Resumo A Constituição Federal de 1988 atribuiu aos Estados e ao Distrito Federal um papel de protagonismo na governança das águas subterrâneas, contudo, faltam estudos que avaliem a forma como esses entes conduzem o processo na perspectiva das políticas públicas nacionais. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as obrigações jurídicas nacionais relacionadas à governança dessas águas e construir uma ferramenta que permita avaliar se elas foram incorporadas e aplicadas pelos Estados. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise documental e a realização de entrevistas. A legislação federal garantiu um standard de mecanismos para a gestão estadual, a partir dos quais foi possível estruturar o Sistema de Avaliação de Governança das Águas Subterrâneas (Sagas), composto por 48 indicadores principais e 25 subordinados. O Sagas é um esforço metodológico que visa criar um indicador jurídico que gere dados comparáveis e sistematizados sobre esse ambiente de governança estadual, permitindo identificar as fragilidades da gestão.

Abstract The 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution granted a leading role in groundwater governance to the states and the Federal District. However, there are no studies evaluating how these entities conducted this process from a national public policy perspective. The present article aims to identify national legal obligations related to groundwater governance and develop a tool to determine whether the states have appropriately implemented them. Our methodology includes document analysis and interviews. The federal legislation provided standard mechanisms for state management, allowing for structuring a Groundwater Governance Assessment System (SAGAS: the acronym in Portuguese) that comprises 48 primary and 25 secondary indicators. SAGAS is a methodological effort to create a legal indicator to generate comparable and systematized data on states’ environment of governance to help identify management weaknesses.

Resumen La Constitución Federal de 1988 asignó a los Estados y al Distrito Federal un rol protagónico en la gobernanza del agua subterránea, sin embargo, faltan estudios que evalúen como estas entidades conducen ese proceso desde la perspectiva de las políticas federales. Este artículo pretende identificar las obligaciones jurídicas federales relacionadas con la gobernanza de estas aguas y construir una herramienta que permita evaluar si han sido incorporadas y aplicadas por los Estados. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis de documentos y entrevistas. La legislación federal garantizó un estándar de mecanismos de gestión estatal, a partir de los cuales se estructuro el Sistema de Evaluación de la Gobernanza de Aguas Subterráneas (SAGAS), compuesto por 48 indicadores principales y 25 subordinados. SAGAS es un esfuerzo metodológico que idealiza un indicador jurídico que genere datos comparables y sistematizados sobre el ambiente de la gobernanza en los Estados, permitiendo identificar las debilidades de la gestión.

Aim Assessing the intracoronal bleaching effectiveness of an experimental chlorine dioxide product, based on the walking bleach technique. Methods Extracted bovine incisors were artificially stained with bovine blood and filled with zinc phosphate cement at cementoenamel junction level. Teeth were divided into 3 groups (n=10): (SP) sodium perborate added with distilled water, (CD) chlorine dioxide and (C) control – dry cotton inserted into the pulp chamber. Bleaching agents were used at 0, 7 and 14 days. VITA Easyshadetm (∆Eab) was used to analyze tooth color at the 7th, 14th and 21st days, based on the CIE2000 system. Data were analyzed through ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results There were no statistically significant differences in Δb, ΔE, ΔE00 and ΔWID between CD and the control group. These parameters have shown significant differences between CD and SP, which differed from the control. However, they did not show significant differences either in the control group or in CD at the 7th, 14th and 21st days. Values recorded for SP at the 7th day differed from those recorded at the 14th and 21st days. Δa has shown differences within the same group at the 7th, 14th and 21st days. There was no difference between groups, when they were compared at the same day (7th and 14th). The control group differed from SP at the 21st day. CD did not differ from the other two groups. ΔL did not show differences between groups and times. Conclusion Stabilized chlorine dioxide (0.07%, at pH 3.5) should not be used as intracoronal bleaching agent along with the walking bleach technique.

Abstract In Brazil, there are about 2.5 million tubular wells in which 88% of them are illegal, extracting more than 17,580 Mm3/yr. This irregular use may cause sustainability issues that may be economic, social, or environmental (overexploitation, well losses and associated increases of water conflicts; aquifer contamination; and land subsidence). This paper aims to address the illegal wells in Brazil and discuss measures to minimize it. Conclusions indicate that users do not understand the aquifer dynamic and, therefore, do not have a proper understanding of problems such as loss of water quality and quantity caused by the excess of groundwater exploitation. This creates a false idea that there are no water conflicts among users, which causes a lack of engagement by society. Without groundwater users and stakeholder pressure, the government does not aim to control or close illegal wells, and the “vicious cycle” persists. The one way to break this “vicious cycle” would be programs of social communication and users’ participation, coupled with improvements to the control apparatus and inspection from State institutions, making sure that there is correct management and not only legislations that are not applied.

