Abstract A bibliographic review was carried out on the effects of sucrose substitute total sugars on the state of oral health. The scientific articles were in the following digital scientific databases: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Ovid. The sources used were freely accessible, 49 of the manuscripts gotten by the search were discarded and 23 were used. 43.5% of the articles included showed results of clinical trials on chewing gums with xylitol, 39.1% about other compounds (stevia, magnolia, erythritol, calcium phosphate), 13% narrative reviews and the 4.4% meta-analysis. Chewing gums made with sucrose substitutes stimulate salivary production, neutralize and raise its pH. That is why, its role in promoting oral health is recognized in several scientific publications. The anticariogenic effects of xylitol were established in various studies. There were not enough studies on the effects of the substances: stevia, d-tagatose, magnolia, erythritol and calcium phosphate.

Resumen Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los efectos de azúcares totales sustitutos de sacarosa sobre el estado de salud bucal. Los artículos científicos fueron localizados en bases de datos científicas digitales: Scopus, PubMed, Web Of Science y Ovid. Las fuentes empleadas son de libre acceso, 49 de los manuscritos fueron descartados, quedando 23. El 43,5% de los artículos mostraban resultados de ensayos clínicos sobre las gomas de mascar con xilitol, el 39,1% acerca de otros compuestos (stevia, magnolia, eritritol, fostato de calcio), el 13% revisiones narrativas y el 4,4% metaanálisis. Las gomas de mascar hechas con sustitutos de sacarosa estimulan la producción salival, neutralizan y elevan su pH, reconociéndosele su función promotora de salud bucal en varias publicaciones científicas. Los efectos anticariogénicos del xilitol están establecidos en diversos estudios. No existen suficientes estudios sobre los efectos de las sustancias: stevia, d-tagatosa, magnolia, eritritol y fostato de calcio.

Abstract The present article exposes research whose main objective was to characterize the writing process of the preliminary research project of three master's students, in terms of their expectations and previous knowledge, the advances they had in the writing, the evaluation they made of the pedagogical supports received and the aspects related to their writing experience. The research had a qualitative approach and a type of descriptive study and was developed, mainly, through structured interviews. The main findings show that students consider explicit support for writing is necessary for the preparation process of the preliminary project and relate them positively to the advances they had in writing. Ontheotherhand.it was found that the emotions derived from the writing process and the factors that influence it are mainly negative.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una investigación cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar el proceso de escritura del anteproyecto de tres estudiantes de maestria en Salud, en términos de sus expectativas y conocimientos previos, sus avances en la escritura, la valoración que hicieron de los apoyos pedagógicos recibidos y los aspectos relacionados con su experiencia de escritura. La investigación se hizo en un curso de Metodología de la Investigación en el que hubo acompañamiento explícito en escritura; tuvo un enfoque cualitativo, un tipo de estudio descriptivo y se desarrolló através de entrevistas estructuradas y análisis de contenido. Los principales hallazgos muestran que los estudiantes consideran que los apoyos explícitos en escritura fueron fundamentales para la elaboración del anteproyecto y los relacionan positivamente con los avances que tuvieron en la escritura. Sin embargo, se encontró que las emociones que se derivan del proceso de la escritura y los factores que influyen en este son principalmente negativos.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi caracterizar o processo de escrita do anteprojeto de três alunos de mestrado em saúde, em termos de expectativas e conhecimentos prévios, seu progresso na escrita, a avaliação que fizeram dos apoios pedagógicos recebidos e os aspectos relacionados à sua experiência de escrita. A pesquisa foi realizada em um curso de Metodologia de investigação, em que havia acompanhamento explícito na escrita; teve uma abordagem qualitativa, um tipo de estudo descritivo, e foi desenvolvido por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e análise de conteúdo. As principais conclusões mostram que os alunos consideraram que os apoios explícitos na escrita eram fundamentais para a preparação do anteprojeto e os relacionaram positivamente com os avanços que tiveram na escrita. Por outro lado,verífícou-se que as emoções decorrentes do processo de escrita e os fatores que o influenciam são principalmente negativos.

