ABSTRACT This work deals with the effect in fresh and hardened properties of nano-TiO2 as addition in cement-based mortars. Three commercial nano-TiO2 powders were characterized by laser granulometry, XRD, FRX, zeta potential, BET and SEM. Two cementitious mortars were produced with nano-TiO2, an industrialized and a non-industrialized type; then, these mortars were characterized by flowability, surface roughness, flexural strength and surface fracture. The results showed that the nano-TiO2 addition reduced the flowability in terms of spread on table of the mortars. For surface roughness, in the industrialized mortars, the nanoparticles resulted in a smoother surface, while in the non-industrialized mortars, the nanoparticles formed a rougher surface. For flexural strength, in the non-industrialized mortars, the higher the nanoparticles amount, the higher the strength, while in the industrialized mortars no tendency was verified. In addition, from SEM analysis, it was noted that the fracture of the samples presented a tortuous aspect and growth through the region between cement paste and aggregates.

Tissue Engineering aims to repair, regenerate or restore damaged tissues. Structures known as scaffolds can be manufactured in different ways and with various materials such as synthetic and natural polymers as well as inorganic materials. Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been used to produce porous scaffolds. Particularly, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) produces materials and composites through a selective solidification of a variety of fine powders. AM-made biomaterials may be suitable for different affected or injured parts by stimulating the biological system around the implant. The present work aims to review relevant concepts concerning the nanostructure for regeneration of the bone tissue when in contact with the native tissue, as well as the suitable techniques and materials to fabricate it.

RESUMO Este artigo busca avaliar e comparar qual material (PET ou vidro) proporciona um ciclo de vida mais sustentável para os recipientes utilizados no envase de refrigerantes. Foram comparados quatro recipientes de vidro - três retornáveis e um descartável - com cinco recipientes em polietileno tereftalato (PET) - três descartáveis produzidos com material virgem, um descartável produzido com 20% de material reciclado e um retornável (RefPET). Utilizou-se como ferramenta o programa CES-Selector/EcoAudit, o qual considera cinco etapas principais do ciclo de vida do produto - material (obtenção de matéria-prima), produção, transporte, uso e descarte. Os indicadores resultantes foram a energia incorporada e a quantidade de CO2 emitida. Os resultados, para cada 1.000 L de refrigerante envasado, comprovam que a reutilização do recipiente é a escolha ambientalmente mais correta e mostram que, nas garrafas de PET, quanto maior a capacidade do recipiente, menor a quantidade de material de PET utilizado, menor a energia incorporada e menor a emissão de CO2. Por outro lado, para as garrafas de vidro, o resultado é oposto, ou seja, quanto maior a capacidade do recipiente, maior a quantidade de material utilizado, maior a energia incorporada e maior será a quantidade de CO2 emitida. Considerando a energia incorporada e o CO2 gerado, o resultado final mostra que, para envasar pequenos volumes (vidro de 290 mL e PET de 250 mL), os recipientes de vidro apresentam resultados melhores, enquanto, para envasar volumes maiores (acima de 600 mL), os recipientes de PET são os mais indicados.

ABSTRACT The present paper aims to assess and compare which material (PET or glass) provides a more sustainable life cycle for soft drink containers. Four glass containers, three returnable ones and one disposable were compared to five PET containers (polyethylene terephthalate), three disposable ones made from virgin material, one disposable made from 20% of recycled material and one returnable (RefPet). The CES-Selector/EcoAudit program, which considers five main stages of the product life cycle - material (obtaining raw material), production, transportation, use and disposal - , was used. The resulting indicators were the energy and the amount of CO2 emission. The results, for every 1,000 liters of soft drink bottled, prove that the reuse of containers is the most environmentally correct choice and show that in PET bottles the larger the container capacity the smaller the amount of PET material used, lower the energy and the lower the CO2 emission. On the other hand, for glass bottles, the result is opposite, that is, the larger the container capacity, the greater the amount of material used, the greater the embodied energy and the greater the CO2 emission. Considering the incorporated energy and the CO2 generated, the final result shows that glass containers present better results when filling small-volume packages (290 ml glass and 250 ml PET), while PET containers are the most suitable ones for larger volumes (above 600 ml).

