Este artículo analiza el impacto de la pandemia de covid-19 en escuelas de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe en dos provincias del noreste argentino (Chaco y Misiones), donde asiste población indígena (toba/qom y mbyá-guaraní). El material empírico que lo sustenta fue relevado a partir de una reformulación de las técnicas usuales de la etnografía. Durante el contexto de distanciamiento social que impidió el contacto cara a cara con las personas, realizamos entrevistas y encuestas online en tres momentos diferentes con referentes y docentes indígenas y no indígenas, y también contemplamos materiales e informes educativos publicados en sitios web.

This article analyzes the impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Intercultural Bilingual Education schools in two provinces of Argentinean northeastern (Chaco and Misiones), where indigenous populations Toba/qom and Mbyá-Guaraní attend. The empirical material that supports this study was gathered through a reformulation of the usual ethnographic techniques. During the context of social distancing that prevented face-to-face contact with people, we conducted interviews and online surveys on three different occasions with indigenous and non-indigenous referents and teachers, and we also considered educational materials and reports published on websites.

ABSTRACT Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and it is mainly acquired through the vector route, however, blood transfusion and congenital transmission are implicated in the spread of the illness worldwide. The congenital route can occur at any stage of pregnancy and its frequency varies. In the Federal District, in Brazil, the frequency of T. cruzi infection in pregnant women and their offspring has not been updated. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in pregnant women and the rate of congenital transmission in the Federal District. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of T. cruzi from 2014 to 2016 in the population of pregnant women attended by the public health service throughout the Federal District and a descriptive cohort for the evaluation of congenital transmission. During the study, prenatal data of 98,895 women were consulted and pregnant women registered in 2016, presenting with positive T. cruzi serology, were part of the descriptive cohort. The estimated prevalence of T. cruzi infection in the three years was 0.19% and the congenital transmission rate was 1/40 (2.5%). Our results have shown that, although the main routes of transmission of CD have been interrupted, there is still a risk of congenital transmission in the Federal District. This present study highlights the need for the continuous implementation of a screening program for pregnant women and timely treatment of infected newborns and children.

BACKGROUND Studies aimed at validating canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic tests present heterogeneous results regarding test accuracy, partly due to divergences in reference standards used and different infection evolution periods in animals. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the rapid test-dual path platform (TR-DPP) (Biomanguinhos®), EIE-Leishmaniose-Visceral-Canina-Biomanguinhos (EIE-LVC) (Biomanguinhos®), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rK39 (in-house), and the direct agglutination test (DAT-Canis) against a reference standard comprising parasitological and molecular techniques. METHODS A phase II/III validation study was carried out in sample sera from 123 predominantly asymptomatic dogs living in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. FINDINGS Sixty-nine (56.1%) animals were considered infected according to the reference standard. For each test, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were as follows: TR-DPP, 21.74% [confidence interval (CI)95% 13.64% to 32.82%] and 92.59% (CI95% 82.45% to 97.08%); EIE-LVC, 11.59% (CI95% 5.9% to 21.25%) and 90.74% (CI95% 80.09% to 95.98%); ELISA rK39, 37.68% (CI95% 27.18% to 49.48%) and 83.33% (CI95% 71.26% to 90.98%); and DAT-Canis, 18.84% (CI95% 11.35% to 29.61%) and 96.30% (CI95% 87.46% to 98.98%). CONCLUSION We concluded that improving the sensitivity of serum testing for diagnosing asymptomatic dogs must constitute a priority in the process of developing new diagnostic tests to be used in the visceral leishmaniasis control program in Brazil.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD), a neglected endemic disease in Latin America, has acquired new epidemiological characteristics with an increase in the importance of alternative transmission routes such as congenital transmission. We evaluated the scientific research on this subject. METHODS: We searched the Scielo, BVS, and PubMed databases from 2006 to 2017. RESULTS: We identified a small number of published articles, mostly in journals with an impact factor less than 3.0. Studies on human congenital transmission of CD were carried out in only seven different countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our data highlight the lack of research on congenital CD.

Abstract We report an Acanthamoeba keratitis case associated with the use of contact lens in a 28-year-old female from Brasília, Brazil. Samples from corneal scraping and contact lens case were used for culture establishment, PCR amplification, and partial sequencing (fragments of ~400kb) of small subunit rDNA; both culture and PCR were positive. The sequence analyses of the cornea and of isolates from the contact lens case showed similarity with the T4 genotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of T4 Acanthamoeba keratitis case from the Midwest region of Brazil.

