ABSTRACT The effect of silicon (Si) on fitness and leaf consumption of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), has been observed in the laboratory, but the effects of Si on damage or defoliation reduction have not yet been determined under field conditions. Here, we evaluated the effects of amendment of soil with Si on defoliation by FAW and crop yield in maize. Two field experiments were carried out, with four doses of Si and a control (no Si amendment). Experiment #1 evaluated 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg of total Si·ha-1, with natural or manual infestation with FAW eggs, while Experiment #2 tested 600, 800, 1,000 and 1,200 kg of total Si·ha-1, with natural or manual infestation with FAW larvae. Defoliation reduction was observed with Si increasing in both Experiments #1 and #2. However, reduction was not observed in all evaluations, and it was dependent of infestation (natural and manual) and the time since manual infestation. Reduction in defoliation began at 600 kg Si·ha-1. In contrast, plant Si content increased linearly with increasing soil Si application. No effect of Si application was observed on maize kernel yield. The increase in leaf Si content reduced FAW defoliation, but it did not affect maize yield from 600 to 1,200 kg·ha-1 of Si. Amendment of soil with Si can be used as a strategy to optimize integrated pest management of FAW in maize.

Between 2000 and 2016 we carried out 15 rapid biological inventories in remote areas of the Andean foothills and Amazon basin in Peru. During these inventories, 27 botanists collected 9397 fertile vascular plant specimens. By the end of 2017, more than half of these specimens had been identified to species. Of the 2303 species identified to date, 64 species and 2 genera (Dicorynia and Monopteryx) are new records for the flora of Peru. If this rate of discovery proves typical, the number of new records for Peru in the rapid inventory material could increase, which indicates that there is still much to discover in the Peruvian flora.

Durante el período 2000 - 2016, se llevaron a cabo 15 inventarios biológicos en áreas remotas en el pie de monte andino y el llano amazónico del Perú. En estos inventarios, 27 botánicos colectaron un total de 9397 especímenes de plantas vasculares fértiles. Hasta finales del 2017, más de la mitad de estos especímenes se han identificado a nivel de especie, de los cuales 64 especies y 2 géneros (Dicorynia y Monopteryx) representan nuevos registros para la flora del Perú. Si esta tasa de novedades se mantiene, el número de registros nuevos en el material de los inventarios podría aumentar, lo cual nos indica que aún queda mucho por descubrir en la flora andino-amazónica del Perú.

Investigação passada demonstrou que as pessoas realizam inferências espontâneas de traços (IET) a partir de comportamentos e que esses traços de personalidade ficam ligados em memória às faces dos actores. A investigação demonstrou também que os traços inferidos podem ficar associados a faces de comunicadores dos comportamentos, através de um processo de transferência espontânea de traço (TET). No presente estudo, substituímos as faces dos indivíduos por nomes, de forma a investigar em que medida os nomes dos actores e comunicadores (e.g., Carl Smith) também ficam associados em memória aos traços inferidos. Nestas condições, obtivemos dados que comprovam a ocorrência de IETs, mas não de TETs. Estes resultados mostram que a associação entre traços e comunicadores (TET) é altamente dependente da saliência visual do comunicador. Em contraste, as IET ocorrem mesmo quando o actor não é visualmente saliente. Os resultados são discutidos em termos dos processos subjacentes às IETs e TETs.