ABSTRACT The rheological behavior of an aqueous suspension of silver nanoparticles stabilized with aminosilane-based surfactant flowing under confinement was investigated. Three stability levels were defined based on the zeta potential: high (41.73 mV, pH 4.3), medium (10.44 mV, pH 7.4), and low (0.74 mV, pH 8.6). Furthermore, the preliminary investigation showed that the surface charge remained positive, and the formation of agglomerates was not observed. Due to the particle coating and the ionization of the amino groups of the surfactant an electrosteric stabilization was evidenced. Shear rates ranging from 50 to 1000 s-1 and shear stresses between 0.02 and 0.2 Pa, at the temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 ºC, were evaluated with the nanofluid flowing in microchannels with a gap of 100, 300 and 500 µm. A trend to dilatant behavior was observed at high shear rate and a slit size of 500 µm, while Newtonian behavior was predominant at lower slit sizes. A reduction of 47.3% was noticed at 25 ºC with the variation in the slit size from 500 to 300 µm. Furthermore, the viscosity of the nanofluid decreased as much as 60% when the slit size was reduced from 500 to 100 µm.

ABSTRACT Waste generation is increasing in many industries. Therefore, effective measures are required to secure an environmentally sustainable and economically viable waste destination. Co-processing in clinker kilns at high temperatures and incorporation into cement matrices may stabilize many types of industrial waste. This paper presents the results of a study that characterized pulp and paper mill waste and their recycling in clinker production. Chemical characterization and estimation of the hazardous potential of lime mud, biomass ash, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge were performed in accordance with brazilian standard (NBR) 10004:2004. Biomass ash and WWTP sludge were classified as non-hazardous (class II), while lime mud was classified as hazardous (pH > 12.5, class I). These wastes were mixed (69 wt % lime mud, 29 wt % biomass ash, and 2 wt % WWTP sludge), and the resulting mixture was processed at 1455 ºC to generate ‘Ecoclinker’. The clinker was characterized, milled, and mixed with calcium sulphate for use as an ‘Ecocement’. Mortars were obtained and cured for periods of seven and twenty-eight days. The hardened product exhibited a mechanical strength of ~20 MPa. The leaching and pH tests indicated that these parameters were within the permitted limits, confirming that this waste-based cement was non-hazardous.

RESUMEN La generación de residuos sólidos está aumentando en muchos sectores industriales; por lo tanto, se requieren medidas efectivas para garantizar un descarte de residuos que sea ambientalmente adecuado y económicamente viable. El coprocesamiento en hornos de producción de clínker a altas temperaturas, así como la incorporación en matrices de cemento, son estrategias utilizadas para estabilizar muchos tipos de residuos industriales. En este estudio se analizan los resultados de un estudio acerca de la caracterización de residuos de papel y celulosa y su reciclaje en la producción de clínker. La caracterización química y la estimación del potencial peligroso de lodo de carbonato, la ceniza de biomasa y el lodo de la estación depuradora de aguas residuales (EDAR) se realizaron de acuerdo con la norma NBR 10004: 2004. La ceniza de biomasa y los lodos de la EDAR se clasificaron como no peligrosos (clase II), mientras que el lodo de carbonato se clasificó como peligroso (pH > 12.5, clase I). Una mezcla de estos residuos (69 % en peso de lodo de carbonato, 29 % en peso de ceniza de biomasa y 2 % en peso de lodo de EDAR) fue procesada a 1455 ºC para generar el denominado Ecoclínker. El clínker fue caracterizado, molido y mezclado con sulfato de calcio para ser utilizado como Ecocement. Los morteros fueron obtenidos y curados por períodos de 7 y 28 días. El producto endurecido mostró una resistencia mecánica de ~ 20 MPa. Las pruebas de lixiviación y pH estuvieron dentro de los límites permitidos, lo que confirma el carácter no peligroso del cemento a base de residuos.

There is increasing interest in the ceramic industry in the development of pigments with intense tonalities that can be produced from low-cost alternative raw materials and also can fulfill technological and environmental requirements. This work reports on the preparation and characterization of CdS yellow ceramic pigment derived from Ni-Cd batteries through an acid leaching process. Cadmium was chemically extracted with HCl and tributylphosphate (TBP) and reacted with H2S to form CdS. The obtained yellow powder is composed of agglomerated particles with nanometer sizes and hexagonal and rod-shaped crystals. Rietveld refinement indicated that these particles consist of cubic and hexagonal CdS. CIELab colorimetric parameters revealed a bright yellow color (L*=77.8, a*=13.7 and b*=76.2), similar to that of commercial Cd Yellow pigment. The extraction of Cd from Ni-Cd batteries could be a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution for the production of CdS-based ceramic pigments.

