SUMMARY: The geniohyoid muscle is one of the suprahyoid muslces, and arises from the inferior mental spine and inserts into the hyoid bone. The muscle is a narrow paired one and its main action is pulling the hyoid upward and forward. Its function is very important in deglutition as well as respiration. Therefore, this muscle has been extensively researched, especially in the context of dysphagia and sleep apnea. This review deals with the general anatomic features, main functions, and abnormal states of the geniohyoid muscle, and the clinical implications of these.

RESUMEN: El músculo geniohioideo es uno de los músculos suprahioideos que surge de la espina mental inferior y se inserta en el hueso hioides. Son un par de músculo delgados y su acción principal es elevar y estirar el hueso hioides hacia arriba y hacia adelante. Su función es importante tanto en la deglución como en la respiración. Por lo tanto, este músculo ha sido ampliamente investigado, especialmente en el contexto de la disfagia y la apnea del sueño. Esta revisión trata de las características anatómicas generales, funciones principales y estados anormales del músculo geniohioideo, y las implicaciones clínicas de estos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Paraplegia may develop as a result of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients who underwent thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. The objective of this research is to determine the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd pretreatment in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were randomly assigned to three groups. The sham (n=12) and control (n=12) groups received normal saline orally. The Rd group (n=12) received ginsenoside Rd (100 mg/kg) orally 48 hours before the induction of spinal cord ischemia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by aortic occlusion using a Fogarty balloon catheter in the Rd and control groups. A neurological assessment according to the motor deficit index and a histological evaluation of the spinal cord were performed. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of ginsenoside Rd, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Further, the tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta were measured. Results: The Rd group showed significantly lower motor deficit index scores than did the control group throughout the entire experimental period (P<0.001). The Rd group demonstrated significantly greater numbers of normal motor neurons than did the control group (P=0.039). The Rd group exhibited decreased malondialdehyde levels (P<0.001) and increased superoxide dismutase activity (P=0.029) compared to the control group. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta tissue levels were significantly decreased in the Rd group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rd pretreatment may be a promising treatment to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients who undergo thoracoabdominal aortic surgery.

SUMMARY: The skin, located on the outermost part of the body, is always exposed to external stimuli such as sunlight. The exposure of skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight is known to be a major environmental factor in inducing photoaging. After exposure to UVB, an increase in reactive oxygen species can affect the expression and activity of many critical proteins depending on the duration and dose of the UVB radiation. Mammalian sirtuins (SIRTs), which are nicotinamide dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylases, are well known for playing a role in cellular longevity. However, little is known about SIRT protein alterations in keratinocytes upon UVB irradiation according to SIRT subtypes. Therefore, in this study, the distribution of non-mitochondrial SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT6 proteins was investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) staining of the skin of SKH-1 mice (n=12) after UVB irradiation for 10 weeks. After UVB irradiation for 10 weeks, the IF of both SIRT1 and SIRT6 was significantly increased in the UVB-irradiated mice group (UG), but the difference in SIRT2 IF was not statistically significant between the control group (CG) and the UG. The translocation of both SIRT1 and SIRT6 IF from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of keratinocytes was observed in the upper epidermis of the UG, whereas SIRT2 IF was localized in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes in the epidermis in both the CG and the UG. The translocation of SIRT1 and SIRT6 IF from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of keratinocytes may account for the physiologically protective action of keratinocytes against UVB irradiation. However, the exact role of SIRT1 and SIRT6 translocation in keratinocytes, where SIRT1 and SIRT6 shuttle from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, is not well known. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of SIRT1 and SIRT6 translocation in keratinocytes upon UVB irradiation.