Resumen Antecedentes: la deficiencia de vitamina D es un problema de salud pública asociado con diversas enfermedades en población adulta que podría estar relacionado con la actividad laboral. Objetivo: relacionar la deficiencia de vitamina D con el estado nutricional, la composición corporal y factores sociodemográficos en trabajadores de Quito, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal en 245 trabajadores. Se evaluó vitamina D sérica por inmunofluorescencia, estado nutricional por Índice de Masa Corporal, composición corporal por bioimpedancia y otros factores sociodemo gráficos. Se usó regresión logística para identificar asociaciones entre deficiencia de vitamina D y variables de interés. Resultados: el 76 % de la población presentó deficiencia de vitamina D. El riesgo cardiovascular por circunferencia abdominal, edad y sexo estaban asociados con deficiencia de vitamina D. Por cada centímetro de incremento en la circunferencia abdominal, la prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina D incrementaba 4,4 % (OR = 1,044 IC95 %:1,001-1,008; p = 0,043). Por cada año de edad de incremento, la prevalencia disminuía 4,1 % (OR = 0,96; IC95 %:0,93-0,99; p = 0,030). Las mujeres mostraron 2,33 veces más deficiencia de vitamina D en comparación con los hombres (OR = 2,33 IC95 %:1,28-6,94 p = 0,011). Conclusión: la deficiencia de vitamina D es alta en los traba jadores de la ciudad de Quito. Aparentemente, mujeres jóvenes con una circunferencia abdominal alta tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar esta deficiencia. El exceso de peso podría estar reduciendo la actividad física al aire libre, lo que disminuye a su vez la exposición a la luz solar y esto deriva en deficiencia de vitamina D.

Abstract: Background: Vitamin D Deficiency is a public health problem associated with various diseases in the adult population that could be related to work activity. Objective: To relate vitamin D deficiency with nutritional status, body composition, and sociodemographic factors in workers from Quito, Ecuador. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study in 245 workers. Serum vitamin D was evaluated by immunofluorescence, nutritional status by Body Mass Index, body composition by bioimpedance, and other sociodemographic factors were also evaluated. The associations between vitamin D deficiency and variables of interest were examined by logistic regression. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was presented in 76% of the participants. Cardiovascular risk by abdominal circumference, age, and sex were associ ated with vitamin D deficiency. For each centimeter increase in abdominal circumference, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased 4.4% (OR = 1.044 CI95%:1.001-1.008; p = 0.043). For each year of age increase, the prevalence decreased 4.1% (OR = 0.96; 95%CI:0.93-0.99; p = 0.030). Women showed 2.33 times more vitamin D deficiency than men (OR = 2.33 CI95%:1.28-6.94 p = 0.011). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is high in workers in the city of Quito. Apparently, young female with a high abdominal circumference appear to be more likely to be this deficient. Excess weight likely influences outdoor physical activity, which in turn decreases exposure to sunlight and leads to vitamin D deficiency.

ABSTRACT First trimester placenta accreta is an uncommon event. There are few cases reported in the literature, several associated with uterine rupture and all of them with risk factors. This pathology can be life-threatening for the mother. At such an early stage of pregnancy, abnormal placentation is diagnosed mainly due to massive hemorrhage during uterine curettage. It is of extreme importance to diagnose it before delivery or uterine evacuation, to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a patient with placenta accreta in early pregnancy who consulted for abnormal uterine bleeding. We describe the clinical history, imaging and management of the patient.

