Abstract Objective To analyze the population-based survival of breast cancer (CM) diagnosed in early stages estimating the time trends of excess mortality (EM) in the long term in annual and five-year time intervals, and to determine, if possible, a proportion of patients who can be considered cured. Method We included women diagnosed with BC under the age of 60 years in stages I and II in Girona and Tarragona (N = 2453). The observed (OS) and relative survival (RS) were calculated up to 20 years of follow-up. RS was also estimated at annual (RSI) and in five-year intervals (RS5) to graphically assess the EM. The results are presented by age groups (≤49 and 50-59), stage (I/II) and diagnostic period (1985-1994 and 1995-2004). Results In stage I, OS and RS were higher during 1995-2004 compared to 1985-1994: 3.5% at 15 years of follow-up and 4.5% at 20-years of follow-up. In 1995-2004, the OS surpassed 80% in stage I patients whereas in stage II it remained below 70%. During 1995-2004, the long-term EM did not level off towards 0 (RSI <1) independently of age group, stage and period of diagnosis. After 15 years of follow-up, the 5-year EM oscillated between 1 and 5% in stage I (RS5 ≥0.95) and between 5 and 10% in stage II. Conclusions In our cohort, after 15 years of follow-up, it was detected that the annual EM did not disappear and the five-year EM remained between 1 and 10%. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a cure rate of BC during the study period.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la supervivencia poblacional del cáncer de mama (CM) en estadios precoces, estimando la tendencia temporal del exceso de mortalidad (EM) a largo plazo en periodos anuales y quinquenales, y determinando, si es posible, una proporción de pacientes que puedan considerarse curadas. Método Se incluyó la cohorte de pacientes diagnosticadas de CM en estadios I y II antes de los 60 años de edad en Gerona y Tarragona (N = 2453). Se calcularon la supervivencia observada (SO) y la supervivencia relativa (SR) al CM hasta los 20 años de seguimiento. Para valorar el EM se estimó la SR a intervalos anuales (SRI) y quinquenales (SR5). Los resultados se presentan por grupos de edad (≤49 y 50-59), estadio (I/II) y periodo de diagnóstico (1985-1994 y 1995-2004). Resultados En el estadio I, la SO y la SR fueron mayores en 1995-2004 que en 1985-1994: 3,5% a los 15 años de seguimiento y 4,5% a los 20 años. La SO superó el 80% en el estadio I y se mantuvo inferior al 70% en el estadio II. Sin embargo, el EM a largo plazo no desapareció (SRI <1) independientemente del grupo de edad, el estadio y el periodo de diagnóstico. A los 15 años de seguimiento, el EM a 5 años osciló entre el 1-5% en el estadio I (SR5 ≥0,95) y el 5-10% en el estadio II. Conclusiones En nuestra cohorte, a los 15 años de seguimiento se detectó que el EM anual no desapareció y el quinquenal fue del 1-10%. Por ello, no se pudo determinar una proporción de curación del CM durante el periodo de estudio.

Abstract Objective To analyze the population-based survival of breast cancer (CM) diagnosed in early stages estimating the time trends of excess mortality (EM) in the long term in annual and five-year time intervals, and to determine, if possible, a proportion of patients who can be considered cured. Method We included women diagnosed with BC under the age of 60 years in stages I and II in Girona and Tarragona (N = 2453). The observed (OS) and relative survival (RS) were calculated up to 20 years of follow-up. RS was also estimated at annual (RSI) and in five-year intervals (RS5) to graphically assess the EM. The results are presented by age groups (≤49 and 50-59), stage (I/II) and diagnostic period (1985-1994 and 1995-2004). Results In stage I, OS and RS were higher during 1995-2004 compared to 1985-1994: 3.5% at 15 years of follow-up and 4.5% at 20-years of follow-up. In 1995-2004, the OS surpassed 80% in stage I patients whereas in stage II it remained below 70%. During 1995-2004, the long-term EM did not level off towards 0 (RSI <1) independently of age group, stage and period of diagnosis. After 15 years of follow-up, the 5-year EM oscillated between 1 and 5% in stage I (RS5 ≥0.95) and between 5 and 10% in stage II. Conclusions In our cohort, after 15 years of follow-up, it was detected that the annual EM did not disappear and the five-year EM remained between 1 and 10%. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a cure rate of BC during the study period.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la supervivencia poblacional del cáncer de mama (CM) en estadios precoces, estimando la tendencia temporal del exceso de mortalidad (EM) a largo plazo en periodos anuales y quinquenales, y determinando, si es posible, una proporción de pacientes que puedan considerarse curadas. Método Se incluyó la cohorte de pacientes diagnosticadas de CM en estadios I y II antes de los 60 años de edad en Gerona y Tarragona (N = 2453). Se calcularon la supervivencia observada (SO) y la supervivencia relativa (SR) al CM hasta los 20 años de seguimiento. Para valorar el EM se estimó la SR a intervalos anuales (SRI) y quinquenales (SR5). Los resultados se presentan por grupos de edad (≤49 y 50-59), estadio (I/II) y periodo de diagnóstico (1985-1994 y 1995-2004). Resultados En el estadio I, la SO y la SR fueron mayores en 1995-2004 que en 1985-1994: 3,5% a los 15 años de seguimiento y 4,5% a los 20 años. La SO superó el 80% en el estadio I y se mantuvo inferior al 70% en el estadio II. Sin embargo, el EM a largo plazo no desapareció (SRI <1) independientemente del grupo de edad, el estadio y el periodo de diagnóstico. A los 15 años de seguimiento, el EM a 5 años osciló entre el 1-5% en el estadio I (SR5 ≥0,95) y el 5-10% en el estadio II. Conclusiones En nuestra cohorte, a los 15 años de seguimiento se detectó que el EM anual no desapareció y el quinquenal fue del 1-10%. Por ello, no se pudo determinar una proporción de curación del CM durante el periodo de estudio.

We used 550 Braford and 214 Brangus-Ibagé bulls to study the association between Y chromosome morphology and the evaluation of breeding-soundness, karyotyping and breeding records were used to assess Y chromosome morphology. In general, no direct association was detected between the individual type of Y chromosome and reproductive fitness as previously estimated through breeding soundness examination. The type of breeding strategy used to form the synthetic breeds was also analyzed. The Braford breed is about 3/8 Zebu (Bos taurus indicus) and 5/8 Hereford (Bos taurus taurus) but when the breeding strategy used 1/4 Zebu animals to produce Braford bulls which were 3/8 Zebu a greater percentage of the bulls had to be culled due to reproductive problems. Our study shows that certain interactions between genotypes can be detrimental to the reproductive efficiency of 3/8 Zebu animals and that breeding strategies avoiding or favoring certain genotypes can be used to reduce the percentage of bulls from synthetic breeds that are culled due to problems with semen quality.