days after planting (DAT) was 363 and 335 mm for PD and PC, respectively. The kcs obtained were 0.32, 1.18 and 0.77 and 0.34, 1.05 and 0.86, for the PD and PC systems, respectively, in the initial (0-40 DAP), middle (81-120 DAP) and final (181 DAP) growth phases, respectively. The kc values for the bell pepper crop presented by FAO were similar to the values found for the PC, but are not recommended for PD. Considering the total depth applied (rain and irrigation), the average values of water use efficiency were 3.9 and 4.5 kg m-3 for PD and PC, respectively.

Para avaliar o desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com rações com diferentes programas de enzimas carboidrases, foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1 as aves receberam suplementação de enzimas apenas na fase de crescimento foi observado redução no ganho de peso (GP) daqueles alimentados com a ração Controle Negativo (CN) ou seja, ração com redução de 120 kcal/kg. No entanto, quando os frangos receberam a ração CN + Amilase (AMI) + Xilanase (XIL) o GP foi semelhante encontrado no Controle Positivo (CP). No Experimento 2, algumas aves tiveram enzimas em todo período de criação e outras tiveram apenas na fase de crescimento. O tratamento CN apresentou pior conversão alimentar que o CP. Pode-se concluir que é possível suplementar com AMI todo o período de criação das aves ou utilizar um programa enzimático com AMI ou AMI + XIL somente na fase de crescimento, sem prejuízo ao desempenho das aves.

Two trials were conducted on floor pens to evaluate the performance of broilers fed with diets contained different carbohydrases enzyme programs at different ages. Trial 1- The body weight gain (BWG) was affected by the Negative Control (NC) treatment (P<0.05). However, when the birds were fed with the NC diet + Amilase (AMY)+Xilanase (XYL), the BWG improved and reached the same level as the Positive Control (PC). Trial 2- The birds received enzymes supplementation in the total phase and others only in the grower phase.The ME reduction by 120 kcal/kg increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0.05) when compared to PC and none of the enzyme programs was able to recover the performance. It can be concluded that it is possible to supplement with AMY during the role period of broiler chicken life or use an enzymatic program with AMY or AMY+XYL only in the grower phase.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Diversos estudos têm avaliado a função motora de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral (PC), entretanto pouco se sabe sobre as inter-relações entre comprometimentos da mobilidade, autocuidado e função social relacionadas às habilidades funcionais da criança e à assistência do cuidador. OBJETIVOS: Identificar diferenças funcionais de crianças com PC em diferentes níveis de disfunção motora e correlacioná-las com os domínios mobilidade, autocuidado e função social na habilidade funcional e na assistência do cuidador. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma pesquisa analítica de corte transversal com 70 crianças/famílias, com idades de 4 a 7,5 anos, atendidas no Centro de Reabilitação Infantil, por meio do Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory (PEDI) e do Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da ANOVA e teste de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram importante variabilidade funcional das crianças com PC em diferentes níveis de severidade da disfunção motora. Essa variação foi observada nos domínios mobilidade, autocuidado e função social. Os resultados apresentaram, também, forte correlação entre os domínios mobilidade e autocuidado e mobilidade e função social. CONCLUSÕES: Diante da variabilidade apresentada pelas crianças, percebe-se a necessidade de aplicação do PEDI e GMFCS, o que parece aumentar o entendimento sobre a relação entre funções motoras grossas e atividades da vida diária. Essa correlação demonstra o quanto a mobilidade é determinante para avaliar o desempenho funcional e orientar a prática terapêutica no sentido de desenvolver as potencialidades das crianças, bem como orientar o cuidador na estimulação.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have evaluated motor function among children with cerebral palsy (CP), but little is known about how mobility impairment, self-care and social function interrelate with their functional skills and caregiver assistance. OBJECTIVES: To identify functional differences among children with CP at different levels of motor dysfunction, and to investigate the relationship between these differences and the domains of mobility, self-care and social function in functional skills and caregiver assistance. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 70 children and their families. The children were aged 4 to 7.5 years and received care at the Children's Rehabilitation Center. The instruments used were the Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory (PEDI) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Data analysis was performed by means of ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The results showed significant functional variability among the children with CP at different levels of motor dysfunction severity. This variation was observed in the domains of mobility, self-care and social function. The results also showed a strong correlation between mobility and self-care and between mobility and social function. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the variability shown by the children, it was necessary to apply PEDI and GMFCS, which appears to increase the understanding of how gross motor function relates to activities of daily living. This correlation demonstrates the extent to which mobility is a determinant for evaluating functional performance and guiding therapeutic practice to develop children's potentials and instruct caregivers in stimulation.