RESUMEN La placenta acreta del primer trimestre es un evento poco común. Hay pocos casos publicados en la literatura, varios asociados a rotura uterina y en todos ellos con factores de riesgo. Esta patología puede poner en peligro la vida de la madre. En una etapa tan temprana del embarazo, la placentación anormal se diagnostica principalmente debido a una hemorragia masiva durante el legrado uterino. Es de extrema importancia diagnosticarla antes del parto o de la evacuación uterina, para prevenir la morbimortalidad asociada. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con placenta acreta en embarazo temprano quien consultó por hemorragia uterina anormal. Describimos la historia clínica, las imágenes y el manejo realizado a la paciente.

Resumen Objetivo. Describir de qué manera son vividas aquellas emociones sociales relacionadas con la reconciliación, por parte de habitantes del municipio de Cocorná, Antioquia, Colombia. Metodología. Esta es una investigación cualitativa, con método fenomenológico hermenéutico que contó con la participación de 16 personas habitantes de este municipio del oriente antioqueño, utilizando la técnica de generación de información de entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados. A partir del análisis de datos, se puede dar cuenta de la esperanza, el perdón y la empatía como emociones sociales que pueden gestionar escenarios favorables para la reconciliación en tiempo de posacuerdo, siempre que como experiencias afectivas puedan ser compartidas y politizadas, ya que es justamente en la colectivización de estos afectos que se gestionan emociones para la paz. Conclusión. Se hace necesario comprender la experiencia afectiva más allá del individuo y establecer horizontes de comprensión social.

Abstract Objective. To describe how social emotions related to reconciliation are experienced by the inhabitants of the municipality of Cocorná, Antioquia, Colombia. Methodology. This qualitative research, with a hermeneutical phenomenological method, had the participation of 16 inhabitants of this municipality in eastern Antioquia, using the information generated by a semi-structured interview. Results. From the data analysis, hope, forgiveness and empathy can be accounted for as social emotions that can manage favorable scenarios for reconciliation in post-agreement time, provided that as affective experiences they can be shared and politicized, since it is precisely in the collectivization of these affects that emotions are managed for peace. Conclusion. It is necessary to understand the affective experience beyond the individual and establish horizons of social understanding.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do peso ao nascer e do ganho ponderal subsequente em crianças com sobrepeso e obesidade com base em avaliações consecutivas de crianças uruguaias vivendo em áreas urbanas. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados secundários de medidas antropométricas pediátricas, além de características de saúde e socioeconômicas de famílias incluídas em um inquérito prospectivo e longitudinal de representatividade nacional (“Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud”). As associações entre ganho ponderal condicional, sobrepeso e obesidade foram testadas por meio de coeficientes de correlação. Modelos de regressão logística binária multivariada foram construídos para calcular o efeito do peso ao nascer sobre a obesidade infantil e ajustados por covariáveis. Resultados: Bebês macrossômicos tiveram um aumento de 70% na prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em comparação a bebês não-macrossômicos, quando ajustado por sexo, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e renda familiar. A correlação entre ganho ponderal e índice de massa corporal para idade mostrou que a maior diferença (positiva) de escore z entre as medições aumentou os níveis de obesidade. Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que garantir o peso ideal ao nascer e monitorar e controlar o ganho ponderal subsequente são os primeiros passos para a prevenção primária da obesidade infantil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effect of birth weight and subsequent weight gain on children being overweight and obese in serial assessments of Uruguayan children living at urban areas. Methods: We used secondary data of pediatric anthropometric measurements and health and socioeconomic characteristics of families that were included in a longitudinal and prospective nationally representative survey (“Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud”). The associations of conditional weight gain, being overweight and obesity were tested through correlation coefficients. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were performed to calculate the effect of birth weight on childhood obesity and were adjusted for covariates. Results: For macrosomic babies, there was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 70% compared with non-macrosomic babies, when we adjusted for sex, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and household income. The correlation between weight gain and the body mass index for age indicated that the greatest (positive) difference in Z score between measurements increased the obesity levels. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ensuring optimal birth weight and monitoring and controlling posterior weight gain represent the first steps toward primary prevention of childhood obesity.