Previous research has shown that spontaneous trait inferences (STI) made from behaviors are bound to actor’s faces. Additionally, research has shown that inferred traits can also become associated with the faces of communicators of the behaviors through spontaneous trait transference (STT). In this study, we replaced the actors’ pictures by actors’ names, in order to investigate whether names of actors and communicators (e.g., Carl Smith) can also become attached to inferred traits. Under these conditions, evidence of STIs was obtained, but not of STTs. These results show that the association between traits and communicators (STT) is highly dependent on the visual salience of the communicator. In contrast, STIs occur even when actors are not visually salient. Results are discussed in terms of the processes underlying STIs and STTs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sobre a Síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) com base nas publicações mais recentes e fornecer recomendações ao pediatra geral para diagnóstico precoce e seguimento. Fonte de dados: Artigos publicados nas bases Pubmed e SciELO. A pesquisa não foi limitada a um período e incluiu todos os artigos das bases de dados. Síntese dos dados: A SPW é uma síndrome genética rara, resultante da perda do imprinting gênico expresso no cromossomo paterno 15q11-q13, sendo caracterizada por alterações endocrinológicas, como deficiência de hormônio de crescimento, obesidade, insuficiência adrenal central, hipotireoidismo, hipogonadismo, além de alterações comportamentais e déficit intelectual. Há outras comorbidades associadas, como distúrbios de sono, escoliose, constipação, problemas dentários e alterações de coagulação. O protocolo de seguimento da SPW do Instituto da Criança da Universidade de São Paulo se baseia em quarto pilares principais: dieta, exercício físico, terapia com hormônio de crescimento humano recombinante (rhGH) e manejo comportamental e cognitivo. A dieta deve ser restrita a 900 kcal/dia, de acordo com a Pirâmide Alimentar do Prader-Willi, e o exercício físico deve ser diário, aeróbico e postural. A terapia com rhGH é fortemente recomendada pela literatura científica internacional e deve ser iniciada assim que for realizado o diagnóstico da síndrome. O manejo do comportamento é realizado com estratégias para estabelecer rotina e regras. Conclusões: Se a SPW se tornar mais familiar ao pediatra geral, o diagnóstico e o tratamento começarão mais precocemente, o que irá melhorar a qualidade de vida e os cuidados desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out a review about Prader-Willi Syndrome based on the most recent data about the subject and to give recommendation for the general pediatricians for early diagnoses and follow-up. Data sources: Scientific articles in the PubMed and SciELO databases. The research was not limited to a specific time period and included all articles in such databases. Data synthesis: The Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder resulting from the loss of imprinted gene expression within the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13. PWS is characterized by endocrine abnormalities, such as growth hormone (GH) deficiency, obesity, central adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism and complex behavioral and intellectual difficulties. PWS individuals also may present other comorbidities, such as sleep disorders, scoliosis, constipation, dental issues and coagulation disorders. The follow-up protocol of the Children’s Institute at Universidade de São Paulo is based on four main pillars: diet, exercise, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy and behavioral and cognitive issues. The diet must include a caloric restriction of 900 kcal/day, according to the Prader-Willi Eating Pyramid and exercise plan is focused on daily aerobic exercises and postural therapy. The rhGH therapy is highly recommended by the international scientific literature and must be started as soon as the diagnostic is made. The management of behavioral issues is based on strategies to establish routine and rules. Conclusions: If the general pediatrician becomes more familiar with PWS, the diagnosis and treatment will start earlier, which is essential to improve the quality of life and care for these individuals.

Resumen Contexto: Las fulguraciones solares y las eyecciones de masa coronal liberan al espacio grandes cantidades de radiación que, al alcanzar las capas exteriores de la atmósfera terrestre, alteran sus características eléctricas. El conjunto de fenómenos derivados de esta interacción se conoce como clima espacial y sus consecuencias incluyen fallas en los sistemas de geolocalización, las telecomunicaciones, las operaciones vía satélite, el seguimiento espacial, la radionavegación y la sobrecarga de redes eléctricas. Método: En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de un radio receptor que permite adelantar el monitoreo del clima espacial desde Colombia. Además, se describe una metodología novedosa para el diseno de filtros analógicos de orden superior de característica Butterworth, a partir de la interconexión en paralelo de bancos de filtros de primero y segundo orden, obteniéndose la función de transferencia deseada. Resultados: El radio receptor desarrollado se instaló en la estación de monitoreo del clima espacial del Observatorio Astronómico de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (OAUTP), Colombia, entrando en operación en diciembre de 2015. Desde esa fecha, el sistema ha registrado la actividad solar de forma ininterrumpida, detectando cuatro potentes explosiones solares clase C presentadas los días 15, 16 y 17 del mes de abril de 2016. Las señales recibidas por el radio receptor son enviadas a la base de datos global del Stanford Solar Center, de Stanford University, con el código UTP 0383. Conclusiones: El radio telescopio desarrollado permite al Observatorio Astronómico OAUTP adelantar el monitoreo del clima espacial y de la actividad solar, enviando la información recibida a repositorios de acceso público a nivel mundial. No existen otros receptores de radio de este tipo operando en la actualidad en países ecuatoriales, una región de la Tierra donde los efectos de la actividad solar pueden conducir a nuevos conocimientos que aporten en la comprensión de este fenómeno. Además, los filtros de orden superior diseñados pueden tener aplicación en el campo de la instrumentación para la medición de señales eléctricas biomédicas.