Abstract Urban centers radically alter hydrological cycles, causing unintended consequences for the environment, such as the creation of extensive contamination plumes in unconfined aquifers. The Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo has observed this issue since 1994. Therefore, this study aimed to create a method using nitrate as an indicator of contamination that permits an assertive interpretation of changes in the groundwater quality in monitoring wells of regional networks. The method was applied in ten cities with monitoring wells in the Bauru Aquifer System. The results correlated the presence of nitrate with the time and dynamics of land use in the capture zones of the wells over 54 years (1962-2016). In areas with sewer networks installed before 2001 and urban occupation greater than 60% of urban occupation in the capture zones, there was an increase in nitrate concentration of at least 35%. Likewise, extending this new method to other wells will make it possible to identify the causes of nitrate and other contaminants in the groundwater-monitoring network in the State of São Paulo.

Abstract This study assessed the relationship between the recharge of the unconfined sedimentary Adamantina Aquifer and its discharge into the Batalha River in a small basin of 125 km2 that drains the municipalities of Bauru, Agudos and Piratininga (SP, Brazil). According to the Eckhardt Flow Separation Filters and Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure methods, the recharge was 312.6 mm/yr and 232.0 mm/yr, respectively; and 286.2 mm/yr to the modified-Thornthwaite method for the 2000–2018 period. Recharge values prone to converge as more extended periods are analyzed (ideally 18 years) because the sensitivities to a specific parameter tend to be mitigated over time. With the integration of the methods, we established how changes in land-use impact the aquifer recharge and, thus, the discharges and the behavior of the river’s recession curve. Areas used to cultivate sugar cane (193 mm/yr), eucalyptus (150 mm/yr), or to urbanization (72 mm/yr) exert control over aquifer recharge even more than topography or type of soil. The combined and integrated use of three simple techniques allows them to be used for land-use planning and assessment of water availability in small hydrographic basins when hydrological data are scarce.

ABSTRACT: The integrated analysis of geophysical loggings for identifying transmissive fractures has had a limited use in Brazil, although a large number of studies have been conducted so far throughout the world. The application of those tools has gained a crescent importance as they are needed for characterizing groundwater contamination in fractured rock aquifers at a great number of industrial sites worldwide and in Brazil. This paper presents the analysis of data collected by caliper, optical televiewer (OPTV), acoustic televiewer (ATV) and flowmeter loggings in four deep supply wells located in the industrial area of Jurubatuba, city of São Paulo. Five fracture sets (G1 through G5) were identified based on OPTV and ATV borehole loggings. The main fracture set (G1), NE-striking with low to intermediate dip, is subparallel to the foliation, being at great extent the result of the reactivation of this previous discontinuity. Fractures on ATV and OPTV images were visually classified with regard to flow evidence, and a positive correlation between high flow evidence and significant flow rate, measured by a flowmeter, was identified. On the other hand, the majority of fractures with insignificant, low or intermediate flow evidence are located in depth intervals with no significant flow rate. Fractures that belong to G1 are of major importance for flow, as in 9 of the 16 intervals with significant flow, they are the only fractures present. Data were inconclusive regarding transmissivity of high dip fractures, because few of them were intercepted by the well boreholes. However, there is evidence that subvertical fractures of sets G3 and G5, NE and NW striking, respectively, are also transmissive, which corroborates outcrop observations. Although geophysical loggings are essential to identify the most important segments of boreholes for water input and output, and to collect detailed data of low dip fracture sets at greater depths, the structural geology characterization of fractured aquifers cannot rely on borehole geophysical loggings alone. For proposing realistic conceptual models of the fracture network, data from boreholes should be complemented with data from large rock exposures (quarries), in order to describe geometrical parameters, such as spacing, length, and physical connectivity of low, intermediate and high dip fractures, as well as evidence of flow along individual fractures.