The study of the human genome, when performed only through the DNA sequence information, does not completely explain the high level of inter-individual variation usually observed. It is the control of gene expression by the epigenetics what allows to explain those variations of gene expression, as a reversible and hereditary process in the short term under the influence of the environment during various stages of development and adulthood, without modifying the genetic sequence. Epigenetic alterations are already being studied as valuable candidates in the eventual identification of biomarkers. Furthermore, their reversible nature makes them promising factors in the amelioration of disease symptoms through the use of therapeutic approaches. This article explains the epigenetic mechanisms and its relationship with the environment, diet, and its influence on evolution, the occurrence of diseases, human behavior and mental health.

El estudio del genoma humano, cuando efectuado solo a través de la información secuencial de ADN, no explica del todo el alto nivel de variación inter-individual usualmente observado. Es la epigenética la que permite explicar aquellas variaciones de expresión génica como un proceso reversible y hereditario en el corto plazo, bajo la influencia del medio ambiente durante diversas etapas del desarrollo y la edad adulta, sin modificar la secuencia genética. Las alteraciones epigenéticas están siendo ya incorporadas como elementos valiosos en la posible identificación de biomarcadores. Además, debido a su naturaleza reversible, pueden constituirse en factores de mejoría de síntomas de enfermedad mediante el uso de enfoques terapéuticos. El presente artículo explica los mecanismos de inhibición de la expresión génica, su relación con el medio ambiente, la dieta y su influencia en la evolución, la ocurrencia de enfermedades, la conducta humana y la salud mental.

Resumen Antecedentes: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) puede afectar el sistema nervioso con una amplia variedad de síndromes psiquiátricos y neurológicos. La prevalencia de manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas en Colombia es desconocida. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte transversal. A partir de la revisión del sistema de información del hospital se obtuvieron datos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de LES, mayores de 18 años, que fueron valorados por reumatología entre 2010 y 2013. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorio del listado de sujetos con diagnóstico de lupus en el hospital, se calculó la prevalencia de manifestaciones neurológicas con IC 95%, se realizaron cruces exploratorios entre la actividad de la enfermedad por SLEDAI y las manifestaciones neurológicas, y desenlace de fallecimiento. Resultados: De 306 sujetos ingresados al estudio se llevaron al análisis final 274 individuos, de los cuales el 89,1% fueron mujeres; la mediana de edad fue de 43 años (RIQ: 23); la prevalencia de manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas fue del 26,2% (IC 95%: 21,2-31). Los síntomas neurológicos en orden descendente incluyen cefalea (13,1%; IC 95%: 9,1-17,2), enfermedad cerebrovascular (8%; IC 95%: 5,1-11,3), estado confusional agudo (6,6%; IC 95%: 4-9,1), trastornos convulsivos (4,7%; IC 95%: 2,6-7,3), meningitis aséptica (2,2%; IC 95%: 0,7-4), neuropatía autonómica, polineuropatía y mielopatía (presentes en el 0,7%; IC 95%: 0-1,8). Dentro de la población con manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas se encontró que el 45,8% tenía actividad severa de la enfermedad y el 31,9% actividad moderada. Conclusiones: En pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de LES las manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas pueden ocurrir hasta en el 26% de los casos; las más frecuentes son cefalea, enfermedad cerebrovascular, estado confusional agudo, convulsiones y meningitis aséptica, y el tratamiento más frecuente son los esteroides sistémicos. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para determinar sus implicaciones pronósticas en este grupo de pacientes.

