Abstract Background: Due to many antineoplastic drugs' toxicity and narrow therapeutic window, medication errors are a health concern in pediatric oncology patients. This study aimed to identify and classify medication errors in a pediatric inpatient chemotherapy facility and evaluate the outcomes of these medication errors. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study over 5 months in a chemotherapy facility for pediatric patients. The evaluation consisted of the review of the available medical records. The medication errors detected were manually recorded in a medical logbook. The International Classification for Patient Safety was adjusted to our clinical setting for the analysis, the terminology, and the classification system. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: A total of 286 medical records were reviewed; one type of medication error was noted in at least 97.6%, and 962 errors were identified totally, with an overall rate of 3.36 errors per visit. Most errors occurred in the documentation stage (643; 66.8%), followed by the administration stage (227; 23.6%). Of all medication errors, 37.2% had the potential to cause injury, but only five reached the patient (0.5%), and only two (0.2%) resulted in a severe harmful incident. Conclusions: Medication errors were common, especially at the documentation stage. Better documentation strategies need to be implemented to reduce the rate of near misses and prevent potential adverse events.

Resumen Introducción: Los errores de medicación son un problema de salud en niños con cáncer debido a la toxicidad y a la estrecha ventana terapéutica de muchos fármacos antineoplásicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y clasificar los errores de medicación en un centro de quimioterapia para pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados, así como evaluar los resultados de estos errores de medicación. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado durante un periodo de 5 meses en un centro de quimioterapia para pacientes pediátricos. La evaluación consistió en la revisión de las historias clínicas disponibles. Los errores de medicación detectados fueron registrados manualmente en una bitácora. Para el análisis, la terminología y el sistema de clasificación, la Clasificación Internacional para la Seguridad del Paciente se ajustó a nuestro entorno clínico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Se revisaron 286 historias clínicas; se observó un tipo de error de medicación al menos en el 97.6%. En total se identificaron 962 errores de medicación, con una tasa general de 3.36 errores por visita. En la etapa de documentación fue donde más errores ocurrieron (643; 66.8%), seguido de la etapa de administración (227; 23.6%). De todos los errores de medicación, el 37.2% tuvo el potencial de causar lesiones, pero solo cinco llegaron al paciente (0.5%) y solo dos (0.2%) provocaron un incidente dañino severo. Conclusiones: Los errores de medicación fueron comunes, especialmente en la etapa de documentación. Es necesario implementar mejores estrategias de documentación para reducir la tasa de cuasi accidentes y prevenir posibles eventos adversos.

Abstract Background: Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram negative pathogen that causes a systemic disease in mice resembling typhoid fever. During its infective cycle, S. Typhimurium is phagocytized by macrophages and proliferates inside a Salmonella containing vacuole where Salmonella is exposed and survives oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through modulation of gene expression. After exposure of Salmonella to H2O2, the expression of the porin encoding gene ompX increases, as previously shown by microarray analysis. Expression of ompX mRNA is regulated at a post transcriptional level by MicA and CyaR sRNAs in aerobiosis. In addition, sequence analysis predicts a site for OxyS sRNA in ompX mRNA. Results: In this work we sought to evaluate the transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of ompX under H2O2 stress. We demonstrate that ompX expression is induced at the transcriptional level in S . Typhimurium under such conditions. Unexpectedly, an increase in ompX gene transcript and promoter activity after challenges with H2O2 does not translate into increased protein levels in the wild type strain, suggesting that ompX mRNA is also regulated at a post transcriptional level, at least under oxidative stress. In silico gene sequence analysis predicted that sRNAs CyaR, MicA, and OxyS could regulate ompX mRNA levels. Using rifampicin to inhibit mRNA expression, we show that the sRNAs (MicA, CyaR and OxyS) and the sRNA:mRNA chaperone Hfq positively modulate ompX mRNA levels under H2O2 induced stress in Salmonella during the exponential growth phase in Lennox broth. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that ompX mRNA is regulated in response to H2O2 by the sRNAs CyaR, MicA and OxyS is Salmonella Typhimurium.