Dentro das pesquisas sobre Educação Intercultural Bilíngue, as experiênciasformativas dos professores indígenassão um campo pouco explorado, especialmente quando o foco são professoras mulheres. Este artigo apresenta dois grandes desafios: no primeiro, pretendemos vincular as experiências formativas das professoras mulheres tobas/qome mbyáguarani com diferentes trajetórias em torno da institucionalização escolar em duas províncias argentinas (Chaco e Misiones). O segundo desafio éde ordem teórico-metodológica e refere-se àincorporação da abordagem etnográfica das histórias de vida dessas mulheres. Serão sistematizados tópicos como: mudanças geracionais, relações de gênero, conhecimento cultural e escolar, experiências formativas em espaços religiosos, competências linguísticas, processos de identificação e a formação e o papel docente.

Within Intercultural Bilingual Education studies, formative experiences of indigenous teachers have been little explored, even more when considering women teachers. This article addresses two big challenges, as we first attempt to relate the formative experiences of Toba/Qomand Mbyá Guaraní women teachers from two provinces (Chaco and Misiones) with different trajectories in their schooling. The second challenge is theoretical and methodological, as we aim to introduce life histories within an ethnographic approach. We systematize topics such as: intergenerational changes, gender relationships, cultural knowledge and school, religious formative experiences, linguistic capacities, identification processes, teacher training and role.

Dentro de los estudios sobre Educación Intercultural Bilingüe, las experiencias formativas de los maestros indígenas se presentan como un campo de vacancia, más aún si se tiene en foco a las docentes mujeres. Este artículo presenta dos grandes desafíos. El primero apunta a vincular las experiencias formativas de maestras tobas/qom y mbyá guaraní de dos provincias (Chaco y Misiones) con diferentes recorridos en torno a la institucionalización escolar. El segundo es de orden teórico-metodológico y refiere a la incorporación, dentro del enfoque etnográfico, de relatos de vida. Se sistematizarán tópicos como: los cambios generacionales, las relaciones de género, los saberes culturales y la escuela, las experiencias formativas en espacios religiosos, sus competencias lingüísticas, los procesos de identificación, la formación y el rol docente.

BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in sylvatic habitats, mainly through blood-feeding triatomines, although other routes also contribute to its dispersion. Sexual transmission of T. cruzi is an understudied topic, especially among wild mammals. Because of the difficulties inherent to field work, experimentally infected mice are frequently used to evaluate the transmission of T. cruzi. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the sexual transmission of T. cruzi in acutely infected mice. METHODS Male and female mice in the acute phase of Chagas disease were mated with naïve partners. Then, parasitological tests, immunohistochemistry, serological assays, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to detect infection. FINDINGS Parasitological analysis showed trypomastigotes in the blood of 20% of the naïve mice after mating with infected partners. Serological assays detected anti-T. cruzi antibodies in all naïve females mated with infected males and in 60% of naïve males mated with infected females. PCR showed T. cruzi nDNA bands for all naïve mice mated with infected partners. The possibility of sexual transmission was also confirmed by visualisation of amastigotes in the testes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that sexual transmission of T. cruzi is an ordinary event that may contribute to maintenance of the parasite's enzootic cycle.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease surveillance requires current knowledge on synanthropic triatomines. We analyzed the occurrence and Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates of triatomine bugs in central Brazil, during 2012-2014. METHODS: Triatomines were collected inside or around houses, and T. cruzi infection was determined by optical microscopy and conventional/quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of the 2706 triatomines collected, Triatoma sordida was the most frequent species in Goiás State, whereas Panstrongylus megistus predominated in the Federal District. Parasites identified were T. cruzi, T. rangeli, and Blastocrithidia sp. CONCLUSIONS: P. megistus and T. sordida sustained the risk of T. cruzi transmission to humans in central Brazil.