ABSTRACT Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can affect the nervous system and present a variety of neurological and psychiatric syndromes but the prevalence of neuropsychiatric manifestations in Colombia is unknown. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Patients were assessed by the department of rheumatology between 2010 and 2013 and included randomly chosen subjects over 18 years of age. Prevalence of neurological manifestations was calculated using a confidence interval of 95%. SLE disease activity index was used as baseline to compare statistically with activity, neurological manifestations and fatality. Mann-Whitney U test was used for quantitative variables, while chi-square test was used for qualitative variables. Results: 306 subjects initially entered into the study, 274 were analyzed, 89.1% were women with a median age of 43 years (interquartile range: 23). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric manifestations was 26.2% (95% CI: 21.2-31%). The most common symptoms were headache (13.1%; 95% CI: 9.1-17.2%), cerebrovascular disease (8%; 95% CI: 5.1-11.3%), acute confusional state (6.6%; 95% CI: 4-9.1%), seizure disorders (4.7%; 95% CI: 2.6-7.3%), and aseptic meningitis (2.2%; 95% CI: 0.7-4%); autonomic neuropathy, polyneuropathy, and myelopathy each occurred at 0.7% (95% CI: 0-1.8%). Patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations had severe disease activity (45.8%) and (31.9%) had moderate disease activity. Conclusions: In hospitalized patients diagnosed with SLE, NPS manifestations can occur in up to 26% of cases, the most frequent being headache, cerebrovascular disease, acute confusional state, seizures, and aseptic meningitis and the most frequent treatment being systemic steroids. Prospective studies are required to determine their prognostic implications in this group of patients.

Background: Quality of life and psychological well-being are readily hampered by depression. The changes that students face during college life impact their psychological health and well-being, including the emergence of mental health problems like depression Aim: To determine the relationship between depressive symptoms, sociodemographic parameters and psychological well-being in undergraduate university students. Material and Methods: Five hundred eighty university students of both sexes, from the Metropolitan and IX Regions of Chile answered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) and the Ryff's psychological well-being scale. Results: Twenty eight percent of respondents had clinically significant depressive symptoms, and these were more frequent in women. There was an inverse and statistically significant relationship between psychological well-being and depressive symptoms. This fact was especially marked in dimensions of autonomy, positive relationships with others and purpose in life. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of depressive symptoms among these students. We discuss whether psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology represent two extremes within a continuum or they are two independent dimensions that can account for differential causal mechanisms linked to mental health and illness.

Abstract Sugarcane is one of the important industrial crops worldwide and is affected by various viral diseases, including the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV). In Mexico, this virus has been detected based on symptomatology and °Brix; however, the diagnosis based on these parameters is not conclusive. The objective of the study was to detect the presence and distribution of SCYLV in sugarcane areas of western Mexico (Colima, Jalisco and Nayarit) and to determine the phylogenetic origin of a Colima isolate. The work was developed in the Tecoman Experimental Field during 2013-2014. Total RNA was isolated from collected leaves and RT-PCR was performed with oligonucleotides specific for SCYLV. A total of 233 samples were analyzed and the incidence of SCYLV carrier plants was 14.6%, affecting the hybrids CP 72-2086, Mex 69-290 and Atemex 96-40. The BLAST analysis showed that the partial CP sequence of Colmex-317 (512 bp) is homologous with sequences from Brazil, China, India, Kenya and USA and also shares identity percentages higher than 99% with other sequences from several countries. The phylogenetic analysis of Colmex-317 with partial sequences and complete genomes of SCYLV isolated from different parts of the world revealed that the Mexican isolate belongs to the Brazilian genotype (BRA) and was grouped with sequences from Brazil, China, Kenya and South Africa. However, it is necessary to evaluate a larger number of isolates and longer sequences to determine if the BRA genotype is the only one present in Mexico.