Abstract Context: Solar flares and coronal mass ejections release great amounts of radiation to the outer space, altering the electrical properties of external layers in earth's atmosphere. The set of phenomena derived from this interaction is known as space weather, and its consequences include failures in the geolocation systems, telecommunications, satellite based operations, spatial tracking, radio navigation and overload of electrical network. Method: This paper presents the development of a radio receptor enabling monitoring of space weather from Colombia. A novel methodology to design analog high-order Butterworth filters is described, based on the parallel interconnection of filtering banks of first and second order, yielding the realization of the desired transfer function. These filters are then used to build a radio receptor to monitor the mentioned solar activity. Results: The radio receptor was installed in a space weather monitoring station in Colombia, specifi- cally in the Astronomical Observatory of the Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira (OAUTP), becoming operational on December 2015. From that date, the radio receptor has been registering solar activity uninterruptedly; and it has been able to detect four powerful solar explosions of class C, registered on the days 15, 16 and 17th in the month of April 2016. The received signals are sent to the Stanford Solar Center of Stanford University, with the code UTP 0383. Conclusions: The newly developed radio telescope is enabling the Astronomical Observatory OAUTP to monitor space weather and solar activity, sensing and registering such information in global publicly available repositories. No other radio receptors of this kind are currently operating from equatorial countries, a region on Earth were the effects of solar activity may lead to new insights in understanding this phenomena. Besides, we anticipate that the designed high order filters may have application as well in instruments for sensing biomedical electrical signals.

Ondas de radio provenientes del planeta Júpiter son fenómenos electromagnéticos generados por emisión de sincrotrón, debidos a la interacción del campo magnético Joviano con partículas cargadas producidas por su luna Ío. Estas ondas de radio interactúan con la ionósfera, afectando las radio-comunicaciones terrestres. En el Observatorio Astronómico de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (OAUTP) el grupo de investigación en Astroingeniería Alfa-Orión desarrolló una antena tipo Loop Magnética diseñada para resonar a 20.1 MHz, la cual fue acoplada con el receptor y el software del proyecto de la NASA Radio Jove. Esto permitió la observación de las fuentes de radio A, B, C, IoA, IoB y IoC desde Júpiter, permitiendo la construcción de una base de datos para el estudio de la actividad Joviana en ondas de Radio.

Radio waves coming from the planet Jupiter are electromagnetic phenomena generated by synchrotron emission mechanism, due to the interaction of Jovian magnetic field with charged particles produced by the satellite Io. These radio waves fall directly upon the ionosphere affecting earth's radio communications. At the Astronomical Observatory of the University of Technology of Pereira (OAUTP) the research group in Astro-engineering Alfa Orion, developed a magnetic loop antenna designed to resonate at 20.1 MHz, which coupled with the receptor and the software from NASA's Radio Jove project enabled the observation of radio sources A, B, C, IoA, IoB and IoC from Jupiter, allowing the construction of a database for the study of the Jovian activity in radio waves.