ABSTRACT Background: Hospital bed saturation has been one of the problems to solve during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, not every patient who is admitted requires close monitoring or specific therapeutics. Mild cases could be managed in the outpatient setting. Objective: Our study aimed to analyze the accuracy of the oxygen saturation/respiratory rate (sat/RR) index, NEWS2, CURB65, and quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scores to predict supplemental oxygen requirement and prolonged hospital stay in patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A prospective cohort study in an academic medical center. We compared the values of these scores according to the occurrence or not of each outcome. When differences between groups were statistically significant, the discriminatory capacity of the score for that outcome was analyzed. Results: We included 271 patients. Of them, 11.07% required supplemental oxygen, showing significantly higher values of NEWS2 score and qSOFA score, and lower values of Sat/RR index. About 38% presented prolonged hospital stay, with significantly higher values of NEWS2 score and lower values of sat/RR index. The ROC curve area under the curve (AUC) of sat/RR index to discriminate the requirement of supplemental oxygen was 0.72 (CI 95% 0.61-0.84). The ROC curve of NEWS2 and qSOFA for the same outcome was 0.75 (95% [95% CI 0.65-0.85]) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.57-0.76), respectively. The ability of the Sat/RR index to discriminate the requirement of prolonged hospitalization showed an AUC of 0.67 (95% [95% CI 0.60-0.73]). The NEWS2 score showed an AUC of 0.63 (CI 95% 0.56-0.70) for the same outcome. Conclusions: sat/RR index and NEWS2 score have a good capacity to discriminate patients at risk of clinical worsening, being the Sat/RR index simpler and easier to calculate.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Phenomena prediction through prognostic scales is a valuable tool in medical sciences nowadays and it should be included in the decision-making process. Predicting postoperative mediastinitis allows to count on resources for its prevention. Objective: To build a prognostic scale to stratify the risk of suffering from postoperative mediastinitis. Method: A case-control study for the risk factors of postoperative mediastinitis was carried out at the Cardiocentro Ernesto Guevara from Santa Clara, Cuba. After the logistic regression, the model was obtained and from it, the predictors to obtain the Cuban prognostic scale of postoperative mediastinitis PREDICMED were included and weighted, which was validated through several methods. Results: This scale was obtained, counting on six predictors and two risk strata. Its performance was analyzed through adjustment, calibration and determination of its discriminating capacity, showing good results. Internal validation was carried out through the data division method and its capacity was compared in both subsets (development and validation) showing no differences. Its good construct validity was demonstrated, since there were no differences between the predicted and the observed probabilities. Its contents validity was also analyzed by experts. Finally, its criteria validity was determined when compared with another similar scale (Medscore). PREDICMED showed a very good discriminatory capacity (area under the curve 0.962) as well as high values of sensitivity (84.62%) and specificity (92.31%). Conclusions: The Cuban prognostic scale PREDICMED, to stratify the risk of postoperative mediastinitis showed good validation parameters and it was able to stratify the risk in not high and high.

RESUMEN Introducción: La predicción de fenómenos en las ciencias médicas mediante escalas pronósticas constituye una herramienta valiosa en la actualidad y deben incluirse en el proceso de toma de decisiones. Pronosticar la mediastinitis postoperatoria permite disponer de recursos para su prevención. Objetivo: Construir una escala pronóstica para estratificar el riesgo de padecer mediastinitis postoperatoria. Método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles para los factores de riesgo de mediastinitis postoperatoria en el Cardiocentro Ernesto Guevara de Santa Clara, Cuba. Luego de la regresión logística se obtuvo el modelo y, a partir de este, se incluyeron y ponderaron los predictores para obtener la escala cubana pronóstica de mediastinitis postoperatoria: PREDICMED, que se validó por diversos métodos. Resultados: Esta escala se obtuvo con seis predictores y dos estratos de riesgo. Se analizó su rendimiento mediante ajuste, calibración y determinación de su poder discriminante, con buenos resultados. Se realizó validación interna por el método de división de datos y se comparó su capacidad en ambos subconjuntos (desarrollo y validación) sin diferencias. Se probó su buena validez de constructo, al no existir diferencias entre las probabilidades predichas y las observadas. También se analizó su validez de contenido mediante expertos. Por último, se determinó su validez de criterio al comparar con otra escala similar (MEDSCORE). PREDICMED presentó muy buena capacidad discriminatoria (área bajo la curva 0,962) y elevados valores de sensibilidad (84,62%) y especificidad (92,31%). Conclusiones: La escala pronóstica cubana PREDICMED, para estratificar el riesgo de mediastinitis postoperatoria, mostró buenos parámetros de validación y logró estratificar el riesgo en no alto y alto.