Resumen Históricamente, la relación entre los grupos indígenas y el Estado argentino ha sido compleja. En el marco de un modelo de escolarización estatal que no recuperó los conocimientos y experiencias de las poblaciones indígenas, diversas iglesias persiguieron objetivos propios, y reemplazaron, cuestionaron y apoyaron tareas del Estado. Aquí analizaremos los vínculos entre las iglesias (católica y evangélicas) y las poblaciones indígenas, centrándonos en los ámbitos educativos y, especialmente, en el proceso de alfabetización. Sistematizaremos aquellas acciones que, con propósitos diversos, pretendieron acercar a los pueblos tobas/ qom y mbyá-guaraní (norte y noroeste de Argentina) al uso oral de la lengua oficial del Estado y a su escritura, así como al desarrollo de la escritura de las lenguas indígenas. En muchos casos y aún con contradicciones, estas acciones representan un antecedente de la educación escolar intercultural poco estudiado. Metodológicamente, se recuperarán fuentes documentales y análisis teóricos, a la luz de exploraciones de campo etnográficas realizadas en la última década con dichas poblaciones.

Abstract The relationship between indigenous groups and the Argentine state has been complex throughout history. In the framework of a state schooling model that did not recover the knowledge and experience of indigenous peoples, various churches defended their own interests, and replaced, challenged and supported State’s tasks. This paper discusses the links between the (Catholic and Protestant) churches and indigenous peoples, focusing on education, particularly on literacy process. We systematize actions that, for various purposes, sought to promote the oral and written use of the official state language by the tobas/qom and mbya- guaraní people (northern and northwestern Argentina), as well as facilitate the development of the writing of indigenous languages. In many cases and even with contradictions, these actions represent an understudied precedent of intercultural school education. Methodologically, documentary sources and theoretical analyzes are recovered in light of ethnographic field explorations made in the last decade with those populations.

Resumo Historicamente, o relacionamento entre turmas indígenas e o Estado argentino tem sido complexo. No quadro de um modelo de escolarização estatal que não recuperou os conhecimentos e experiencias dos povos indígenas, diferentes igrejas perseguiram objetivos próprios e substituíram, questionaram e apojaram tarefas do Estado. Aqui vamos analisar as ligações entre igrejas (católica e evangélicas) e os povos indígenas, nos focando nos âmbitos educativos e, especialmente, no processo de alfabetização. Sistematizaremos aquelas ações que, para vários fins, pretenderam se aproximar dos povos tobas/qom e mbyá-guaraní (norte e noroeste da Argentina) ao uso oral da língua oficial do Estado e sua escrita, bem como ao desenvolvimento da escrita das línguas indígenas. Em muito caso e mesmo com contradições, aquelas ações representam um antecedente do ensino escolar intercultural pouco estudado. Metodologicamente, foram recuperadas fontes documentais e análises teóricas, à luz de explorações de campo etnográficas realizadas na última década com tais povos.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The impact of gestational toxocariasis is an understudied topic on female reproductive health. We estimated anti-Toxocara IgG prevalence among pregnant women in Brasília, Brazil, and investigated the association of the infection with history of abortion and contact with pets. METHODS: Infection was diagnosed using ELISA with excretory/secretory antigens. Participant information was obtained via questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 311 pregnant women, 23 were anti-Toxocara IgG positive. Twenty-two percent of anti-Toxocara IgG-positive participants and 26% had previously miscarried. Previous contact with pets was associated with higher toxocariasis prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: A direct relationship between toxocariasis and contact with pets was observed, but there was no relationship with the miscarriage prevalence.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : This study describes the occurrence of trypanosomatids in phlebotomines in Brasília, Brazil. METHODS : Two hundred and ten females of 13 sand fly species were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different molecular markers (D7 24Sα rRNA, kDNA, and ITS1) and sequencing. RESULTS : PCR revealed trypanosomatid-positive samples from Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, which were negative by kDNA and ITS1 Leishmania-specific PCRs. DNA sequence analysis of D7 24Sα rRNA amplicons indicated the occurrence of Blastocrithidia sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Two trypanosomatid species other than Leishmania sp. were found to circulate in sand flies in Central Brazil.

In recent decades, anthropology in South America has focused on research related to children in different contexts. In our ethnographic research with children from indigenous communities, in both the lowlands and highlands of South America, we have paid special attention to the variety of social categories that define the different ways of being a boy and girl, so as to break away from the monolithic models traditionally used regarding childhood. The aim of this paper is to cover the first stage of life, demarcating their nominal references and their upbringing from the formative experiences in which children participate. In this way, we focus on the network of social relationships throughout childhood, placing special attention on language development, religion and play. The intersection of these three thematic interests allows us to consider the complexity of knowledge, along with the skills that come into play during child development.

