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au:IMAZ, MARIA SUSANA

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Training tuberculosis laboratory workers in LED-fluorescence microscopy: experience learned in Argentina
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Imaz, María S.

; Allassia, Sonia

; Aranibar, Mónica

; Gunia, Alba M.

; Poggi, Susana

; Togneri, Ana M.

; Wolff, Lidia

Revista de Salud Pública

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feb 2018, Volume 20 N. 1 Pages 110 - 116

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar un programa de capacitación en microscopía de fluorescencia LED (MF-LED) para el entrenamiento de técnicos de laboratorio sin experiencia en MF. Métodos Se evaluó un programa de capacitación que consiste en un curso de tres días seguido de dos meses de entrenamiento «in situ», en donde los técnicos adquirieron habilidades sin presencia de un experto en la práctica diaria; para alcanzar confianza en el reconocimiento del bacilo, los técnicos, durante estos meses, examinaron en forma «no cegada» extendidos duplicados teñidos por Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) y MF. Aquellos laboratoristas que lograron rendimiento aceptable continuaron su entrenamiento «a ciegas». Su desempeño fue evaluado en distintos períodos del entrenamiento mediante paneles de láminas y relectura de extendidos. Resultados Los resultados de un panel posterior al curso mostraron que 70% de los participantes cometieron errores falsos positivos bajos (FPB). Dos paneles posteriores evidenciaron que los FPB disminuían significativamente (prueba de Chi cuadrado, p<0.05) a medida que el entrenamiento avanzaba. El procesamiento de al menos tres extendidos/ día se asoció con desempeño aceptable. Durante el período a ciegas, la relectura de láminas evidenció que la sensibilidad (96,8%) y especificidad (99,8%) fueron satisfactorias. Conclusiones Una capacitación moderada (curso de tres días) no es suficiente para adquirir competencia en MF-LED; sin embargo, se puede alcanzar habilidad después de una corta capacitación «in situ», incluso si no hay personal con experiencia disponible en el servicio para revisar los resultados dudosos diariamente. El entrenamiento fue más efectivo en servicios con carga de trabajo mínima de 750 extendidos/año.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess a LED-fluorescence microscopy (LED-FM) capacitation program for the training of laboratory technicians without previous experience in FM. Methods We evaluated a teaching program that consists of a three-day course followed by an "in situ" two-month phase in which technicians acquired skills without the help of a FM expert; in order to gain confidence to recognize auramine-stained bacillus, during this phase, technicians examined duplicate slides stained by Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) and FM in a unblinded way. Technicians with acceptable performance, continued with a blinded-training period. Testing panels and rechecking process were used to evaluate proficiency after different length of experience. Results Post-course panel results showed that 70% of trainees made Low False Positive errors (LFPs). Analysis of two other panels showed that LFPs significantly decreased (Chi-squared test, p<0.05) as the "in situ" training phase progressed. Processing at least three slides/day was associated with acceptable performance. During the blinded-training period, results of the rechecking process showed that sensitivity (96.8%) and specificity (99.8%) levels were satisfactory. Conclusion Moderate training (a three-day course) is not enough to make technicians proficient in LED-FM; however, great ability can be reached after a short "in situ" training phase even without the presence of experienced staff available in field to review doubtful results. Training was more effective in services with a minimum workload of 750 slides/year.

https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n1.61402 345 downloads

Training tuberculosis laboratory workers in LED-fluorescence microscopy: experience learned in Argentina
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Imaz, María S.

; Allassia, Sonia

; Aranibar, Mónica

; Gunia, Alba M.

; Poggi, Susana

; Togneri, Ana M.