In this work is realized a comparative study among two preliminary lots of 5 440 pills of carbon-pepsina each, for climatic zone IV, using cuban activated carbon (CA/ML) and a qualified supplier Norit E, Holland (CA/NE). These materials were characterized with N2 reporting superficial areas of 721 m²/g and 869 m²/g respectively. Once evaluated all the physical-chemical and technological parameters of the pills are realized. The packed tablets were subjected to quick study (six months) and shelf life (30 months,) evaluating them the physical-mechanical, technological, chemical properties and microbiological content. A T-test study was realized for the stocking between both lots, demonstrated there was not significant differences (95 %) as much in quick study as in shelf life. Both lots presented very good stability in all the established parameters. All results reveal that CA/ML it can be considered a possible candidate that guarantees a medication with good quality until the 30 months.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio comparativo entre dos lotes preliminares de 5 440 tabletas de carbón-pepsina c/u, para zona climática IV, empleando carbón activado de producción nacional (CA/ML) y de un proveedor calificado: Norit E (Holanda). Los materiales fueron caracterizados con N2 a 77 K reportando áreas superficiales de 721 m²/g (CA/ML) y 869 m²/g (CA/NE) respectivamente. Una vez evaluados todos los parámetros físico-químicos y tecnológicos de las tabletas, las que fueron envasadas para estudio acelerado y vida de estante,se evalúa las propiedades físico-mecánicas, tecnológicas, químicas y microbiológicas. Un estudio T-test para la media entre ambos lotes demostró que no existe diferencias significativas (α=95 %) para ambos estudios: acelerado y vida de estante. Ambos lotes presentaron muy buena estabilidad en todos los parámetros establecidos. Los resultados indican que CA/ML puede ser considerado posible candidato que garantice un medicamento con buena calidad hasta los treinta meses.

Flat sintered copper and copper-zirconia substrates, with zirconia nanoparticles contents of 1 and 3 vol%, were produced by aqueous tape casting and controlled sintering. Aqueous suspensions were prepared to a solid content of 58 vol% using 3 wt% commercial binder emulsion. The green tapes were treated at 350 ºC in air to remove organics and sintered at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1000 ºC in atmosphere of Ar/5%H2. Copper tapes reached almost full densification at 900 ºC. Composite with 1 vol% zirconia, sintered at 800 ºC, maintained high density and provided a noticeable increase of the mechanical strength, whereas further additions up to 3 vol% reduced the densification and the resulting mechanical performance became poorer.

This paper presents an evaluation study of wastes from pulp and paper as well as construction and demolition industries for application in cement-based materials. The alternative raw materials were used as a source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and as pozzolanic material (water-reactive SiO2) in partial replacement of Portland cement. In addition to the hydraulic binder, coating mortars were composed by combining the pulp and paper fluidized bed sand residue with construction and demolition wastes, both added as small aggregates. Rheological and mechanical characterization showed that the waste additions changed the behavior of the cement materials, increasing both the viscosity of the pastes (at constant shear stress or rate). The formation of agglomerates in the cement hydration process made the mortars with additions of residues (lime and ash sludge) have an increase in the mechanical strength of the hardened bodies when compared to the mortar (M0W) prepared only with the residues (fluidized bed sand and C & D) as aggregates.

RESUMO O processamento coloidal é uma técnica amplamente usada para a produção de componentes cerâmicos. Diversos artigos científicos foram publicados na última década apresentando a possibilidade de se obter suspensões aquosas concentradas estáveis de partículas metálicas a partir do seu controle de pH e uso de dispersantes. Este artigo tem o objetivo de estudar a produção de um aço com microestrutura austenítica usando pós elementares de ferro (Fe) e níquel (Ni) via rota coloidal. Para tanto, foram realizadas medições de potencial zeta entre os pHs 2 e 12 para a composição Fe30Ni em massa. As suspensões aquosas atingiram concentrações de sólidos de até 45% v/v e processadas por colagem de barbotina. Os compactados colados foram caracterizados por densidade (Arquimedes), análise térmica diferencial (ATD) e dilatometria. Após a sinterização aos 900°C e 1100°C/1h, os compactados apresentaram microestrutura com formação de maclas de recozimento, porosidade inferior a 10% em volume e microdureza Vickers aproximada de 160 HV.

ABSTRACT Colloidal processing is a widely used technique to produce ceramic components. Several papers have been published in the last decade presenting the possibility to obtain aqueous concentrate stable suspension of metallic particles from their pH control and using dispersants. This paper aims to study the production of a steel with austenitic microstructure using elemental iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) powders via colloidal route. For this, Zeta potential measurements were performed between pH 2 and 12 to Fe30Ni wt% composition. Aqueous suspensions reached solids concentrations of up to 45% v/v and processed by slip casting. The compacts were characterized by density (Archimedes), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and dilatometry. After sintering at 900°C to 1100°C/1h, the sintered bodies presented a microstructure with of annealing twins, porosity less than 10 %v/v approximate Vickers microhardness of 160 HV.