La antropología en Sudamérica se ha dedicado en las últimas décadas con creciente ímpetu a las investigaciones con niños y niñas en diversos contextos. En nuestras indagaciones etnográficas con niños y niñas de comunidades indígenas de las tierras bajas y altas sudamericanas, hemos considerado de especial relevancia las categorías que delimitan socialmente los diversos modos de ser niño y niña, para facilitar la ruptura con los modelos monolíticos de abordaje de la niñez. En este trabajo nos proponemos dar cuenta de esta primera etapa de vida, delimitándola desde sus referencias nominales y desde los procesos de crianza y las experiencias formativas en las cuales los niños y las niñas participan. Así, pondremos especial atención a la red de relaciones sociales en las cuales se desarrolla este periodo, contemplando cuestiones relativas a la lengua, la religión y el juego. El cruce de estos tres intereses temáticos nos permitirá tener presente la complejidad de los conocimientos y saberes que se ponen en juego durante el desarrollo de la niñez.

The paper points out the ways that indigenous childhood was mentioned in Argentinian ethnographic studies. With this aim, we will review the core characteristics of the ethnographic approaches that directly or indirectly refers to mbyà-guaraní and tobas/qom children. In this regard, we will analyse the different ways that children appeared in these approaches, including how children's voices are presented in dialogue with the ethnographic researcher.

Cet article documente la façon dont l’enfance indigène a été abordée dans les sources ethnographiques argentines. À cette fin, un état général est présenté sur les ethnographies qui - soit directe, soit indirectement - concernent les enfants mbyà-guaraní de Misiones, ainsi que les tobas/qom du Gran Chaco et de Buenos Aires. À travers l’analyse de ces travaux, le rôle est révisé de ces garçons et de ces filles, de même que la manière dont ils sont présentés et l’espace que l’on consacre à façonner leurs voix en tant qu’interlocutrices du chercheur/chercheuse ethnographique.

Este artículo documenta el modo en que se ha aludido a la infancia indígena en las fuentes etnográficas argentinas. Con ese fin, se presenta un estado general sobre las etnografías que directa e indirectamente refieren a niños y niñas mbyà-guaraní de Misiones y tobas/qom del Gran Chaco y Buenos Aires. Gracias al análisis de dichos trabajos, se revisa cuál es el rol que ocupan los niños, cómo son presentados y qué espacio se destina a plasmar sus voces como interlocutoras del investigador/a-etnógrafo/a.

The prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) still remains unknown in Argentina. The objectives of this work were to: estimate prevalence of MIH in a group of children seeking dental care in the city of Buenos Aires, analyze distribution according to year of birth and compare prevalence and severity of MIH in children with different access to health care services. A prospective, observational, transversal, descriptive study was designed, to be conducted on children seeking attention at Department of Comprehensive Children’s Dentistry at the School of Dentistry of Buenos Aires University and at 3 pediatric dentistry offices attended by members of the team, located in Buenos Aires city (Kappa 0.933 0.911-0.952), from April to August 2010. The study included all children born between 1993 and 2003, whose 4 first molars and 8 permanent incisors had erupted. After prophylaxis and drying, the teeth were clinically evaluated and specially designed charts were used to record sex, year of birth, type of access to dental care, presence of MIH, number of affected incisors and molars, and maximum degree of severity for each tooth. The data obtained were analyzed using percentages, Fisher’s Exact Test and Linear regression. 1098 children, mean age 11.3 years (11.08-11.39) were evaluated. Prevalence of MIH in this study was 15.9% (13.8-18.2). A highly significant positive correlation was obtained between MIH and year of birth (p<0.0001). Group A (private sector: prepaid medical insurance) was made up of 586 children (age: 10.92 6.22-15.62) while group B (public sector: university hospital) was made up of 512 children (age: 11.59 5.31-16.90). In Group A, MIH prevalence was 24.40% (20.9-27.9) while in Group B it was 6.44% (4.31-8.56) (p<0.0001). Of the affected molars, 37% (32.2-42) in A and 13.7% (6.7-23.8) in B had grade 3 lesions, with loss of enamel (p<0.0001). In this study, MIH was a frequent pathology (15.9%) and a significant increase was found according to year of birth during the study period. Patients with better access to health care had greater prevalence and degree of severity of MIH.