; Wolff, Lidia

Revista de Salud Pública

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feb 2018, Volume 20 N. 1 Pages 110 - 116

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n1.61402 21 downloads

Performance of LED fluorescence microscopy for the detection of acid-fast bacilli from respiratory samples in peripheral laboratories in Argentina
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Imaz, María

; Allassia, Sonia

; Aranibar, Mónica

; Gunia, Alba

; Poggi, Susana

; Togneri, Ana

; Wolff, Lidia

Biomédica

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jun 2017, Volume 37 N. 2 Pages 164 - 174

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

RESUMEN Introducción. La microscopía de fluorescencia con lámpara LED (MF-LED) ha sido recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis, pero su precisión en pacientes con HIV continúa siendo controversial y en pocos estudios se han explorado los factores metodológicos que pueden afectar su utilidad. Objetivo. Evaluar el rendimiento de la MF-LED en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en pacientes con HIV y sin él mediante un novedoso dispositivo LED. Materiales y métodos. Se comparó el rendimiento de la MF-LED y la microscopía en frotis de muestras respiratorias con tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen (M-ZN) examinados por técnicos cegados en cuanto al estado de HIV y el resultado de la prueba comparativa. Se analizó el efecto de concentrar muestras antes de la microscopía, usar diferentes esquemas de observación y la valoración con el dispositivo LED. Resultados. De las 6.968 muestras recolectadas, 869 (12,5 %) resultaron con cultivo positivo para Mycobacterium tuberculosis. La MF-LED fue 11,4 % más sensible que la M-ZN (p<0,01). Entre los pacientes con tuberculosis positivos para HIV, la diferencia de sensibilidad entre la MF-LED y la M-ZN (20,6 %) duplicó la cifra obtenida en pacientes negativos para HIV o con estatus desconocido (9,3 %). Al estratificar los frotis en directos y concentrados, se mantuvo la superioridad de la MF-LED. Las especificidades de la MF-LED (99,9 %) y la M-ZN (99,9 %) resultaron elevadas. La lectura de una muestra de frotis mostró una positividad significativamente mayor con un aumento de 200X (49,4 %) que con uno de 400X (33,8 %) (p<0,05). El dispositivo LED tuvo una buena aceptación entre los técnicos. Conclusión. Debido al mejor desempeño de la MF-LED comparada con la M-ZN en pacientes con HIV y su fácil utilización, se recomienda su adopción. La utilización del aumento de 200X fue esencial para el incremento de la sensibilidad de la MF-LED.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy (LED-FM) has been endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for tuberculosis diagnosis, but its accuracy in HIV-infected patients remains controversial, and only some few studies have explored procedural factors that may affect its performance. Objective: To evaluate the performance of LED-FM for tuberculosis diagnosis in patients with and without HIV infection using a newer, less expensive LED lamp. Materials and methods: We compared the performance of LED-FM and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy on respiratory specimen smears from tuberculosis (TB) suspects and patients on treatment examined by different technicians blinded for HIV-status and for the result of the comparative test. We analyzed the effect of concentrating specimens prior to microscopy using different examination schemes and user-appraisal of the LED device. Results: Of the 6,968 diagnostic specimens collected, 869 (12.5%) had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures. LED-FM was 11.4% more sensitive than ZN (p<0.01). Among HIV-positive TB patients, sensitivity differences between LED-FM and ZN (20.6%) doubled the figure obtained in HIV-negative patients or in those with unknown HIV status (9.3%). After stratifying by direct and concentrated slides, the superiority of LED-FM remained. High specificity values were obtained both with LED-FM (99.9%) and ZN (99.9%).The second reading of a sample of slides showed a significantly higher positive detection yield using 200x magnification (49.4 %) than 400x magnification (33.8%) (p<0.05). The LED-device had a very good acceptance among the technicians. Conclusion: LED-FM better performance compared with ZN in HIV-infected patients and user-appraisal support the rapid roll-out of LED-FM. Screening at 200x magnification was essential to achieve LED-FM increased sensitivity.

https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i2.3276 955 downloads

LED fluorescence microscopy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: Fading and restaining of smears for external quality assessment
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Allassia, Sonia

; Aranibar, Mónica

; Boutonnet, Mónica

; Caserío, Viviana

; Etchart, Ana Alicia

; Fajardo, Sandra

; García, Mónica

; Gomez, Noemí

; Gunia, Alba Marisa

; Gustincic, María Virginia

; Izquierdo, Viviana

; Jara, Arnaldo Andrés

; Kozicky, Graciela

; Matteo, Mario

; Pellegrini, Carlos

; Pellegrino, Silvia

; Pérez Catalán, Sebastián

; Poggi, Susana

; Sacramone, Carina

; Santiso, Gabriela María

; Souto, Alejandro

; Togneri, Ana María

; Wolff, Lidia

; Vilche, Sandra

; Eletti, Daniel

; Imaz, María Susana

Revista argentina de microbiología

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jun 2016, Volume 48 N. 2 Pages 122 - 127