RESUMEN: La piel, situada en la parte más externa del cuerpo, está siempre expuesta a estímulos externos como la luz solar. Se sabe que la exposición de la piel a la radiación ultravioleta B (UVB) de la luz solar es un factor ambiental importante en la inducción del fotoenvejecimiento. Después de la exposición a los rayos UVB, un aumento en las especies reactivas de oxígeno puede afectar la expresión y la actividad de muchas proteínas críticas según la duración y la dosis de la radiación UVB. Las sirtuinas de mamíferos (SIRT), que son proteínas desacetilasas dependientes de dinucleótidos de nicotinamida, son bien conocidas por desempeñar un papel en la longevidad celular. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre las alteraciones de la proteína SIRT en los queratinocitos tras la irradiación UVB según los subtipos de SIRT. Por lo tanto, en este estudio, se investigó la distribución de las proteínas SIRT1, SIRT2 y SIRT6 no mitocondriales mediante tinción de inmunofluorescencia (IF) de la piel de ratones SKH-1 (n = 12), después de la irradiación con UVB durante 10 semanas. Posterior a la irradiación, el IF de SIRT1 y SIRT6 aumentaron significativamente en el grupo de ratones irradiados con UVB (UG), pero la diferencia en SIRT2 IF no fue estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo control (CG) y el UG. La translocación de SIRT1 y SIRT6 IF desde el núcleo al citoplasma de los queratinocitos se observó en la epidermis superior de la UG, mientras que SIRT2 IF se localizó en el citoplasma de los queratinocitos en la epidermis, tanto en el GC, como en la UG. La translocación de SIRT1 y SIRT6 IF del núcleo al citoplasma de los queratinocitos puede explicar la acción protectora fisiológica de estos contra la radiación UVB. Sin embargo, el papel exacto de la translocación de SIRT1 y SIRT6 en los queratinocitos, donde SIRT1 y SIRT6 se trasladan desde el núcleo al citoplasma, no se conoce bien. Por lo tanto, se necesitan más estudios para comprender los mecanismos moleculares de la translocación SIRT1 y SIRT6 en los queratinocitos tras la irradiación UVB.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procesos de acreditación de la calidad de los programas de formación de médicos tienen importancia en cuanto al impulso que pueden dar a la formación de mejores profesionales. El reconocimiento de la calidad educativa de un determinado programa o carrera por parte de los organismos facultados, como la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación de la Educación Superior (ANEAES) es una garantía del cumplimiento de los criterios mínimos de calidad establecidos. Sin embargo, la calidad de un postgrado no solo es valorada por el cumplimiento de los criterios de calidad mínimos establecidos por los organismos encargados, sino por otros criterios como serían la percepción de los estudiantes, actuales y graduados sobre la calidad de la formación ofrecida por el mismo. Objetivos: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general estudiar la calidad de la formación en el Postgrado de Especialización en Pediatría Clínica de la FCM-UNA, a partir de las percepciones de sus estudiantes, actuales y graduados. Materiales y métodos: La metodología se enmarca en la tradición cualitativa de investigación social y en su instrumentación se incluye la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a los estudiantes actuales (residentes) y graduados (egresados) del programa, así como el desarrollo, implementación y análisis de matrices, con la discusión de los resultados correspondientes a cada una de ellas. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor parte de los estudiantes, actuales y egresados, del Postgrado de Especialización en Pediatría Clínica de la FCM UNA, perciben que la formación en este es de buena a mediana calidad. Los factores que inciden positivamente en la percepción de la calidad de la formación son: el ámbito de desarrollo del programa, el plan de estudios, las actividades académicas, la calidad de la composición y el desempeño del plantel docente, así como las relaciones interpersonales, tanto con los docentes como con sus pares; con algunas excepciones puntuales. La inclusión en el currículum de los aspectos relativos a la responsabilidad social universitaria también tuvo una incidencia positiva. Los factores que incidieron negativamente en la percepción de la calidad de la formación fueron: la carga horaria excesiva, el sistema de evaluación exigente, las falencias en la infraestructura y las tareas de asistencia social, en desmedro de la optimización del tiempo para la formación. En lo referente a la incidencia de la pandemia de COVID 19 en la calidad de la formación, las percepciones fueron dispares al interior de los casos de estudio que cursaron el postgrado durante la misma, con elementos negativos y llamativamente algunos elementos positivos. A la hora de sopesar en qué medida los factores positivos y negativos incidieron globalmente en la percepción de la calidad de la formación, se evidenció que, a pesar del reconocimiento de la existencia de varios factores negativos, los primeros primaron sobre los segundos. Esto hace que la mayoría de los estudiantes actuales y egresados manifiesten su satisfacción con el postgrado y los graduados con su desempeño autónomo al cumplir con sus expectativas. Conclusión: La mayor parte de los estudiantes, actuales y graduados del Postgrado de especialización en Pediatría Clínica de la FCM UNA, perciben que la formación en el mismo es de buena a mediana calidad, con aspectos a mejorar que son mencionados en las recomendaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The quality accreditation processes of medical training programs are important in terms of the boost they can give to the training of better professionals. Recognition of the educational quality of a certain program or career by authorized bodies, such as the National Agency for the Evaluation and Accreditation of Higher Education (ANEAES) is a guarantee of compliance with the minimum established quality criteria. However, the quality of a postgraduate course is not only assessed by compliance with the minimum quality criteria established by the bodies in charge, but by other criteria such as the perception of current and graduate students about the quality of the training offered by the same. Objectives: The general objective is to study the quality of training in the Postgraduate Specialization in Clinical Pediatrics of the FCM-UNA, based on the perceptions of its current and graduate students. Materials and methods: The methodology is part of the qualitative tradition of social research and its instrumentation includes semi-structured interviews applied to current students (residents) and graduates of the program, as well as the development, implementation and analysis of matrices, with the discussion of the results corresponding to each of them. Results: The results obtained show that most of the students, current and graduates, of the Postgraduate Specialization in Clinical Pediatrics of the FCM UNA, perceive that the training is of good to medium quality. Factors that positively affect the perception of the quality of training are: the scope of development of the program, the study plan, academic activities, quality of the composition and performance of the teaching staff, as well as interpersonal relationships, both with teachers and with their peers; with some specific exceptions. The inclusion in the curriculum of aspects related to university social responsibility also had a positive impact. Factors that negatively affected perception of the quality of training were: excessive workload, the demanding evaluation system, shortcomings in the infrastructure and the tasks of social service, to the detriment of time dedicated to optimizing training. Regarding the incidence of the COVID 19 pandemic on the quality of training, perceptions were uneven within the case studies that took the postgraduate course during it, with negative elements and strikingly some positive elements. When weighing up the extent to which the positive and negative factors had a global impact on the perception of the quality of training, it was shown that, despite the recognition of the existence of several negative factors, the former prevailed over the latter. This makes the majority of current students and graduates express their satisfaction with the postgraduate course and graduates with their autonomous performance in meeting their expectations. Conclusion: Most of the students, current and graduates of the Postgraduate specialization in Clinical Pediatrics of the FCM UNA, perceive that the training in it is of good to medium quality, with aspects to improve that are mentioned in the recommendations.