Resumo As águas subterrâneas são um recurso imprescindível para a sociedade e o meio ambiente no Brasil. Mais de 557 m3/s (17.5 km3/a) são extraídos através de 2.5 milhões de poços para atender a demanda nas cidades e no campo, gerando uma economia de R$ 56 bilhões ao ano (US$ 14 bilhões/ano). O aquífero tem função impar no ciclo hidrológico, pois seu gigantesco armazenamento regula a perenidade de rios, lagos e mantém mangues, pântanos e a vegetação em épocas secas. Mais de 24% (média anual) a 49% (período de estiagem) da vazão desses corpos hídricos é mantida pela descarga de aquíferos. Embora os estudos sobre a qualidade de suas águas seja ainda restrita, sabe-se que a maior parte dos aquíferos ainda preserva sua excelente qualidade natural. Mais recentemente, tem-se visto o crescente aumento dos casos de contaminação, associadas a: (i) anomalias naturais geoquímicas (ferro, manganês, flúor e, secundariamente, cromo, bário e arsênico), devido à dissolução de minerais específicos; e (ii) atividades humanas contaminantes, relacionadas a áreas urbanas sem rede de esgoto ou com atividades industriais, armazenamento de produtos perigosos e deposição de resíduos sólidos. Dentre os compostos antrópicos comumente manipulados, os mais problemáticos correspondem aos solventes organoclorados e metais pesados e, para áreas sem rede de esgoto, o nitrato. O precário conhecimento da situação da qualidade dos aquíferos, sobretudo em cidades, demonstra a necessidade de se investir em projetos de pesquisa e mapeamento hidrogeológicos permanentes e sistemáticos, que levem à melhoria das práticas de proteção da qualidade das águas subterrâneas.

Abstract Groundwater is an essential resource for society and the environment in Brazil. More than 557 m3/s (17.5 km3/y) are extracted through 2.5 million wells to meet demand in cities and the countryside, generating an economy of R$ 56 billion per year (US$ 14 billion/year). The aquifer has a remarkable function in the hydrological cycle because its large storage regulates the perenniality of rivers, lakes and preserves mangroves, marshes, and vegetation in dry periods. Aquifer discharges maintain between 24% (annual average) and 49% (dry season) of the flow of these surface water bodies. Although studies on groundwater quality are still restricted, it is known that most aquifers still preserve their excellent natural quality. Nevertheless, over the past years, there has been a growing increase in cases of contamination associated with: (i) natural geochemical anomalies (iron, manganese, and fluorine, secondarily, chromium, and barium, and rarely arsenic) due to the dissolution of specific minerals; and (ii) human contaminant activities, related to urban areas without sewage network, or with industrial activities, storage of hazardous products, and solid waste facilities. Among the anthropic compounds commonly handled, the most problematic are the chlorinated organic solvents and heavy metals, and in non-sewage areas, nitrate. The precarious knowledge of aquifer-quality, especially in cities, demonstrates the need to invest in regular and systematic hydrogeological research and mapping projects that drive to the improvement of the practices on aquifer quality protection.

RESUMO Objetivos: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar se a descompressão simples da cabeça femoral nos estágios iniciais da osteonecrose da cabeça femoral melhora a percepção subjetiva da dor dos pacientes e se evita a progressão da doença para o colapso da cabeça femoral e a indicação final de artroplastia total do quadril. Métodos: Foram avaliados 18 pacientes (30 quadris) em estágios iniciais da doença (Ficat e Arlet 1 e 2 A) por critérios clínicos, radiológicos, manutenção dos fatores de risco e pela escala funcional de Merle D'Aubigné e Postel antes e após a descompressão simples da cabeça femoral. Resultados: Houve melhoria dos sintomas precocemente (até o sexto mês) em 83,3% dos quadris avaliados pela escala de Merle D'Aubigné e Postel. No entanto, 73,3% dos casos evoluíram com colapso da cabeça femoral e em 50% deles foi indicada artroplastia total do quadril, independentemente da manutenção ou não dos fatores de risco. Conclusões: A descompressão simples da cabeça femoral melhora a dor dos pacientes precocemente nos estágios iniciais da patologia. Entretanto, não altera o prognóstico da doença e a indicação final de artroplastia total do quadril nos estágios finais da doença.