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Blinded rechecking is a method proposed for external quality assurance (EQA) of auramine-stained acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears using fluorescence microscopy (FM), however, this procedure is not well developed and slides fading over time could compromise its implementation. Since bleaching of fluorescent molecules involves temperature-dependent chemical reactions, it is likely that low temperatures could slow down this process. We stored auramine-stained slides under different environmental conditions, including −20 °C, and examined them over time. The slides stored in all the environments faded. At −20 °C, fading was not reduced in relation to room temperature. Restaining and re-examining smears after five months showed that the slides containing saliva and storage at −20 °C were associated with failure in AFB reappearance. In conclusion, the practice of freezing slides until they are viewed should be discouraged as it has a negative effect on blinded rechecking by reducing reading concordance after restaining. Specimen quality should be considered when interpreting FM-EQA results.

La relectura usando microscopía fluorescente con lámpara LED es una metodología propuesta para la evaluación externa de calidad (EEC) de los extendidos teñidos con auramina empleados para detectar bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes (BAAR), pero el procedimiento está parcialmente desarrollado y la decoloración de los BAAR con el transcurso del tiempo puede comprometer su implementación. La decoloración de moléculas fluorescentes involucra reacciones químicas temperatura-dependientes, por lo que la reducción de la temperatura podría enlentecerla. Guardamos extendidos coloreados en distintas condiciones, incluyendo a −20 °C, y los examinamos a distintos tiempos. Las láminas guardadas en todos los ambientes se decoloraron; a −20 °C la decoloración fue más rápida que a temperatura ambiente. La recoloración evidenció que en extendidos de saliva o conservados a −20 °C existía mayor probabilidad de que los BAAR no reaparecieran. En conclusión, la conservación de extendidos en freezer debe evitarse, ya que reduciría la concordancia de lectura luego de recolorear para la EEC. La calidad de la muestra debe considerarse para interpretar la EEC.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2016.03.006 362 downloads

Utility of nitrate reductase assay for detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a low resource setting
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López, Marcela

; Álvarez, Claudia

; Imaz, María Susana

Biomédica

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jun 2011, Volume 31 N. 2 Pages 258 - 263

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Introducción. El rendimiento de cualquier prueba rápida de sensibilidad a medicamentos para Mycobacterium tuberculosis puede cambiar cuando se pasa de la etapa de investigación a su implementación en la práctica de salud pública. Objetivo. Describir el rendimiento del ensayo de nitrato reductasa para detectar tuberculosis multirresistente en la rutina de trabajo de un laboratorio de referencia con recursos limitados. Materiales y métodos. Se comparó prospectivamente la utilidad del ensayo de nitrato reductasa con el método de las proporciones para la detección de resistencia a isoniacida y rifampicina en aislamientos de pacientes con riesgo de multirresistencia. Resultados. Comparando con el método de las proporciones, la sensibilidad del ensayo de nitrato reductasa fue de 86,8 % y 84,9 % para rifampicina e isoniacida, respectivamente; la especificidad fue 100 % para rifampicina e isoniacida. La sensibilidad del ensayo de nitrato reductasa fue significativamente mayor cuando se emplearon aislamientos en los cuales el tiempo entre la realización del cultivo y la inoculación del ensayo de nitrato reductasa no superaba 70 días: 94,3 % Vs. 78,1 % para resistencia a rifampicina usando aislamientos frescos o envejecidos, respectivamente; prueba exacta de Fisher, p=0,05; 94,4 % Vs. 74,3 % para resistencia a isoniacida usando aislamientos frescos o envejecidos, respectivamente, y prueba de ji al cuadrado, p=0,03. La proporción de resultados no interpretables en el ensayo de nitrato reductasa fue mayor en los aislamientos multirresistentes que en los otros Conclusiones. La experiencia con el ensayo de nitrato reductasa demuestra que produce resultados resistentes confiables. El uso de cultivos envejecidos conduciría a una mayor proporción de resultados falsos sensibles, mientras que su capacidad para detectar multirresistencia disminuye a consecuencia de una mayor proporción de resultados no interpretables.

