Abstract Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and arginine vasopressin receptors (AVPR1a, AVPR1b, and AVPR2) are paralogous genes that emerged through duplication events; along the evolutionary timeline, owing to speciation, numerous orthologues emerged as well. In order to elucidate the evolutionary forces that shaped these four genes in placental mammals and to reveal specific aspects of their protein structures, 35 species were selected. Specifically, we investigated their molecular evolutionary history and intrinsic protein disorder content, and identified the presence of short linear interaction motifs. OXTR seems to be under evolutionary constraint in placental mammals, whereas AVPR1a, AVPR1b, and AVPR2 exhibit higher evolutionary rates, suggesting that they have been under relaxed or experienced positive selection. In addition, we describe here, for the first time, that the OXTR, AVPR1a, AVPR1b, and AVPR2 mammalian orthologues preserve their disorder content, while this condition varies among the paralogues. Finally, our results reveal the presence of short linear interaction motifs, indicating possible functional adaptations related to physiological and/or behavioral taxa-specific traits.

Microssatélites ou repetições curtas em tandem (STRs) são marcadores moleculares de relativa abundância no genoma e apresentam alto grau de polimorfismo, constituindo-se numa excelente ferramenta para a caracterização das populações. Este trabalho estimou a variabilidade genética de quatro microssatélites (BMS3013, BMS3004, HEL10 e TGLA122) em um rebanho híbrido de bovinos brasileiros (5/8 Aberdeen Angus x 3/8 Nelore), com os objetivos de verificar o efeito do cruzamento e das práticas seletivas na composição genética do rebanho e avaliar as relações genéticas destes animais com outras populações bovinas mundiais. Verificou-se uma baixa diversidade no BMS3013, mas alta variabilidade nos STRs BMS3004, HEL10 e TGLA122. No TGLA122 dois alelos novos estão sendo descritos pela primeira vez (TGLA122*155 e TGLA122*163). É possível que esses genes sejam característicos de Zebu, uma vez que não ocorrem em outras raças taurinas investigadas até o momento. Uma baixa diversidade interpopulacional foi observada entre as populações taurinas, e os agrupamentos obtidos nas filogenias baseadas no TGLA122 foram coerentes com a origem geográfica dos rebanhos. Assim, apesar do TGLA122 ser altamente polimórfico e apresentar altos níveis de diversidade intrapopulacional, ele é um marcador muito eficiente para a construção de filogenias bovinas. Detectou-se uma grande similaridade entre Brangus Ibagé e Red Angus, apesar do Brangus Ibagé ser um rebanho híbrido com 3/8 de genes Nelore. É possível que o ambiente onde esses animais vivem ou as práticas seletivas aplicadas ao rebanho estejam favorecendo o genótipo de Angus.

Microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STRs), DNA markers relatively abundant in the genome, have a high degree of polymorphism and therefore great potential for characterizing populations. The present study estimates genetic variability in a set of four microsatellites (BMS3013, BMS3004, HEL10 and TGLA122) in a Brazilian hybrid bovine breed (5/8 Aberdeen Angus x 3/8 Nelore). The objectives were to determine the effect of crossbreeding and selection in these animals' genetic diversity as well as to discover the herd's genetic relationship with that of other breeds. Low diversity was verified in BMS3013 and high diversity was detected in BMS3004, HEL10 and TGLA122. Two alleles in TGLA122 are described here for the first time (TGLA122*155 and TGLA122*163). These genes are possibly characteristics of Zebu animals since they have not been found in other taurine samples so far investigated. Low interpopulational diversity was observed among taurine cattle populations, and clusters obtained on TGLA122 phylogenetic trees agreed with the bovine herd's geographic origin. Therefore, despite TGLA122's high polymorphism and high levels of intrapopulational diversity, the system engenders consistent bovine phylogenies. We detected an intriguingly high similarity between Brangus Ibagé and Red Angus since the former is a hybrid having 3/8 of Nelore genes. Either these animals' environment or genetic selective practices applied to the breed probably favor the Angus genotype.