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study is aimed at evaluating whether core decompression of the femoral head in the early stages of femoral head osteonecrosis improves patients' subjective perception of pain and avoids the progression of the disease to a femoral head collapse and a final indication of total hip arthroplasty. Methods: Eighteen patients (30 hips) in the early stages of the disease (Ficat and Arlet 1 and 2A) were evaluated through clinical, radiological, risk factor maintenance, and by the functional Merle D'Aubigné, and Postel score before and after core decompression of the femoral head. Results: There was an improvement of symptoms up to the sixth month in 83.3% of the hips evaluated through the Merle D'Aubigné and Postel score. However, 73.3% of the cases evolved with femoral head collapse, and in 50%, total hip arthroplasty was indicated regardless of whether or not the risk factors were maintained. Conclusions: Core decompression of the femoral head improves patients' pain early in the initial stages of the pathology. However, it does not alter the prognosis and the ultimate indication of total hip arthroplasty in the final stages of the disease.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study has investigated the association between low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) 4037C>T polymorphism and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) susceptibility in a Brazilian population. Subjects and methods: A total number of 134 T1DM patients and 180 normoglycemic individuals (NG) aged 6-20 years were studied. Glycated hemoglobin and glucose levels were determined. Genotyping of LRP5 4037C>T (rs3736228) was performed. Results: T1DM patients showed poor glycemic control. Genotypes in the codominant (CT: OR = 2.99 [CI 95%: 1.71-5.24], p < 0.001; TT: OR = 5.34 [CI 95%: 1.05-2702], p < 0.001), dominant (CT + TT: OR = 3.16 [CI 95%: 1.84-5.43], p < 0.001) and log-additive (OR = 2.78 [CI 95%: 1.70-4.52], p < 0.001) models, and LRP5 4037T allele (OR = 2.88, [CI 95%: 1.78-4.77], p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of developing T1DM. LRP5 4037CT and CT+TT carriers in T1DM group showed higher concentrations of serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin when compared with CC carriers. Conclusion: The LRP5 4037C>T may represent a candidate for T1DM susceptibility, as well as poor glycemic control.

This study evaluated the effect of chlorhexidine dentin treatment on shear bond strength (SBS) of adhesive systems after different storages. The work included 144 third molars that had their dentin exposed and were divided in 6 groups: G1 (ASB+CHX: Adper Scotchbond 1XT + chlorhexidine 2 % prior Primer); G2(ASB); G3 (APP+CHX: Adper Prompt L-Pop + CHX); G4(APP); G5 (SBU+CHX: Single Bond Universal + CHX); and G6(SBU). Resin build-up was performed and teeth were subdivided regarding storage times (n=8): 72 h, 3 and 6 months. Next, SBS test was performed. At 72 hours, all equivalent groups (same adhesive system, different dentin treatment) showed no significant difference in SBS (P.05). Self-etch adhesive groups (with or without CHX) presented lower SBS compared to other systems (P.05). After 3 and 6 months, all CHX-treated groups presented significantly higher SBS compared to equivalent non-treated groups (P.05). For both storage times, Single Bond Universal presented the highest SBS values within the same dentin treatment (P.05), while Adper Scotchbond and Adper Prompt-L-Pop were not significantly different among them, also within the same dentin treatments [3 months (with CHX: P=.966; without: P=.958) and 6 months (with CHX: P =.887; without: P=.990)]. CHX Dentin disinfection is indicated for all classes of adhesives studied.