Apresentamos uma revisão de literatura do diagnóstico e tratamento da estenose lombar (EL) adquirida, enfatizando as novas técnicas de manejo cirúrgico. A EL é a causa mais comum de cirurgia na coluna de pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade. Claudicação neurogênica e radiculopatias são sintomas resultantes da compressão das raízes lombossacrais pelos elementos degenerados. A descompressão cirúrgica é um procedimento bem estabelecido para pacientes com sintomas severos ou refratários ao tratamento clínico. Contudo, as opções cirúrgicas são amplas. Novas técnicas de fusão e artrodese são úteis para melhorar os resultados funcionais. Neste artigo, varias alternativas cirúrgicas são apresentadas, incluindo as novas tecnologias na área. Evidências científicas mais contundentes com seguimento longo são necessárias para a incorporação destas práticas na atividade médica de rotina.

We present a literature review of the diagnosis and treatment of acquired lumbar spinal stenosis (LS), with a brief description of new surgical techniques. LS is the most common cause of spinal surgery in individuals older than 65 years of age. Neurogenic claudication and radiculopathy result from compression of the cauda equina and lumbosacral nerve roots by degenerated spinal elements. Surgical decompression is a well established treatment for patients with refractory, or moderate to severe clinical symptoms. However, the variety of surgical options is vast. New techniques have been developed with the goal of increasing long term functional outcomes. In this article we review lumbar decompression and fusion as treatment options for LS but also present other recent developments. Prospective long term studies are necessary to know which procedures would result in optimal patient outcome.

O presente artigo apresenta um novo modelo de memória de pessoas e grupos - o Modelo TRAP (Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways). O Modelo TRAP foi primordialmente desenvolvimento para resolver a aparente discrepância entre efeitos de congruência tipicamente obtidos em medidas de julgamento e de incongruência tipicamente obtidos em medidas de recordação livre. O Modelo distingue entre dois modos de recuperação - o modo heurístico e exaustivo. Essa distinção permite resolver a discrepância frequentemente obtida entre medidas de julgamento e de recordação. O desenvolvimento do Modelo TRAP permitiu quer encontrar novas variáveis capazes de dissociar os dois modos de recuperação quer construir novas hipóteses sobre o processo de formação de impressões. O presente artigo discute os pressupostos teóricos do modelo e apresenta os principais resultados empíricos até hoje obtidos.

The paper presents a model of person and group memory - o Model TRAP (Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways). The TRAP Model was primarily developed to account for the apparent discrepancy between congruency effects typically obtained in judgment measures and incongruency effects typically obtained in free recall measures. The Model distinguishes between two retrieval modes - the heuristic and the exhaustive mode. This distinction enabled us to solve the frequently obtained discrepancy between judgment and recall measures. The development of the TRAP Model allowed us to find both news variables that dissociate the two retrieval modes and to derive new hypotheses concerning the process of impression formation. The present work discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the model and presents the main empirical findings obtained so far.

Este artigo é uma provocação. Ele focaliza a sociedade da aprendizagem, sua substância e retórica. Os protagonistas da sociedade da aprendizagem defendem a idéia de que a escolaridade está morrendo e que a educação deveria passar por uma reengenharia. Propõe uma nova infra-estrutura em torno do conceito de aprendizagem em linha. Entretanto, essa visão da sociedade da aprendizagem padece de, pelo menos, três defeitos. Primeiro, ela pressupõe que se pode transmitir tudo o que se pode imaginar; segundo, que fazer alguma coisa funcionar é tão simples como conceber uma infra-estrutura; e, finalmente, que a sociedade da aprendizagem pode se libertar das relações de poder que marcaram seus predecessores.

This article is a provocation. It focuses on the learning society, its substance and rhetoric. Protagonists of the learning society advance the idea that schooling is dying, and that education should undergo re-engineering. A new infrastructure is proposed around the concept of on-line learning. This vision of the learning society suffers, however, from at least three defects. First, it assumes that what can be imagined can be delivered; secondly, that making something work is as simple as designing an infrastructure; and finally, that the learning society can escape from the power relations that also marked its predecessors.