ABSTRACT: Hemoptysis associated with respiratory disorders are some findings of caudal vena cava thrombosis (CVCT) in cattle. Nevertheless, CVCT may be accompanied by a broad spectrum of clinical signs and gross lesions. This study reported the frequency of CVCT in cattle necropsied in Southern Brazil and described its clinical signs, as well as pathological findings. From a total of 1,976 postmortem examination reports in cattle in Southern Brazil, there were 30 cases (1.5%) of CVCT. In the clinical evaluation, the main clinical course was chronic (13/30), followed by peracute (7/30), acute (4/30), and subacute (5/30). Hemoptysis (17/30), dyspnea (8/30), and anorexia or hyporexia (7/30) were the most reported clinical signs. Septic thrombophlebitis of the caudal vena cava (24/30), hepatic abscesses (24/30), pulmonary hemorrhage (23/30), and embolic pneumonia (19/30) were the main lesions observed at the necropsy. We concluded that CVCT is a relevant cause of death in bovines from Santa Catarina state, mainly in adult dairy cows. The disease is characterized by a wide range of clinical signs and lesions, requiring attention from veterinarians for the correct diagnosis. Furthermore, the association between the clinical history, clinical signs, and lesions is essential for the diagnosis of CVCT in cattle.

RESUMO: Hemoptise associada a sinais respiratórios são achados típicos de tromboembolismo da veia cava caudal (TVCC) em bovinos. Todavia, o TVCC pode estar acompanhado de um amplo espectro de sinais clínicos e lesões macroscópicas. Esse estudo tem por objetivo relatar a frequência do diagnóstico de TVCC em bovinos necropsiados no sul do Brasil e descrever os sinais clínicos, assim como achados patológicos dessa condição. De um total de 1.976 exames post-mortem realizados em bovinos no Sul do Brasil, 30 casos de TVCC foram diagnosticados (1,5%). No exame clínico, o principal curso clínico observado foi crônico (13/30), seguido do hiperagudo (7/30), agudo (4/30) e subagudo (5/30), em um caso o histórico clínico não foi fornecido. Hemoptise (17/30), dispneia (8/30) e anorexia ou hiporexia (7/30) foram os sinais clínicos mais comumente relatados. Tromboflebite séptica da veia cava caudal (24/30), abscessos hepáticos (24/30), hemorragia pulmonar (23/30) e pneumonia embólica (19/30) foram as principais lesões observadas na necropsia. Com esse trabalho conclui-se que TVCC é uma causa relevante de morte em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina, principalmente em vacas leiteiras adultas. A doença é caracterizada por uma variedade de sinais clínicos e lesões, necessitando de atenção dos veterinários para o correto diagnóstico. Ainda, a associação entre o histórico clínico, sinais clínicos e lesões de necropsia é essencial para o diagnóstico de TVCC em bovinos.

BACKGROUND. Effective phototherapy reduces neonatal jaundice and its complications. Irradiance increases as the distance of the light source decreases from a single phototherapy light. There are limited studies of the effect of distance and positional changes on different light-emitting diode (LED) light designs on achieving effective phototherapy. OBJECTIVES. To describe and compare the effect of distance, angle and plastic barriers on three different LED lights of different design. METHODS. Comparisons were made using a Servolite, a General Electric (GE) Lullaby and a Ningbo David LED phototherapy light. Measurements were done according to methods described by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The effective irradiated area was measured on a grid measuring 60 x 30 cm subdivided into 5 x 5 cm squares. Measurements were done for the following scenarios: light placed at the manufacturer's recommended distance, 20 cm closer, 20 cm further, at an angle, through clear plastic and through scuffed Perspex. RESULTS. When the lights were placed closer to the irradiated surface than the manufacturers' recommendations, the maximum irradiance increased, but the median irradiance and uniformity ratio decreased. When the lights were angled at 45°, the median irradiance was decreased. A decrease in the median irradiance was also seen when phototherapy lights passed through scuffed plastic and food-grade plastic. CONCLUSION. Our study demonstrated that the placing of LED lights closer than the manufacturers' recommendations, the use of transparent barriers and the use of lights at an angle, compromised phototherapy irradiance and distribution. Only the GE light met IEC standards.

Esta pesquisa comparou a acurácia da atualização espacial de alvos situados à frente com a de alvos situados atrás do observador. O participante observava um alvo no solo distante vários metros dele e então, sem a visão, andou de lado ao longo de uma corda-guia enquanto tentava atualizar mentalmente a localização do alvo. Em algumas tentativas, a localização do alvo esteve à frente do observador e, em outras tentativas, a localização do alvo foi atrás. Os participantes respondiam encarando a localização atualizada do alvo com os olhos fechados. Os resultados indicaram que as pessoas são capazes de atualizar a localização de alvos localizados atrás delas aproximadamente tão bem quanto localizações de alvos à frente delas.

This research compared the accuracy of spatial updating of targets in front with that of targets behind. The participant viewed a target on the ground several meters away and then, without vision, sidestepped along a guide rope while trying to mentally update the location of the target. On some trials, the target location was in front as the person sidestepped and, on other trials, the target location was behind. Participants responded by facing the updated target location with eyes closed. The results indicate that people are able to update target locations behind them very nearly as well as target locations in front.