Abstract: Plants use various mechanisms to defend against pathogenic fungi attack. Some of these mechanisms include the increase of secondary metabolites, antioxidant and hydrolytic enzymes and polysaccharides that cause death or reduce the progression of pathogenic fungi. Hemileia vastatrix (coffee rust) is a biotrofo fungus that causes severe damage to coffee plantations. Occasionally, plants with rust absence of symptoms may be observed in coffee plantations. The study of these asymptomatic plants is of paramount importance for conservation and breeding of resistant germplasm to H. vastatrix. For the study, plants that did not have symptoms during the incidence of the disease were called uninfected (Ni) and those that had them infected (i). Two periods were evaluated: before and during rust infection, in Ni and i plants grown in the field under an organic production system. In this study enzymatic activity of quitinase, β-1-3 glucanase and peroxidase were determined. Additionally, total phenols, chlorogenic (3-CQA), criptochlorogenic (4-CQA), neochlorogenic (5-CQA), pherulic (AF), cafeico (AC), gallic acids and cafeine (Caf) were quantified in infected or non-infected C. arabica plants. No differences (p<0.05) were found in the concentration of 3-CQA and caffeic acid in the i and Ni plants in the two periods evaluated. The concentration of 5-CQA was 5.3 times lower in Ni plants compared to i during rust infection, however, this metabolite was not detected prior to the incidence of rust infection. The concentration of ferulic acid was higher in the Ni before infection, while the content of gallic acid in the i. Chitinase activity was higher in Ni and this activity increased during infection, glucanases was higher in i and peroxidase was higher in Ni in both periods. The results suggest that the resistance of coffee plants to rust disease is related to the presence of phenolic compounds and pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) such as chitinases, glucanases and peroxidase activities.

Resumen: Las plantas utilizan diversos mecanismos para defenderse del ataque de hongos patógenos. Algunos de estos mecanismos incluyen el aumento de metabolitos secundarios, antioxidantes, enzimas hidrolíticas y polisacáridos que causan la muerte o reducen la progresión de hongos patógenos. Hemileia vastatrix (roya del café) es un hongo biótrofo que causa graves daños a las plantaciones de café. Ocasionalmente, se pueden observar plantas con ausencia de síntomas. El estudio de estas plantas asintomáticas es de suma importancia para la conservación y mejoramiento del germoplasma resistente a H. vastatrix. Para el estudio, aquellas plantas que durante la incidencia de la enfermedad no presentaban síntomas fueron denominadas no infectadas (Ni) y las que si los presentaban como infectadas (i). Se evaluaron dos periodos: antes de la infección por roya y durante ésta, en plantas de Coffea arabica Ni e i cultivadas en campo bajo un sistema de producción orgánico. Se determinó la actividad enzimática de quitinasa, β-1-3 glucanasa y peroxidasa; además, de la cuantificación de fenoles totales, ácido clorogénico (3-CQA), ácido criptoclorogénico (4-CQA), ácido neoclorogénico (5-CQA), ácido ferúlico (AF), ácido cafeico (AC), ácido gálico (AG) y cafeína (Caf). No se encontraron diferencias (p<0.05) en la concentración de 3-CQA y ácido cafeico en las hojas de plantas i y Ni en los dos periodos evaluados. La concentración de 5-CQA fue 5.3 veces menor en plantas Ni en comparación con las i durante la infección por roya, sin embargo, este metabolito no se detectó antes de la incidencia de ésta. La concentración de ácido ferúlico fue mayor en las Ni antes de la infección, mientras que el contenido de ácido gálico en las i. La actividad de las quitinasas fue mayor en las Ni y esta actividad aumentó durante la infección, la de glucanasas fue mayor en las i y las peroxidasas fueron mayores en las Ni en los dos periodos. Los resultados sugieren que la resistencia de las plantas de café a la enfermedad por roya está relacionada por la presencia de compuestos fenólicos y proteínas relacionadas con la patogénesis (PR) como la quitinasa, glucanasa y peroxidasa.