Este estudio evaluó el efecto del tratamiento de la dentina con clorhexidina sobre la resistencia al cizallamiento (SBS) de sistemas adhesivos después de diferentes almacenamientos. Se removió el esmalte oclusal a 144 terceros molares y se dejó su dentina media expuesta, posteriormente se dividieron al azar en 6 grupos: G1 (ASB + CHX: Adper Scotchbond 1XT + clorhexidina 2 % antes del Primer); G2 (ASB); G3 (APP + CHX: L-Pop + CHX de Adper); G4 (APP); G5 (SBU + CHX: Single Bond Universal + CHX); y G6 (SBU). Se realizó la aplicación de la resina compuesta y se subdividieron los grupos con respecto a los tiempos de almacenamiento (n = 8): 72h, 3 y 6 meses. A continuación, se realizó la prueba SBS. A las 72 horas, todos los grupos equivalentes (el mismo sistema adhesivo, diferentes tratamientos de dentina) no mostraron diferencias significativas en los valores de SBS (P.05). Los grupos de adhesivo de auto-grabado (con o sin CHX) presentaron valores de SBS más bajos en comparación con otros sistemas (P.05). Después de 3 y 6 meses, todos los grupos tratados con CHX presentaron valores de SBS significativamente mayores en comparación con los grupos no tratados equivalentes (P.05). Para ambos tiempos de almacenamiento, Single Bond Universal presentó los valores de SBS más altos dentro del mismo tratamiento dentinario (P.05), mientras que el Adper Scotchbond y el Adper Prompt-L-Pop no fueron significativamente diferentes entre ellos, también dentro de los mismos tratamientos dentinarios 3 meses (con CHX: P = .966, sin: P = .958) y 6 meses (con CHX: P = .887; sin: P = .990). La desinfección de la dentina con CHX está indicada para todas las clases de adhesivos estudiados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) dentin treatment on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of adhesive systems in different storage times. Occlusal enamel was removed from ninety third-molars and flat surfaces of middle dentin were exposed. Teeth were randomly divided in 6 groups according to adhesive system (etch-and-rinse : Adper Scotchbond 1XT - ASB ; self-etch: Adper Prompt L-Pop APP; and universal: Single Bond Universal - SBU) and chlorhexidine (CHX) dentin treatment (2 % CHX application for 20 s prior Primer). After resin composite build up, teeth were sectioned to obtain beam specimens and divided in 3 subgroups (n=5): 72h, 3 and 6 months storage times. After the storage times, teeth were tested in tension until failure (0.5 mm/min). SEM was performed to observe hybrid layer of adhesive systems. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. At 72 h, all equivalent groups (same adhesive system, different dentin treatments) maintained their µTBS when compared CHX-treatment. At 3 and 6 months, non-treated CHX groups showed less µTBS than CHX-treated ones. Six months storage time did not significantly decrease µTBS, except for G2-ASB. The effect of CHX on dentin µTBS depends on storage times and adhesive systems. While immediate µTBS was not affected by CHX treatment, CHX improved dentin µTBS after 3 and 6 months.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del tratamiento con clorhexidina (CHX) de la dentina sobre la resistencia de la unión microtensil (mTBS) de los sistemas adhesivos en diferentes tiempos de almacenamiento. Se retiró el esmalte oclusal de noventa terceros molares y se expusieron superficies planas de la dentina media. Los dientes se dividieron al azar en 6 grupos de acuerdo con el sistema adhesivo (con grabado ácido: Adper Scotchbond 1XT-ASB, auto-grabado: Adper Prompt L-Pop-APP y universal: Single Bond Universal- SBU) y el tratamiento de la dentina con clorhexidina (CHX) (aplicación de CHX al 2 % 20 s antes del Primer). Después de la aplicación de la resina compuesta, los dientes fueron seccionados para obtener muestras en forma de barras y divididos en 3 subgrupos (n = 5) con tiempos de almacenamiento de 72 h, 3 y 6 meses. Después de los tiempos de almacenamiento, los dientes se sometieron a tensión hasta la fractura (0,5 mm / min). SEM se realizó para observar la capa híbrida de sistemas adhesivos. Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA unidireccional y pruebas de Tukey. A las 72 h, todos los grupos equivalentes (el mismo sistema adhesivo, diferentes tratamientos de dentina) mantuvieron su mTBS cuando se comparó el tratamiento CHX. A los 3 y 6 meses, los grupos CHX no tratados mostraron menos mTBS que los tratados con CHX. Seis meses de tiempo de almacenamiento no disminuyó significativamente el mTBS, excepto para el G2-ASB. El efecto de CHX sobre la dentina mTBS depende del tiempo de almacenamiento y de los sistemas adhesivos. Mientras que el mTBS inmediato no se vio afectado por el tratamiento con CHX, CHX mejoró la mTBS a dentina después de 3 y 6 meses.

ABSTRACT Transmissivity is an important hydraulic parameter to determine the amount of water passed horizontally across a given saturated thickness of an aquifer. The techniques to quantify this parameter, such as grain size analyses or pumping tests, can have limitations of time/spatial scale, viability, or economically. One technique that can be used, but little adopted, is the capture zone analysis. In this paper, capture zone analytical equations were used to estimate transmissivity values in order to verify the effectiveness of this methodology as alternative in situations where other traditional methods present implementation difficulties. The results were compared with field data estimated by aquifer tests conducted in the same region. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify possible discrepancies between the analytical and field data results. The aquifer studied was the Sete Lagoas Karst Aquifer in the urban region of the municipality of Sete Lagoas, Brazil. The method proved to be a viable and economical tool, where the analytical values compared to the aquifer tests showed similarities, being confirmed by a sensitivity analysis. However, a reliable potentiometric surface map, which enables the identification of the parameters for analytical capture zone equations, is needed.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the bone mineral density (BMD) of patients with type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We also assessed the association between osteoprotegerin (OPG) genetic polymorphisms and BMD. Genotyping was performed for 1181G>C and 163A>G OPG polymorphisms by allelic discrimination in 119 patients with T1DM and 161 normoglycemic (NG) individuals, aged 6 to 20 years old. Glycemic control, serum parameters of bone metabolism and BMD were evaluated. T1DM patients showed low BMD, poor glycemic control and decreased total calcium values when compared to controls (p < 0.05). For all the polymorphisms studied, the genotype and allele frequencies in patients with T1DM were not significantly different from the controls. In patients with T1DM, carriers of OPG 1181CC showed higher concentrations of ionized calcium compared to patients with GG+GC genotypes. These results suggest that low BMD is associated with poor glycemic control in T1DM. Despite the lack of a detected association between OPG polymorphisms and BMD in these patients, the increased ionized calcium in those carrying OPG 1181CC suggests a possible increase in osteoclastogenesis, a conclusion that may be supported by the lower BMD observed in these subjects.