Resumo Introdução: O tratamento padrão da celulite orbitária inicia-se com uma combinação de antibióticos intravenosos de amplo espectro concomitante ao tratamento do seio comprometido. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a adição de corticosteroides poderia levar a uma resolução mais precoce da inflamação e melhorar o desfecho da doença. Método: Fizemos uma pesquisa independente em cinco bancos de dados (PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science e o banco de dados Cochrane) em busca de estudos publicados até dezembro de 2019. Dos estudos incluídos, revisamos a celulite orbitária e a morbidade da doença através dos períodos de internação, incidência de drenagem cirúrgica, edema periorbital, visão, níveis de proteína C-reativa e níveis séricos de leucócitos com foco na comparação do grupo tratado com esteroides e antibióticos e do grupo tratado apenas com antibióticos. Resultados: Os tempos de internação após a admissão dos diagnosticados com celulite orbitária (SMD = -4,02 [–7,93; -0,12], p-valor = 0,04, I2 = 96,9%) diminuíram no grupo tratado com esteroides e antibióticos em comparação ao grupo tratado apenas com antibióticos. A incidência de drenagem cirúrgica (OR = 0,78 [0,27; 2,23], p-valor = 0,64, I2 =0,0%) foi menor no grupo tratado com esteroides e antibióticos em comparação com o grupo tratado apenas com antibióticos. Conclusão: O uso de esteroides sistêmicos como adjuvante da antibioticoterapia sistêmica para celulite orbitária pode diminuir a inflamação orbitária com baixo risco de agravar a infecção. Com base em nossa análise, concluímos que o uso precoce de esteroides por um curto período pode ajudar a encurtar os dias de internação e prevenir a progressão da inflamação.