Introduction. The performance of a drug susceptibility test may change when moving from the research stage to implementation on a population level in actual public health practice. Objective. The performance of a rapid drug susceptibility test was described for detecting multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis when implemented in the routine workflow of a low-resource reference laboratory. Materials and methods. A prospective study was done comparing the performance of the nitrate reductase assay with the conventional proportion method for rifampicin and isoniazid on 364 isolates were obtained from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis risk patients referred from diffrent Colombian laboratories. Results. When compared with the proportion method, the nitrate reductase assay sensitivity was 86.8% and 84.9% for rifampicin and isoniazid, respectively, whereas nitrate reductase assay specificity was 100% for isoniazid and rifampicin. Nitrate reductase assay sensitivity was significantly higher when the age of isolate was less than 70 days. A sensitivity of 94.4% dropped to 78.1% for rifampicin resistance for fresh and old isolates, respectively (Fisher exact test, p=0.05). For isoniazid resistance using fresh and old isolates, 94.7% vs.74.3% sensitivities, were achieved (chi square test, p=0.03). The proportion of nitrate reductase assay ambiguous results was significantly higher in multidrug-resistant than in non-multidrug-resistant isolates (17.6% vs. 4.0%, chi square test, p<0.005). Conclusions. The nitrate reductase assay demonstrated provided reliable results for antibiotic resistance. However, using old cultures leds to a higher proportion of false sensitive results; furthermore, the nitrate reductase assay capability to detect multidrug-resistant tuberculosis decreased due to a higher proportion of non-interpretable results.

1250 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis: specific detection of free and complex-dissociated antibodies anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant antigens
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Imaz, María Susana

; Schmelling, María Fernanda

; Kaempfer, Susanne

; Spallek, Ralph

; Singh, Mahavir

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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jun 2008, Volume 12 N. 3 Pages 234 - 244

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The diagnostic test characteristics of detecting free and complex-dissociated IgG to three recombinant antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (38-kDa, Ag16 and Ag85B), singly and in combination, were evaluated in sera from 161 tuberculous patients [smear-positive pulmonary TB (50), smear-negative pulmonary TB (pTBsm-) (60) and extrapulmonary TB (51)) and 214 control patients (mycobacteriosis (14), mycoses(14), leprosy(4), other underlying diseases (82) and healthy people (100)]. The individual antigens ranged from 25% to 42% in sensitivity and from 93% to 96% in specificity, while considering free IgG response. Addition of complex-dissociated antibodies against each individual antigen improved the sensitivity up to 55%. The number and levels of specific antibodies varied greatly from individual to individual. Combination of individual results for free and complex-dissociated IgG to 38-kDa, Ag16 and Ag85B offered 76% sensitivity and 83% specificity. When the three antigens were placed in the same well, the sensitivity was lower than that expected on the basis of single antigen (63%) but with a good specificity (95%), even in the group of mycobacteriosis or mycoses. The highest contribution of complex-dissociated IgG results to free IgG results was seen for the diagnosis of pTBsm- patients. In conclusion, although neither single recombinant antigen was reactive with most sera from TB patients even after the measurement of both free and complex-dissociated antibodies, the use of multi-antigen cocktails improved the diagnostic utility of the ELISA assay, allowing the identification of almost 70% of pTBsm-, with a high level of specificity; the use of additional, well selected antigens should lead to the detection of almost all patients with TB.