The use of test-day milk yield records (MY) in genetic evaluations of dairy cattle is relatively recent and can be advantageous for genetic improvement. In order to estimate the genetic parameters for MY in Mambi cows (3/4 Holstein ¼ Zebu), information from 6 839 weighings of milk from 755 first-calf cows, which gave birth between 2001 and 2005 in 55 Cuban dairy herds, was used. REMLF90 software was used to estimate variance components. The program was fit to a bivariate animal model that included the group of contemporaries (dairy-test day date) as fixed effects and cow age to test day as linear and quadratic covariable; additive genetic value of the animal was the random effect. The cows were milked twice a day and milk was weighed every 30 d. Cows with at least five and up to 10 MY records were included. Milk yield decreased 7.7 to 4.9 kg between MY1 and MY10. The heritability values (h²) were higher for MY5 (0.25) and MY6 (0.28). Residual variance decreased as the lactation period lengthened, making it necessary to consider variance heterogeneity in models that predict genetic value using MY. Genetic correlations between MY in the different stages varied between 0.15 and 0.93. Use of test-day milk yield records can be an alternative for predicting genetic value of Mambi cows in Cuba.

El uso de los datos de producción de leche del día del control (PC) en las evaluaciones genéticas de bovinos lecheros es relativamente reciente y puede tener ventajas para el progreso genético. Para estimar los parámetros genéticos para la PC en vacas Mambí (3/4 Holstein 1/4 Cebú), se usó la información de 6839 pesajes de leche, de 755 vacas de primer parto que parieron entre 2001 y 2004 en 55 explotaciones lecheras de Cuba. Para estimar las componentes de varianza se usó el programa REMLF90, el cual se ajustó a un modelo animal bivariado que incluyó como efectos fijos al grupo de contemporáneas (lechería - fecha del día del control), y la edad de la vaca al día del control como covariable lineal y cuadrática; y como efecto aleatorio al valor genético aditivo del animal. Las vacas se ordeñaron dos veces al día y los pesajes de leche se hicieron cada 30 d. Se incluyeron vacas con al menos cinco y hasta 10 registros de PC. La producción de leche se redujo de 7.7 a 4.9 kg entre la PC1 y la PC10. Los valores de heredabilidad más altos fueron para la PC5 (0.25) y la PC6 (0.28). La varianza residual disminuyó al incrementarse el periodo de lactancia, lo que hace necesario considerar la heterogeneidad de varianzas en los modelos de predicción del valor genético usando la PC. Las correlaciones genéticas entre las PC en las diferentes etapas variaron entre 0.15 y 0.93. El uso de la producción de leche del día del control puede ser una alternativa para la predicción del valor genético de bovinos Mambí de Cuba.

INTRODUÇÃO: Alterações no mecanismo hemostático têm sido associadas ao desenvolvimento de complicações vasculares em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). A eficiência dos mecanismos da anticoagulação natural mediados pelas proteínas C (PC) e S (PS), bem como pela antitrombina (AT), depende da integridade da célula endotelial. Sendo assim, a avaliação dos níveis plasmáticos dessas proteínas poderia fornecer importantes informações acerca da anticoagulação natural que se contrapõe ao estado de hipercoagulabilidade no diabetes. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo a determinação dos níveis de AT, PC e PS e dos co-fatores fator V (FV) e fator VIII (FVIII) em indivíduos com e sem DM2 e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Indivíduos hígidos (controles, n = 16), pacientes com DM2 (n = 7), com hipertensão (HAS, n = 12) e com DM2 associado à HAS (DM2 + HAS, n = 18) foram incluídos neste estudo para avaliação da anticoagulação natural. RESULTADOS: Para os níveis de AT o grupo HAS apresentou níveis aumentados em relação ao controle. O grupo DM2 + HAS apresentou níveis aumentados de PC. Para a PS não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos. O aumento do FV ocorreu apenas no grupo DM2 + HAS; já para o FVIII não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O aumento da AT é ainda pouco conhecido no meio científico; outros estudos já observaram aumento de PC em pacientes com DM2 e normoalbuminúria, entretanto o mecanismo permanece desconhecido. O aumento de FV observado no grupo DM2 + HAS e não no grupo DM2 pode acontecer em decorrência da HAS. Como o FVIII é uma proteína de fase aguda, a ausência de diferença significativa entre os grupos indica que os indivíduos avaliados não apresentavam processos inflamatórios importantes.