Abstract Introduction: The standard management of orbital cellulitis is to administer a combination of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics along with treatment of associated sinusitis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of corticosteroids could lead to earlier resolution of inflammation and improve disease outcome. Methods: We independently searched five databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane database) for studies published as recent as December 2019. Of the included studies, we reviewed orbital cellulitis and disease morbidity through lengths of hospitalization, incidence of surgical drainage, periorbital edema, vision, levels or C-reactive protein, and serum WBC levels in order to focus on comparing steroid with antibiotics treated group and only antibiotics treated group. Results: Lengths of hospitalization after admission as diagnosed as orbital cellulitis (SMD = −4.02 [−7.93; −0.12], p -value = 0.04, I2 = 96.9%) decrease in steroid with antibiotics treated group compared to antibiotics only treated group. Incidence of surgical drainage (OR = 0.78 [0.27; 2.23], p -value = 0.64,I2 = 0.0%) was lower in the steroid with antibiotics treated group compared to the antibiotics only treated group. Conclusion: Use of systemic steroids as an adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy for orbital cellulitis may decrease orbital inflammation with a low risk of exacerbating infection. Based on our analysis, we concluded that early use of steroids for a short period can help shorten hospitalization days and prevent inflammation progression.

Abstract Although Ginsenosides are a major physiological component of red ginseng (RG), some isolated ginsenosides are known to have cytotoxic activity. This study was intended to reduce cytotoxicity and promote anti-inflammatory activity of ginsenosides by mixing the crude ginsenosides (RG-CG) and polysaccharides (RG-CP). RG-CG-CM, fractionated from RG-CG, not only had higher anti-inflammatory activity than that of RG-CG at 100 μg/mL, but also showed increased cytotoxicity, while RG-CP-4P and RG-CP-8P, fractionated from RG-CP, showed no anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity. To reduce the cytotoxicity without affecting the high anti-inflammatory activity of RG-CG-CM, RG-CG-CM and RG-CP-4P were mixed in a ratio of 2:8. The anti-inflammatory activity was significantly increased at a concentration of 75 μg/mL, while no cytotoxicity was observed. A combination of RG-CP and RG-CG effectively reduced the cytotoxicity and enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of RG-CG, specifically RG-CG-CM fraction, providing scope for its industrial application.

Resumo O presente artigo organiza-se em torno das produções sobre epistemologia em turismo no contexto ibero-americano. O fio condutor desta reflexão está fundado em dois pilares teórico-metodológicos: a produção de autores que identificam correntes ou escolas teóricas para a epistemologia do turismo – e mais especificamente o trabalho de Panosso Netto e Castillho Nechar (2014) – e o dispositivo teórico, analítico e metodológico da Análise de Discurso pecheutiana, em especial no conceito de arquivo. Esses aspectos direcionaram a busca de textos de epistemologia do turismo no site Publicações de Turismo, tido aqui como objeto de análise, resultando na formulação do objetivo do presente artigo: observar quais são as correntes teóricas predominantes sobre epistemologia do turismo em um arquivo elaborado a partir do site Publicações de Turismo. Na etapa de análise, recorreu-se ao levantamento quantitativo e à filtragem dos artigos que tratam do tema epistemologia no referido site, resultando em 60 artigos que compõe a base do arquivo. Na análise foram identificadas como abordagens teóricas predominantes a Fenomenologia, o Positivismo e o Sistemismo e no processo analítico foi constatada uma outra abordagem, nomeada de Complexa/Ecossistêmica.

Abstract This article is organized around the productions on epistemology in tourism in the Ibero-American context. The guiding thread of this reflection is based on two theoretical and methodological pillars: the production of authors who identify currents or theoretical schools for the epistemology of tourism - and more specifically the work of Panosso Netto and Castillho Nechar (2014) - and the theoretical device, analytical and methodological analysis of the Pecheutian Discourse Analysis, especially in the concept of archive. These aspects guided the search for texts on tourism epistemology on the Publications of Tourism website, considered here as an object of analysis, resulting in the formulation of the objective of the present article: observing which the prevailing theoretical currents on tourism epistemology are, in a file elaborated from the Tourism Publications website. In the analysis stage, a quantitative survey and filtering of articles dealing with the topic of epistemology on that website were organized, resulting in 60 articles that make up the base of the archive. In the analysis, Phenomenology, Positivism and Systemism were identified as predominant theoretical approaches and in the analytical process another approach was found, named Complex/Ecosystem.