Abstract Austral hake Merluccius australis sustain an important demersal fishery in South Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The main spawning and nursery areas are in the Chilean Patagonia, which is characterized by large inputs of freshwater from rivers and ice melting. The spatial distribution of larval austral hake M. australis was studied during spring, and the potential effects of oceanographic conditions (temperature, salinity, vertical stability and turbidity) on early life traits, derived from sagitta otolith microstructure analysis, size-at-age (SAR), individual larval growth (IGR) and bilateral asymmetry (FA6). Larval abundance ranged between 0.86 and 41.55 ind 1000 m-3 (median: 4.08 ind 1000 m-3) and population larval growth estimated by micro-increment counts of sagitta otoliths was 0.129 ± 0.010 mm d-1, with age varying from 4 to 24 days old. All three indicators derived from otolith analysis (SAR, IGR, and FA6) showed positive and significant correlations with vertical salinity gradients; IGR and FA6 were also positively correlated to Brunt-Väisälä frequency (vertical stability) and FA6 was correlated to turbidity. Therefore, larval M. australis were larger-at-age, grew faster and showed more asymmetry in areas with more influence of freshwater runoff in south Pacific Patagonia.

RESUMONo presente trabalho realizamos uma revisão das espécies da família Araceae usadas para tratar malária e seus sintomas. O objetivo foi revelar o grande número de espécies da família usadas no mundo, assim como seu potencial como fontes de produtos naturais antimaláricos. Foram consultadas as plataformas de busca SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect e Google books. Encontramos quarenta e três registros de 36 espécies e 23 generos de Aráceas usadas para tratar malária e seus sintomas. Os generos neotropicais Philodendron Schott e Anthurium Schott foram os melhor representados, úteis para o tratamento da malária, febres, problemas hepáticos e dores de cabeça. Folhas e tubérculos foram as partes mais utilizadas, enquanto a decocção foi o método de preparo mais comum. Os extratos de espécies de Araceae inibem o crescimento in vitro do parasito da malária humana, Plasmodium falciparum Welch, e concentrações inibitórias medianas (CI50) significativas foram relatadas para extratos de guaimbê-sulcado (Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott), aninga (Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott), Culcasia lancifoliaN.E. Br. e anchomanes do mato (Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.), demonstrando o potencial antimalárico e citotóxico de extratos e subfrações. No único relato sobre os componentes antimaláricos dessa família, a neolignana polisiforina e o benzoperóxido rafidecurperoxina apresentaram forte inibição das cepas D6 e W2 de Plasmodiumfalciparum in vitro (CI50 = 368-540 ng/mL). Nenhum estudo sobre a atividade antimalárica in vivo em modelo animal foi realizado com espécies da família Araceae. Mais trabalhos biomonitorados pela composição química sobre a atividade antimalárica in vitro, assim como estudos in vivo, são necessários para aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre potencial antimalárico da familia.

ABSTRACTIn the current work we performed a review of the Araceae family species traditionally used to treat malaria and its symptoms. The aim is to reveal the large number of antimalarial Araceae species used worldwide and their great unexplored potential as sources of antimalarial natural products. The SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google books search engines were consulted. Forty-three records of 36 species and 23 genera of Araceae used for malaria and symptoms treatment were found. The neotropical genera Philodendron Schott and Anthurium Schott were the best represented for the use in the treatment of malaria, fevers, liver problems and headaches. Leaves and tubers were the most used parts and decoction was the most common preparation method. The extracts of Araceae species inhibit the in vitro growth of the human malaria parasite, the Plasmodium falciparum Welch, and significant median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for extracts of guaimbê-sulcado (Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott), aninga (Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott), Culcasia lancifolia N.E. Br. and forest anchomanes (Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.) have been reported demonstrating the antimalarial and cytotoxicity potential of the extracts and sub-fractions. In the only report about the antimalarial components of this family, the neolignan polysyphorin and the benzoperoxide rhaphidecurperoxin presented strong in vitro inhibition of the D6 and W2 strains of Plasmodiumfalciparum (IC50 = 368-540 ng/mL). No live study about antimalarial activity in animal models has been conducted on a species of Araceae. More bioguided chemical composition studies about the in vitro and also thein vivo antimalarial activity of the Araceae are needed in order to enhance the knowledge about the antimalarial potential of this family.