BACKGROUND: Hemostatic abnormalities have been associated with vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Efficiency of the natural anticoagulation mechanism mediated by proteins C (PC), S (PS) and antithrombin (AT) depends on intact endothelial cells, so the evaluation of these proteins may contribute to a better understanding of the natural anticoagulation status, considering that they inhibit the state of hypercoagulability. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure AT, PC and PS levels and the cofactors, factors V (FV) and VIII (FVIII), in subjects with and without DM2 and hypertension (HAS). MATERIAL AND METHOD: 16 healthy subjects (controls), seven patients with DM2, 12 with hypertension (HAS) and 18 with DM2 associated to HAS (DM2 + HAS) were included in this study for natural anticoagulation evaluation. RESULTS: HAS group showed increased levels of AT compared with controls. DM2 + HAS group showed increased levels of PC. For PS and FVIII, no difference was observed among groups. Nevertheless, the increase of FV was observed in DM2 + HAS group, while DM2 group did not show increase. CONCLUSION: AT increase is not yet well known for all conditions. Previous studies have already described PC increase in normoalbuminuric patients with DM2, however its cause is also unknown. FV increase observed in DM2 + HAS group suggests that HAS should contribute to this increase. As FVIII is an acute phase protein the data for FVIII may indicate that assessed subjects had no important inflammatory condition.

This study was carried out at Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the efficacy of four techniques in the assessment of tibial dyschondroplasia lesions in broiler chickens. Four hundred Cobb male chicks were reared from 1 to 39 days of age. At 39 days, forty birds were selected and tibial dyschondroplasia status was assessed by four different techniques: evaluation using the lixiscope, macroscopic examination, histological examination and bone mineral density assessment using optical radiographic densitometry. The efficacy of each technique to assess dyschondroplasia lesions in the tibial growth plate was determined in comparison to histology, which was considered to be 100% efficient. The correlation results between lixiscope analysis and histology were poor. Macroscopic scores and densitometry readings were highly correlated with histology scores, and it is considered that these techniques reliably reproduce the status of the growth plate.

This study was carried out at Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The aim was to establish the normal values of bone mineral density (BMD) expressed in millimeters of aluminum in the tibia of broiler chickens using optical densitometry of radiographs. Four hundred Cobb male chicks were reared from 1 to 40 days of age, when 40 of them were selected and the right femur-tibia articulation was radiographed. Radiographs were taken with the X-ray equipment calibrated for 45 kvp and 3.2 mAs and a focus-to-film distance of 90 cm. An aluminum phantom ASTM-6063 consisting of 20 ladder steps with graduate density was placed parallel to the area to be radiographed and used as a densitometry reference standard. Radiograph images were analyzed using the software ATHENA - SIA. The proximal growth plate of the right tibia epiphysis was used as the standard reading region. The inclination axis of the reading window was 0 and the window was 10 mm high and 40-45 mm wide, depending on the bone size. Optical densitometry values of the radiographs ranged from 1.46 to 1.77 mmAl, and the coefficient of variation was 9.93%. It was concluded that densitometry values beyond the range established in the present study might indicate the presence of bone alteration in the tibia of broilers.

O cultivo de pessegueiros é uma atividade de grande importância econômica no Sul do Brasil, onde se destaca o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul como maior produtor brasileiro. Um dos aspectos mais importantes na produção de alimentos da atualidade é a redução no uso de agroquímicos, com menor contaminação do ambiente e riscos reduzidos de resíduos. Este trabalho visou a comparar os sistemas de Produção Convencional (PC) e Integrada (PI) de pêssegos e foi realizado no ano de 2001, no município de São Jerônimo - RS, latitude 30°05'52" S, longitude 51°39'08" W e altitude de 46 metros. Áreas de um pomar comercial da cv. Marli foram avaliadas em relação às principais práticas de manejo da planta e do solo, controle fitossanitário, aspectos econômicos, bem como à qualidade da fruta. Na área conduzida sob PI, foram utilizadas as práticas de manejo preconizadas pelas Normas de Produção Integrada de Pêssegos (NPIP) e, na área conduzida no sistema de PC, as plantas foram manejadas de acordo com as práticas comumente utilizadas pelo produtor. A produção de pêssegos, em ambos os sistemas, não foi afetada. Na área de PI, houve menor número de pêssegos por planta; entretanto, as frutas apresentaram maior peso médio. A maioria dos pêssegos da PI foram classificados como CAT I (diâmetro superior a 57 mm). As frutas produzidas na PC são, na maioria, de CAT II (de 48 a 57 mm). A qualidade pós-colheita não apresentou diferenças em relação à acidez, firmeza e cor. Com base nestes resultados, podemos concluir que é possível produzir pêssegos de qualidade com produtividade no sistema de PI.