Resumen dológicos: la producción de autores que identifican corrientes o escuelas teóricas para la epistemología del turismo - y más concretamente el trabajo de Panosso Netto y Castillho Nechar (2014) - y el dispositivo teórico, análisis analítico y metodológico del Análisis del Discurso Pecheutiano, especialmente en el concepto de archivo. Estos aspectos guiaron la búsqueda de textos sobre epistemología turística en el sitio web de Publicaciones de Turismo, aquí considerado como objeto de análisis, dando como resultado la formulación del objetivo del presente artículo: observar cuáles son las corrientes teóricas predominantes sobre epistemología turística en un archivo elaborado a partir del sitio web de Publicaciones Turísticas. En la etapa de análisis se utilizó un relevamiento cuantitativo y filtrado de los artículos que tratan el tema de la epistemología en ese sitio web, resultando en 60 artículos que conforman la base del archivo. En el análisis se identificó la Fenomenología, el Positivismo y el Sistemismo como enfoques teóricos predominantes y en el proceso analítico se encontró otro enfoque, denominado Complejo / Ecosistema.

Abstract Although cryopreservation is an efficient method for maintaining the biological and genetic resources of sperm, the sperm damage during the cryopreservation process cannot be ignored. It should be possible to obtain the most effective cryopreservation performance by accurately grasping the effects of various factors on the cryopreservation of sperm. The previous study demonstrated that a suitable standard protocol for cryopreservation of Korean native brindled cattle (Chikso) does not exist, based on the methods for semen cryopreservation of Chikso differ in each research center. The most obvious difference between most of protocols is the addition of glycerol before and after cooling during the Chikso cryopreserved semen process. Therefore we focused on the effects of glycerol addition time on the quality of cryopreserved Chikso sperm. In the present study, 27 individual Chikso samples were collected by transrectal massage and divided into two parts: the “cryopreservation method A” group (adding glycerol before cooling) and the “cryopreservation method B” group (adding glycerol after cooling). Meanwhile, the values of various sperm parameters were derived from each group, including sperm motility, kinematics, capacitation status, cell viability, and intracellular ATP levels, which we used to compare and evaluate sperm function. The results of this study indicated that during the semen cryopreservation process of the Chikso, the addition of glycerol after cooling yielded superior results in a variety of sperm parameters, such as sperm motility, progressive motility, rapid motility, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, capacitation status, viability, and intracellular ATP level after freezing and thawing. Our study is suggested that the glycerol addition time during the cryopreservation process for Chikso should be considered. In addition, our results may be provided reference to develop suitable the cryopreservation procedure of the Chikso sperm.

Resumo: A lombalgia crônica é uma patologia de alta prevalência, que apresenta associações não esclarecidas com aspectos psicossociais. O estudo investigou diferenças entre pacientes com dor lombar crônica (n = 25) e aguda (n = 20), bem como verificou o efeito das variáveis avaliadas na média de dor. O delineamento foi transversal, e os instrumentos aplicados foram: entrevista sociodemográfica, Inventário Breve de Dor, Inventário Beck de Depressão II, Escala de Ansiedade de Hamilton, Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade, Escala de Apoio Social e Escala de Pensamentos Catastróficos sobre Dor. O grupo de dor crônica apresentou médias significativamente mais altas na intensidade da dor, na ansiedade e nos pensamentos catastróficos. Na análise de regressão, o fator Depressão da Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade e o fato de pertencer ao grupo de dor crônica foram encontrados como preditores da média de dor na amostra estudada. Entende-se que fatores psicológicos mostram-se associados ao quadro, sendo necessárias maiores investigações.