Resumen La caña de azúcar es uno de los cultivos industriales importantes a nivel mundial y es afectado por diversas enfermedades virales, incluido el sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV). En México este virus se ha detectado basado en sintomatología y °Brix; sin embargo, el diagnóstico basado en estos parámetros no es concluyente. El objetivo del estudio fue detectar la presencia y distribución del SCYLV en zonas cañeras del Occidente de México (Colima, Jalisco y Nayarit) y determinar el origen filogenético de un aislado de Colima. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Campo Experimental Tecomán durante 2013-2014. Se aisló el RNA total a partir de hojas colectadas y se realizaron las RT-PCR con oligonucleótidos específicos para SCYLV. Se analizaron 233 muestras y la incidencia de plantas portadoras del SCYLV fue 14.6%, afectando a los híbridos CP 72-2086, Mex 69-290 y Atemex 96-40. El análisis BLAST mostró que la secuencia parcial CP de Colmex-317 (512 pb) es homóloga con secuencias de Brasil, China, India, Kenia y USA, además comparte porcentajes de identidad superior a 99% con otras secuencias provenientes de varios países. El análisis filogenético de Colmex-317 con secuencias parciales y genomas completos del SCYLV aislados de diversas partes del mundo reveló que el aislado mexicano pertenece al genotipo de Brasil (BRA) y se agrupó con secuencias de Brasil, China, Kenia y Sudáfrica. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar un mayor número de aislados y secuencias de mayor longitud para determinar si el genotipo BRA es el único presente en México.

Resumen Los fitoplasmas son procariontes fitopatógenos de gran importancia, debido a que han sido relacionados con numerosas enfermedades alrededor del mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue dar a conocer los avances que se tienen sobre las características generales, el tamaño y composición del genoma y los genes y/o regiones empleados como marcadores moleculares para la identificación y caracterización de los fitoplasmas. Entre sus principales hospederos se encuentran los árboles frutales y maderables, hortalizas, flores de corte y malezas, en los cuales generan alteraciones en el equilibrio hormonal, produciendo síntomas como filodias y virescencias. Debido a que no ha sido posible su aislamiento in vitro, estos se han identificado, principalmente, mediante técnicas moleculares. Aunado a esto, el uso de la Secuenciación de Nueva Generación (NGS) ha permitido conocer el genoma completo de algunos fitoplasmas, así como las regiones y genes que lo constituyen. En la presente revisión bibliográfica, se recopila la información generada a partir de las técnicas moleculares y la secuenciación NGS, así como los oligonucleótidos reportados para identificar algunos grupos de fitoplasmas.

Abstract Phytoplasmas are phytopathogenic prokaryotes of great importance because they have been linked to numerous diseases around the world. The aim of these research was to present the general characteristics, the size and composition of the genome and the genes and/or regions used as molecular markers for the identification and characterization of phytoplasmas. Among its main hosts are fruit and wood trees, vegetables, cut flowers and weeds, which generate alterations in the hormonal balance producing symptoms such as philodias and virescence. Because its isolation in vitro has not been possible, the detection and characterization has been carried out, mainly, with molecular techniques. In addition, the use of New Generation Sequencing (NGS) has allowed to know the complete genome of some phytoplasmas, as well as the regions and genes that constitute it. In the present bibliographic review, the information generated from the molecular techniques and NGS sequencing is compiled, as well as the primers reported to identify some groups of phytoplasmas.

Abstract The case of a 43-year-old female patient is presented. She arrived to the emergency room of our hospital, with alterations in consciousness, language and vision. She was evaluated by the neurology department and requested a magnetic resonance, finding bithalamic lessions in the Percheron's artery area. This concluded in the diagnosis of a bithalamic infarct. Recognizing that a magnetic resonance is fundamental for the accurate diagnosis of this nosological entity.

Resumen Caso de una paciente de 43 años, que acude al servicio de urgencias con alteraciones en el estado de conciencia, en el lenguaje y visuales. La valoró el servicio de neurología, se solicitó un estudio de resonancia magnética en el que se reportaron lesiones bitalámicas en el territorio de la arteria de Percheron, por lo que se estableció el diagnóstico de infarto bitalámico. Reconocer esta afectación por resonancia magnética es fundamental para el diagnóstico preciso de esta entidad.