Background: Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) are approved for urgent reversal of vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Recently, PCC have been used in the management of massive bleeding-associated coagulopathy. The present work evaluates safety and efficacy of PCC in a case series of both VKA reversal and massive bleeding. Methods: Retrospective review of cases treated with CCP (January 2010 to February 2013). Safety endpoints were infusion reactions and incidence of thromboembolic events. Efficacy endpoints were: 1) VKA reversal efficacy and 2) Massive bleeding coagulopathy reversal and 24h mortality. Results: Thirty-one patients were included (22 male), median age 61 years (range 30-86). No infusion reactions were detected, and only 1 thrombotic episode was observed. VKA reversal was effective in 100% of patients (6/6), all of them with complete reversal of INR value. In massive bleeding, 24-hour survival was 64% (16/25). Invasive hemostatic procedures were required in 28% of patients (7/25). CCP use was correlated with bleeding control in 44% of cases (11/25), and also significantly associated with survival (p=0.01). Conclusion: CCP are safe and effective for the novel indication of adjuvant treatment in massive bleeding patients, as well as for traditional urgent reversal of VKA.

Fundamento: Los concentrados de factores del complejo protrombínico (CCP) están indicados para reversión del efecto de antagonistas de vitamina K (AVK). Recientemente se han utilizado en el manejo de la coagulopatía de la hemorragia masiva. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la seguridad y eficacia del CCP en dos situaciones clínicas, para reversión de AVK y manejo integral de la hemorragia masiva. Material y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de los casos tratados con CCP entre enero de 2010 y febrero de 2013 en un único centro universitario. El objetivo primario fue la seguridad de administración del CCP en cuanto a reacciones inmediatas y episodios trombóticos. El objetivo secundario fue la eficacia, en 2 grupos: 1) Reversión de AVK y 2) Corrección de coagulopatía en hemorragia masiva. Resultados: El análisis de seguridad incluyó 31 pacientes (22 varones), edad mediana 61 años (rango 30-86). No se registraron reacciones adversas durante la infusión y solo se observó un evento trombótico. La eficacia en la reversión de AVK fue del 100% (6/6 pacientes), alcanzando normalización del INR en todos los pacientes. En hemorragia masiva, la supervivencia a las 24 horas fue 64% (16/25). Se requirieron procedimientos invasivos adicionales en 28% de los pacientes (7/25). El uso de CCP se asoció a cese de hemorragia en 44% de los pacientes (11/25), que correlacionó positivamente con la supervivencia (p=0,01). Conclusión: El uso de CCP es una alternativa segura y eficaz, para la reversión urgente del efecto de AVK, así como para el control de sangrado en situación de hemorragia masiva.

One of the aims of Forensic Medicine is the assessment of injuries suffered by patients on different situations (i.e., traffic collisions, work accidents, physical aggression, etc.). The use of complementary tests has always been a key factor for an objective assessment of those injuries' consequences and our expert reports should include all required evidences to prove the residual symptoms reported by patients. One of the most controversial issues has been and continues to be the verifying referred pain by our patients. In that sense infrared thermography has become a useful tool in the assessment of painful processes allowing us to identify pathophysiological changes in the internal environment that can prove the painful condition. In addition to its multiple medical applications, its use is currently regulated and standardized by scientific associations that ensure the compliance of quality standards. In order to introduce and spread the use of this complementary test in the forensic field, we report a case on which the use of infrared thermography allowed to identify abnormalities in thermal equilibrium of chewing muscles on a patient that reported right temporomandibular joint pain after suffering a moderate to severe head injury.

Uno de los objetos de estudio de la Medicina Legal y Forense es la evaluación de las lesiones causadas a las personas en distintas circunstancias: accidentes de tráfico, accidentes laborales, agresiones físicas... La utilización de pruebas complementarias ha sido, es y seguirá siendo un pilar fundamental para la valoración objetiva de las consecuencias que estas lesiones tienen en quien las sufre. Nuestros informes periciales deben aportar las pruebas necesarias con el fin de justificar la sintomatología residual referida por los lesionados. Uno de los puntos más polémicos es la objetivación del dolor referido por los lesionados. En este sentido, la termografía infrarroja (TIR) se ha convertido en una herramienta complementaria muy útil para la evaluación de los procesos dolorosos, permitiendo identificar alteraciones fisiopatológicas del medio interno que justifican la clínica dolorosa manifestada por los pacientes. Sus aplicaciones médicas son múltiples y actualmente su uso se encuentra regulado y estandarizado por sociedades científicas que velan por el control de la calidad de los estudios. Con el fin de introducir y divulgar la utilización de esta prueba complementaria en el ámbito médico legal, exponemos un caso en que la TIR permitió la identificación de alteraciones en el equilibrio térmico de los músculos masticatorios en una paciente que refería dolor en la articulación temporomandibular derecha tras un traumatismo craneoencefálico moderado-grave.