La prevalencia de la Hipomineralizacion Molar Incisiva (MIH), es en nuestro pais aun desconocida. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: estimar la prevalencia de MIH en un grupo de ninos que demandaron atencion en la Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires; analizar su distribucion de acuerdo al ano de nacimiento; y comparar prevalencia y severidad de acuerdo a la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud. Se diseno un estudio prospectivo, observacional, transversal, y descriptivo, sobre la poblacion infantil que demando atencion en la Catedra de Odontologia Integral Ninos y en 3 consultorios odontopediatricos de los miembros del equipo de trabajo ubicados en la ciudad de Buenos Aires (Kappa 0.933 0.911-0.952) en el periodo comprendido entre abril y agosto de 2010. Fueron incluidos todos los ninos nacidos entre 1993 y 2003, que presentaban erupcionados los 4 primeros molares y los 8 incisivos permanentes. Despues de una profilaxis, las piezas fueron clinicamente evaluadas con luz del foco, previamente secadas, registrando en planillas disenadas para tal fin, sexo, fecha de nacimiento, tipo de acceso a la atencion, presencia de MIH, numero de incisivos y molares afectados, y maximo grado de severidad registrado en cada pieza. Para el analisis de los datos obtenidos se utilizaron porcentajes, Test Exacto de Fisher y regresion lineal. Fueron evaluados 1098 ninos de 11.3 anos (11.08-11.39). La prevalencia obtenida fue de 15.9% (13.8-18.2). Con respecto al ano de nacimiento se observo una correlacion positiva y altamente significativa (p<0.0001). El grupo A (Modalidad Prepago) quedo conformado por 586 ninos y el B (Hospital Publico Universitario) por N=512. En A la prevalencia de MIH fue del 24,40% y en B de 6,44% (p<0,0001). El 37% (32.2-42) de los molares afectados de A y el 13.7% (6.7-23.8) de B presentaban lesiones de grado 3, con perdida de esmalte (p<0,0001). En este estudio la MIH se presento como una patologia frecuente (15.9%) observandose un aumento significativo con el ano de nacimiento durante el periodo bajo estudio. Los pacientes con mejores condiciones de acceso a la salud, mostraron mayor prevalencia, y grado de severidad de MIH.

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre las categorías de identificación utilizadas por los niños y niñas que viven en un “barrio toba (qom)” en la periferia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Está organizado en tres partes: primeramente expondremos la articulación entre diversas herramientas metodológicas para reconstruir las perspectivas de los niños y niñas. Allí explicitaremos cómo concebimos teóricamente a los niños y niñas y de qué manera fuimos incorporándolos en nuestras investigaciones. Luego, desarrollaremos las disputas acerca de la adscripción étnica de y entre los niños y niñas, considerando que en el barrio se identifican a sí mismos y a los demás principalmente como “toba” y/o “no-toba”, pero también como “criollo”, “descendientes de toba” y/o “mestizo”. Por último, presentaremos las principales conclusiones a las que arribamos.

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct children's perspectives on ethnic identifications. We base our studies in a particular case of collaborative research project with Toba (an Argentinean indigenous group) children, in an urban setting near Buenos Aires. In doing so, we present our consideration on the ways children participate actively on social life and articulate their own perspectives on social processes that involve them. Firstly, we argue that our field work techniques became fundamental strategies of approaching to children voices. Secondly, we explore children's agreements, negotiations and disagreements on ethnic identifications, while we regard their social relationships.

Neste artigo refletimos sobre as categorias de identificação utilizadas por meninos e meninas que moram num bairro toba (qom)”, na periferia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Este estudo está organizado em três partes: primeiramente apresentaremos a articulação entre diferentes ferramentas metodológicas para reconstruir as perspectivas dos meninos e das meninas. Explicitaremos como concebemos teoricamente os meninos e as meninas, como também de que maneira os incorporamos nas nossas pesquisas. Depois, desenvolveremos as disputas sobre a adscrição étnica de e entre os meninas e as meninas, considerando que no bairro identificam-se eles mesmos e identificam os outros principalmente como “toba” e/o “não-toba”, pero também como “crioulo”, “descendentes de toba” e/o “mestiço”. Por último, apresentaremos as principais conclusões ais quais temos chegado.