Abstract: Chronic low back pain is a highly prevalent pathology, which has unclear associations with psychosocial aspects. This study investigated differences between patients with chronic low back pain (n = 25) and acute low back pain (n = 20) and verified the effect of the variables assessed on the pain mean. The design was cross-sectional, and the instruments applied were: sociodemographic interviews, Brief Pain Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory II, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Personality Factor Battery, Social Support Scale and Pain Catastrophizing Scale. The chronic pain group had significantly higher means of pain intensity, anxiety and catastrophic thoughts. In the regression analysis, the factor Depression of the Personality Factor Battery and belonging to the chronic pain group were found as predictors of the mean pain in the sample studied. It is understood that psychological factors are associated with the pain condition and require further investigation.

RESUMO Apresentamos nossa trajetória de reflexão paulatinamente mais interseccional sobre um contexto sociolinguisticamente complexo que estudamos há algum tempo, tendo Marilda Cavalcanti como interlocutora. Retomando Jung (1997, 2003) e Jung e Garcez (2007) sobre as práticas de letramento em uma comunidade escolar do Oeste do Paraná, relatamos como as inteligibilidades que desenvolvemos se expandiram para uma mirada mais interseccional. No enquadre de nossa reflexão recente sobre linguagem e economia política (Garcez & Jung, 2021) e em particular à luz do trabalho de Jung e Machado e Silva (2021) sobre a festa comunitária promovida no município paranaense em que se encontrava a comunidade escolar que estudáramos, revisitamos aqui as nossas percepções em rearticulação, mais expressa e contemporânea, atenta a eixos de diferenciação em torno de classe social e raça, explicitando os privilégios da branquitude na configuração daqueles cenários e apontando reflexos disso para a percepção das nossas próprias posicionalidades.

ABSTRACT In a chronicle of our increasingly intersectional reflection about a sociolinguistically complex context that we have studied (Jung, 1997, 2003; Jung & Garcez, 2007) having Marilda Cavalcanti as key interlocutor, we look back to earlier work to highlight how the intelligibility we developed about literacy practices in a school community in the West of Paraná has expanded beyond language and gender. In the framework of our reflection on language and political economy (Garcez & Jung, 2021) and particularly in light of the work of Jung and Machado e Silva (2021) on the local festival held annually by the municipality where the school community we studied was located, we revisit our perceptions in a more express and contemporary re-articulation now attentive to axes of differentiation around social class and race. We underscore the privilege of whiteness in our current understandings of local dynamics and in our own positionalities.

Abstract The term “SOS response” was first coined by Radman in 1974, in an intellectual effort to put together the data suggestive of a concerted gene expression program in cells undergoing DNA damage. A large amount of information about this cellular response has been collected over the following decades. In this review, we will focus on a few of the relevant aspects about the SOS response: its mechanism of control and the stressors which activate it, the diversity of regulated genes in different species, its role in mutagenesis and evolution including the development of antimicrobial resistance, and its relationship with mobile genetic elements.

Abstract Introduction The association between tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy (T&A) with appendicitis is controversial, and the association of T&A with pneumonia has not been investigated. Objective To investigate the associations of T&A with pneumonia and appendicitis using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort. Methods We selected patients between the ages of 3 and 10 years who had undergone T&A in 2005 and were monitored since the performance of the T&A until 2013. The control group was established to have similar propensities for demographic characteristics compared to the T&A group. For eight years after the T&A, the number of patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia, patients who were admitted due to pneumonia, and those who underwent appendectomy were analyzed. The risk factors for pneumonia and appendectomy were analyzed. Results The number of pneumonia diagnoses was significantly higher in the T&A group than in the control group (p = 0.023), but there were no significant differences in the number of admissions due to pneumonia between the 2 groups (p = 0.155). Younger age and T&A were significant risk factors for the development of pneumonia. There were no significant differences in the number of appendectomies between the T&A and the control groups (p = 0.425), neither were there significant risk factors for appendectomy. Conclusion Tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy was associated with an increase in pneumonia diagnoses, but it was not associated with the number of appendectomies. The associations of T&A with pneumonia and appendicitis were analyzed in this population-based study.