We provide constraints on the inclination angle of the H I disk of the dwarf irregular galaxy Holmberg II (Ho II) from a stability analysis of the outer gaseous disk. We point out that a mean inclination angle of 27° and thus a flat circular velocity of ≈60 km s-1, is required to have a level of gravitational stability similar to that found in other galaxies. Adopting this inclination angle, we find that Ho II lies on the right location in the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation. Moreover, for this inclination, its rotation curve is consistent with MOND. However, the corresponding analysis of the stability under MOND indicates that this galaxy could be problematic for MOND because its outer parts are marginally unstable in this gravity theory. We urge MOND simulators to study numerically the non-linear stability of gas-rich dwarf galaxies since this may provide a new key test for MOND.

Damos restricciones al ángulo de inclinación del disco de H I de la galaxia irregular enana Holmberg II (Ho II) a partir de un análisis de la estabilidad gravitacional del disco de gas en las partes externas. Encontramos que se requiere un ángulo de inclinación medio de 27° y, por lo tanto, una velocidad circular en su parte plana de ≈60 km s-1, para tener un grado de estabilidad similar al que tienen otras galaxias. Para esa inclinación, Ho II cae en la posición correcta en la relación de Tully-Fisher bariónica y, además, su curva de rotación es congruente con MOND. Sin embargo, el análisis de estabilidad correspondiente indica que esta galaxia podría ser problemática para MOND porque las partes externas de esta galaxia serían marginalmente inestables bajo esa teoría de gravedad. Se requieren simulaciones numéricas de las galaxias enanas ricas en gas para ver la factibilidad de MOND.

Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) from previous linkage studies was performed on pig chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 8, 17, and X which were known to harbor QTL. Traits were divided into: growth performance, carcass, internal organs, cut yields, and meat quality. Fifty families were used of a F2 population produced by crossing local Brazilian Piau boars with commercial sows. The linkage map consisted of 237 SNP and 37 microsatellite markers covering 866 centimorgans. QTL were identified by regression interval mapping using GridQTL. Individual marker effects were estimated by Bayesian LASSO regression using R. In total, 32 QTL affecting the evaluated traits were detected along the chromosomes studied. Seven of the QTL were known from previous studies using our F2 population, and 25 novel QTL resulted from the increased marker coverage. Six of the seven QTL that were significant at the 5% genome-wide level had SNPs within their confidence interval whose effects were among the 5% largest effects. The combined use of microsatellites along with SNP markers increased the saturation of the genome map and led to smaller confidence intervals of the QTL. The results showed that the tested models yield similar improvements in QTL mapping accuracy.

Oxygen abundances have been determined for a total of 15 late-type spiral galaxies. The intensities of the emission lines were determined from the spectra retrieved from the SDSS data-base. Only three galaxies have abundances previously reported in the literature. For four of them the forbidden oxygen line was detected in the spectra but the Te determined for three of them is larger than 20,000 K. The chemical abundances for the other galaxies were determined with semi-empirical methods. The values indicate that, in general, the oxygen abundance of dS galaxies is smaller than for Sm ones.

Se ha determinado la abundancia de oxígeno para una muestra de 15 galaxias espirales tardías, tanto enanas (dS) como Sm normales. Los espectros se han obtenido de la base de datos del SDSS. Excepto tres de estas galaxias, el resto no tiene determinaciones previas de su contenido químico. La línea prohibida del oxígeno a 4363 Å no se pudo detectar excepto para cuatro galaxias. La abundancia para las otras galaxias se determinó usando los métodos semi-empíricos. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de las galaxias dS tienen abundancias menores que la solar mientras que las Sm pueden tener abundancias mayores.