Resumen Los defectos de la inmunidad constituyen un importante factor predisponente a las infecciones agresivas de alto riesgo de mortalidad. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente con antecedente de inmunodeficiencia, quien de forma rápida desarrolla infección del tipo gangrena gaseosa. La infección inicia en miembro inferior izquierdo y en menos de 24 horas desarrolla compromiso sistémico con falla orgánica múltiple y el paciente fallece. Se revisan los aspectos fisiopatológicos y las características del agente causal, resaltando la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno y temprano.

Abstract Immunity defects are important predisposing factors to aggressive infections with high risk of mortality. The case of a teenager with a history of immunodeficiency, who developed gas gangrene infection originated in the left lower limb is reported here. The disease progressed in less than 24 hours, developed systemic involvement and led to multiple organ failure and death. Pathophysiological aspects and features of the agent are reviewed here, highlighting the importance of high index of clinical suspicion and immediate handling.

Introducción: En las últimas décadas se ha producido un aumento progresivo de la enfermedad cardiovascular, convirtiéndose en la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo y especialmente en los países de Latinoamérica, a pesar de haberse identificado los factores de riesgo cardiovascular prevenibles y que explican alrededor del 90% de la causalidad de un infarto de miocardio y de un accidente cerebrovascular. Por tanto, es necesario implementar las acciones que permitan controlar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular incluyendo sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: Revisar el efecto que tienen los análogos de los receptores del GLP-1, entre ellos la liraglutida, en el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, particularmente del sobrepeso y la obesidad y en la consecuente prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la evidencia con operadores booleanos y referencias cruzadas en base de datos MEDLINE, LILACS y Google Scholar. Conclusiones: Los análogos de los receptores de GLP-1 pueden ser una alternativa farmacológica para el manejo del sobrepeso, la obesidad y contribuir en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular, aunque todavía quedan interrogantes sobre el beneficio de su uso en nuestro medio.

Introduction: During the last decades there has been a gradual increase of cardiovascular diseases, who have become the main cause of death in the world and especially in Latin American countries, despite having identified preventable cardiovascular risk factors that explain around 90% of myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents. Therefore, it is require to implement actions that will allow to control cardiovascular risk factors, including being overweight or obese. Motivation: To review the effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists, including liraglutide, in controlling cardiovascular risk factors, particularly excess weight and obesity and the subsequent prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Evidence were searched by means of boolean operators and cross references in databases MEDLINE, LILACS and Google Scholar. Conclusions: GLP-1 receptor agonists can be a pharmacological alternative to control excess weight and obesity, and may help in preventing cardiovascular disease, though some questions remain regarding the benefits of its use in our field.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important grain-producing legume that can forego nitrogen fertilization by establishing an efficient symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Although inoculating strains have already been selected for this species, little is known about the genotypic and symbiotic diversity of native rhizobia. Recently, Bradyrhizobium has been shown to be the genus most frequently trapped by cowpea in agricultural soils of the Amazon region. We investigated the genetic and symbiotic diversity of 148 bacterial strains with different phenotypic and cultural properties isolated from the nodules of the trap species cowpea, which was inoculated with samples from soils under agroforestry systems from the western Amazon. Sixty non-nodulating strains indicated a high frequency of endophytic strains in the nodules. The 88 authenticated strains had varying symbiotic efficiency. The SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) index (indirect measurement of chlorophyll content) was more efficient at evaluating the contribution of symbiotic N2-fixation than shoot dry matter under axenic conditions. Cowpea-nodulating bacteria exhibited a high level of genetic diversity, with 68 genotypes identified by BOX-PCR. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed a predominance of the genus Bradyrhizobium, which accounted for 70 % of all strains sequenced. Other genera identified were Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, Paenibacillus, Bosea, Bacillus, Enterobacter, and Stenotrophomonas. These results support the promiscuity of cowpea and demonstrate the high genetic and symbiotic diversity of rhizobia in soils under agroforestry systems, with some strains exhibiting potential for use as inoculants. The predominance of Bradyrhizobium in land uses with different plant communities and soil characteristics reflects the adaptation of this genus to the Amazon region.