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Diagnóstico bacteriológico de la tuberculosis en Argentina: resultados de una encuesta nacional
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Imaz, María Susana

; Sequeira, María Delfina

Cadernos de Saúde Pública

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apr 2007, Volume 23 N. 4 Pages 885 - 896

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

In order to assess laboratory resources, practices, and biosafety measures during mycobacterial testing and determine the usefulness and scope of mycobacterial techniques, a cross-sectional survey of public laboratories was conducted in Argentina using a structured questionnaire. Sputum smear analysis showed that both smear and culture testing centers are being provided at or above the WHO recommended density for such facilities. The microscopy quality assessment program covered most high-demand laboratories. Mean number of sputum smears per patient was low (1.6). The use of inadequate personal respiratory protection was identified in 25% of culture laboratories. Jurisdictions that cultured a higher proportion of their smear-tested sputa identified a higher proportion of smear-negative cases. The percentage of smear negatives among all bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary cases was 18.9%, while most extrapulmonary cases were confirmed by culture (71.3%). In conclusion, increasing the number of sputa studied by microscopy and culture (while expanding the coverage of the quality assessment program) is a priority; adequate respiratory protection and regular medical evaluation of laboratory staff is still needed in some laboratories.

Con el objetivo de evaluar recursos, prácticas y medidas de bioseguridad utilizados en el diagnóstico bacteriológico de tuberculosis y determinar la utilidad y alcance de las técnicas empleadas, se llevó adelante una encuesta transversal a laboratorios del sector público de Argentina utilizando un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis de los resultados mostró que la densidad de centros de microscopía y cultivo se encuentra al nivel o encima de lo recomendado por Organización Mundial de la Salud. El programa de control de calidad de microscopía cubre mayoritariamente los laboratorios con alta carga de trabajo. El promedio de baciloscopías/paciente fue bajo (1,6). El 25% de los laboratorios de cultivo empleaban protección respiratoria inadecuada. El aporte del cultivo a la confirmación de casos pulmonares en las jurisdicciones estuvo asociado a la proporción de muestras cultivadas. Globalmente, el porcentaje de pacientes pulmonares baciloscopía-negativa que fue confirmado bacteriológicamente fue de 18.9%; mientras que la may-oría de los casos extrapulmonares se confirmó sólo por cultivo (71,3%). Es prioritario aún el incremento del número de esputos estudiados por baciloscopía y cultivo, así como aumentar la cobertura de programa de control de calidad de microscopía; es fundamental proveer al personal de laboratorio de adecuada protección respiratoria y evaluación médica regular.

1516 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

Diagnóstico bacteriológico de la tuberculosis en Argentina: resultados de una encuesta nacional
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Imaz, María Susana

; Sequeira, María Delfina

Cadernos de Saúde Pública

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apr 2007, Volume 23 N. 4 Pages 885 - 896

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

4409 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

Evaluation of rapid alternative methods for drug susceptibility testing in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Mengatto, Luciano

; Chiani, Yosena

; Imaz, María Susana

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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aug 2006, Volume 101 N. 5 Pages 535 - 542

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

A study was carried out to compare the performance of a commercial method (MGIT) and four inexpensive drug susceptibility methods: nitrate reductase assay (NRA), microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay, MTT test, and broth microdilution method (BMM). A total of 64 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were studied. The Lowenstein-Jensen proportion method (PM) was used as gold standard. MGIT, NRA, MODS, and MTT results were available on an average of less than 10 days, whereas BMM results could be reported in about 20 days. Most of the evaluated tests showed excellent performance for isoniazid and rifampicin, with sensitivity and specificity values > 90%. With most of the assays, sensitivity for ethambutol was low (62-87%) whereas for streptomycin, sensitivity values ranged from 84 to 100%; NRA-discrepancies were associated with cultures with a low proportion of EMB-resistant organisms while most discrepancies with quantitative tests (MMT and BMM) were seen with isolates whose minimal inhibitory concentrations fell close the cutoff. MGIT is reliable but still expensive. NRA is the most inexpensive and easiest method to perform without changing the organization of the routine PM laboratory performance. While MODS, MTT, and BMM, have the disadvantage from the point of view of biosafety, they offer the possibility of detecting partial resistant strains. This study shows a very good level of agreement of the four low-cost methods compared to the PM for rapid detection of isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin resistance (Kappa values > 0.8); more standardization is needed for ethambutol.

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