Period of insect activity is a parameter that has been shown to be of great usefulness at the moment of making approximations to different chronological phenomena related to cadaveric decomposition. We expose the case of human remains found at the ending of January 2011 in the shore of a reservoir in the province of Granada. Because of the zone in which the remains were recovered, saponification in the dorsal area of the thorax, feet and hands maceration, submersion and a later emersion of the remains were immediately suspected. After collecting the entomological evidences, it was possible to determine that they were consisting of different developmental stages larvae of Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758), being the most aged ones recovered from the corpse corresponding to the larva III postfeeding developmental stage. From the statistical treatment of the meteorological data registered in two nearby agroclimatic stations and the knowledge of development and distribution of this necrophagous specie, it was possible to estimate that the minimum time elapsed from the moment when body emerged from the water until it was recovered was of 22 days. Diptera of the species previously mentioned is compatible with the biogeographic zone where the corpse was found.

El período de actividad de los insectos es un parámetro que ha demostrado ser de gran utilidad a la hora de realizar aproximaciones a distintos fenómenos cronológicos relacionados con la descomposición cadavérica. Exponemos el caso de un cadáver hallado a finales de enero de 2011 en la orilla de un embalse en la provincia de Granada. Por la zona en la que se recuperaron los restos, la presencia de saponificación en la parte dorsal del tórax y la maceración de manos y pies, se sospechó inmediatamente de una sumersión de los restos y posterior emersión de los mismos. Tras recoger las evidencias entomológicas, se pudo determinar que consistían en larvas en diferentes fases de desarrollo de Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758), siendo las más antiguas recogidas en el cadáver las larvas en fase de desarrollo III migratoria. A partir del tratamiento estadístico de la información meteorológica recogida en dos estaciones agroclimáticas cercanas y del conocimiento del desarrollo y de la distribución de esta especie necrófaga, se pudo estimar que el tiempo mínimo que transcurrió desde que el cuerpo emergió del agua hasta que se encontró fue de 22 días. El díptero de la especie antes mencionada es compatible con la zona biogeográfica donde fue hallado el cadáver.

The importance of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. A proportion show a hereditary component, as in Lynch syndrome and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, and a recently defined entity as well, namely, Familial Colorectal Cancer type X. The high probability to develop CRC in these groups may, at the time of recognition, change surgical management, including its timing or even the surgical technique. In some cases prophylactic surgery can play an important role. The possibility of using tools that allow recognition of the aforementioned syndromes, including microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry for DNA mismatch repair system proteins, and especially their mutations, is on the basis of therapeutic strategies that differ from those employed in sporadic CRC cases.

Fifty-seven year old patient with open medial dislocation of the left talus, with suprasyndesmotic fracture of the fibula, due to indirect traumatism. The following were carried out: washing, cleaning the talus and the soft parts, Friedrich, reduction, fixing with Kirschner needles, suture of the deltoid ligament, and osteosynthesis of the fibula. There were neither surface nor deep post-operational infections. The patient underwent six weeks of immobilisation and spent three months on discharge. Two years later there were no radiological signs of avascular necrosis. In the osseous gammagraphy carried out 18 months after the lesion, partial avascular necrosis of the talus was observed. Three years after the lesion, the patient was able to carry out a normal life, without pain in repose but with pain whilst moving, and mobility with limitation of dorsoinflection (-20º). Five and a half years after the lesion, the patient presented sinking of the talar dome due to avascular necrosis, with painful symptomatology whilst moving, and tibiofibular distal diastasis, which required ankle arthrodesis.

Paciente de 57 años con enucleación abierta medial del astrágalo izquierdo, con fractura suprasindesmal de peroné, por traumatismo indirecto. Se realizó lavado, limpieza del astrágalo y partes blandas, Friedrich, reducción, fijación con agujas de kirschner, sutura del ligamento deltoideo y osteosíntesis del peroné. No hubo infección superficial ni profunda postoperatoria. Permaneció seis semanas de inmovilización y tres meses en descarga. Dos años después no había signos radiológicos de necrosis avascular. En gammagrafía ósea realizada a los 18 meses de la lesión se observaba necrosis avascular parcial astragalina. Tres años después de la lesión realizaba vida normal, sin dolor en reposo pero sí a la marcha y movilidad con limitación de la dorsiflexión (-20º). Cinco años y medio después de la lesión presentaba hundimiento de cúpula astragalina por la necrosis avascular con sintomatología dolorosa a la marcha y diástasis tibio-peronea distal, que requirió realizar artrodesis tibio-astragalina.