The peach-trees cultivation is a very economic important activity in South of Brazil, where highlights the State of Rio Grande do Sul as the largest Brazilian producer. One of the most important aspects in actuality is the food prodution with reduction of agrochemicals components, reducing the risks of environment contamination. This work aimed to compare the Conventional Production systems (PC) and Integrated systems (PI) of peaches cultivation and took place in the year of 2001, in the county of São Jerônimo - RS, latitude 30°05'52" S, longitude 51°39'08" W and altitude of 46 meters. Commercial orchand areas of cv. Marli was evaluated regarding the mains handling practice of plant and soil, phytosanitary control, economic aspects, as well as fruit production and quality. In the area under PI, were used the handling practices praised by the Norms of Production Integrated of Peach (NPIP) and in the area conducted the PC system, the plants were managed according to the practices usually used by the producer. The peaches production, in both systems, was not affected. The area of PI, occured smaller number of peaches per plant, however the fruit was larger middleweight. Most peaches of PI were classified like CAT I (diameter up to 57 mm). The fruits produced in the PC were of the CAT II (48 to 57 mm). Regarding to titratable acidity, flesh firmness and epidermal color there was no difference between peaches from either system.With these results, we can conclude that is possible to produce quality peaches with productivity in PI's system.

A produção integrada de frutas procura reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos, eliminar produtos considerados perigosos para a saúde humana ou prejudicial para o meio ambiente e, ao mesmo tempo, fomentar as boas práticas de manejo agrícola. Assim, os sistemas de produção convencional (PC) e integrado (PI) de pêssegos da cv. Marli foram comparados em relação às principais práticas de manejo da planta e do solo, controle fitossanitário, aspectos econômicos, bem como à qualidade da fruta, objetivando estabelecer o sistema de Produção Integrada de Frutas de Caroço (PIFC) na Depressão Central-RS. Na área conduzida sob PI, foram utilizadas as práticas de acordo com o manejo preconizado pela Organização Internacional de Controle Biológico e no sistema de PC, aquelas de uso comum pelo produtor. A produção de pêssegos obtidas em ambos os sistemas não foi afetada. Na área de PI, houve menor número de frutas por planta quando comparada com a PC, entretanto, os pêssegos apresentaram maior tamanho e peso, não afetando a produção final. A classificação das frutas demonstrou que os pêssegos provenientes do sistema de PI são na maioria, pertencente à CAT I (diâmetro > 57 mm), enquanto os do sistema PC são de CAT II (48 a 57 mm). Houve maior incidência de Grapholita molesta e Monilinia fructicola no pomar de pêssegos provenientes do sistema de PI. O monitoramento de pragas e o manejo de doenças proporcionaram uma sensível redução na aplicação de agroquímicos. De uma forma geral é possível produzir pêssegos de melhor qualidade, mantendo a produtividade com uma redução considerável no uso de agroquímicos.

The integrated production of fruits with Pit tries to reduce the use of pesticides, to eliminate products considered dangerous for human health or harmful to the environment and, at the same time, encourage good agricultural practices. Therefore the objective of the present work was to compare conventional (CP) and integrated (IP) production systems of peaches cv. Marli, with regards to plant and soil management, diseases and pest control, economical aspects, as well as fruit quality, to warrant the integrate production of stone fruits system (IPSF) in the Central Depressão-region of the state of RS. In the area managed as IP, the practices were in agreement with the handling recommended by the International Organization of Biological Control and in the CP system, the grove was managed as common used by the grower. Peach production in both systems wasn't affected. In the IP area, there was smaller number of fruits per plant compared to the CP area, however the peaches were of greater size there was no effect on total yield per plant. The majority of peaches from the IP system were classified as CAT I fruit (diameter > 57 mm) while most of the peaches from the CP system were classified as CAT II fruit (48 a 57 mm). There was higher incidence of Grapholita molesta and Monilinia fructicola in the peaches orchard deriving from the IP system. Monitoring pest and diseases effectively reduced agrochemical application. In general it is possible to produce peaches of better quality, maintaining the yields and considerable reduction of the use of agrochemicals.