The in vitro adsorption of theophylline onto seven selected materials (NB, NE, BDH, Ch3J, Merck, Panreac, ML) was studied in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 and 4 h by using shaker water bath within a temperature range 300 to 317 K in batch experiments. The experimental adsorption was fitted by eight isotherms models: Langmuir Type I and II, DR, Halsey, Freundlich, Harkins-Jura, Temkin and BET. Materials were characterized by pHzpc, and N(2)77 K. The best linear (R²=098) and non linear (R²=0.95, RAMSE=43) fittings of isotherms models were obtained with Langnuir TI which assumes monolayer adsorption and specific interactions. The theophylline adsorption was controlled by chemisorptions and exothermically process (ΔH = -36.81-88.70 kJ/mol) with maximal capacity, q m (316-587 mg/g). The ΔG<0 indicate the spontaneous character and more favourable at lower temperature. ΔS<0 suggests a decrease in the order of the adsorbed system with losses of freedom willingly.

Se estudia la adsorción in vitro de teofilina en carbones activados (NB, NE, BDH, Ch3J, Merck, Panreac, ML y M) en FGS a pH 1.2, 4 h y temperaturas entre 300 - 317 K usando baño termostatado con agitación. Los datos experimentales fueron analizados con: Langmuir I y II, DR, Halsey, Freundlich, Harkins-Jura, Temkin and BET. Las muestras se caracterizaron por pHzpc y N(2)77 K. El modelo Langmuir TI fue el que tuvo mejor ajuste por regresión: lineal (R²=098) y no lineal (R²=0.95, RAMSE=43). El modelo asume adsorción en monocapa e interacciones específicas. La adsorción ocurre por quimisorción y exotérmicamente (ΔH = -36,81-88,70 kJ/mol) con q m (316-587 mg/g). ΔG < 0 explica el carácter espontáneo del proceso, siendo favorecido a bajas temperaturas. La ΔS < 0 representa una disminución en los grados de libertad del sistema, adoptando una configuración molecular muy parecida al del estado disuelto.

In this work carbon steel plates were dip-coated with a composite film obtained from a colloidal suspension of Ni-TiO2. Suspensions with different solids contents were used to evaluate the adherence of the film and the microstructural features. The samples were characterized using both optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and microhardness. The microstructural analysis revealed that the films have high porosity at the surface. However, an interfacial region was observed demonstrating that there was good adhesion between both materials. This region shows an increased hardness that can be attributed to diffusion mechanism of nickel from the composite film to the steel matrix. Besides the interface, there was an abnormal grain growth, followed by a region of smaller grains of austenite and at longer distances near the center of the plate some colonies of pearlite appear.

In this work the dispersion of iron oxide III particles in aqueous media was studied. To achieve the maximum solid content zeta potential measurements were carried as a function of pH. The influences of two different types of polyacrylates as dispersants were investigated. Suspensions were produced by varying solids concentration up to 30 vol.%. The results showed a strong influence of pH on the size distribution of the particles in suspension. The most efficient dispersant towards particle dispersion was sodium polyacrylate. The maximum solid content in the suspension was optimized to 25 vol % with density values higher than 35% theoretical density with 2 wt.% polyacrylate.

Prototipaje rápido es un conjunto de tecnologÃas para la reproducción fÃsica capa a capa de prototipos y piezas personalizadas. Entre ellas, la técnica de impresión tridimensional (3DP) puede ser empleada para la fabricación de andamios de biomateriales usados en la ingenierÃa de tejidos. Dentro de las cerámicas utilizadas se encuentra la hidroxiapatita, principal componente inorgánico del hueso de los vertebrados. La 3DP requiere de un polvo y un lÃquido aglutinante que servirá como unión entre las partÃculas; además los parámetros de proceso deben ser optimizados. En particular para los andamios de hidroxiapatita esas piezas deben tener una elevada porosidad (40-80%). Esta revisión bibliográfica es diseñada para describir detalles de la fabricación de piezas biocerámicas por 3DP.

Rapid Prototyping is a set of technologies for the physical reproduction layer by layer of prototypes and customized parts. Among them, three-dimensional printing (3DP) can be used for the manufacture of scaffolds of biomaterials used in tissue engineering. Within the ceramic materials hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of bone of vertebrates, is commonly employed. The technique of 3DP requires a powder and a liquid binder which serves as a bond between the particles; the process parameters must be optimized as well. Particularly hydroxyapatite scaffolds should have high porosity (40-80%). This literature review is designed to describe details in the manufacture of bioceramics by 3DP.