Abstract Soy sauce is a staple fermented food in Korea, however, there are relatively limited studies on soy sauce in Korea compared to that in Japan. In this study, the immuno-stimulating activities are compared in polysaccharides isolated from soy sauce in Korea and Japan. Crude polysaccharides was isolated, and which were named as Korean-style soy sauce (KSS-0) and Japanese-style soy sauce (JSS-0). Then, difference in cytokine production was compared in peritoneal macrophages, and KSS-0 showed higher cytokine production than JSS-0. The KSS-0 was purified into two polysaccharides, which were named as KSS-I and KSS-II. The polysaccharides consisted mainly galacturonic acid, xylose, and galactose. Out of the four polysaccharides isolated, KSS-II enhanced NO and cytokines production the most. Western blot analysis showed that KSS-II phosphorylated the MAPKs and nuclear factor NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that KSS-II activates macrophages via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, and also induces an increase in the cytokine production. In conclusion, the polysaccharides isolated from Korean soy sauce have better immune-stimulating activities than those from Japan and may be used as potential functional foods.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los ingredientes alternativos se utilizan ampliamente en las dietas porcinas para reducir los costos del pienso, pero estos ingredientes contienen una gran cantidad de polisacáridos no-amiláceos. Se sabe que la xilanasa suplementaria descompone los polisacáridos diferentes al almidón. Sin embargo, rara vez se han comparado los efectos de la xilanasa exógena de Bacillus subtilis en algunos ingredientes del alimento. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la xilanasa suplementaria sobre la desaparición in vitro de la materia seca (MS) en varios ingredientes alimentarios para cerdos. Métodos: Se utilizaron nueve ingredientes del alimento para medir la desaparición ileal in vitro y la desaparición del tracto total in vitro de MS. Cada ingrediente molido se complementó con xilanasa suplementaria (9,000 U/g) o almidón de maíz al 1,0%. Resultados: La xilanasa suplementaria aumentó la desaparición ileal in vitro de MS en trigo, cebada, harina de trigo y salvado de trigo (p<0,05). La desaparición de tracto total de MS in vitro para la cebada y el salvado de trigo aumentó con la adición de xilanasa (p<0,05). Conclusión: La xilanasa exógena podría aumentar la desaparición de la MS ileal in vitro en cebada, trigo, harina de trigo y salvado de trigo, pero no afecta la desaparición de la MS en tracto total in vitro del trigo y la harina de trigo.

Abstract Background: Alternative feed ingredients are widely used in swine diets to lower feed costs, but these ingredients contain a large quantity of non-starch polysaccharides. Supplemental xylanase is known to break down non-starch polysaccharides. However, the effects of exogenous xylanase from Bacillus subtilis on various feed ingredients have rarely been compared. Objective: To evaluate the effects of supplemental xylanase on in vitro disappearance of dry matter (DM) in various feed ingredients for pigs. Methods: Nine feed ingredients were used to measure in vitro ileal disappearance and in vitro total tract disappearance of DM. Each ground ingredient was supplemented with either supplemental xylanase (9,000 U/g) or cornstarch at 1.0%. Results: Supplemental xylanase increased in vitro ileal disappearance of DM in wheat, barley, wheat flour, and wheat bran (p<0.05). The in vitro total tract disappearance of DM for barley and wheat bran increased with xylanase addition (p<0.05). Conclusion: Exogenous xylanase could increase in vitro ileal DM disappearance in barley, wheat, wheat flour, and wheat bran, but did not affect in vitro total tract DM disappearance in wheat and wheat flour.

Resumo Antecedentes: Ingredientes alternativos para rações são amplamente usados em dietas para suínos para reduzir os custos da alimentação, mas esses ingredientes contêm uma grande quantidade de polissacarídeos não amiláceos. A xilanase suplementar é conhecida por quebrar polissacarídeos não amiláceos. No entanto, os efeitos da xilanase exógena de Bacillus subtilis em vários ingredientes da ração raramente foram comparados. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da xilanase suplementar no desaparecimento in vitro da matéria seca (MS) em vários ingredientesde rações para suínos. Métodos: Nove ingredientes da ração foram usados para medir o desaparecimento ileal in vitro e o desaparecimento de MS in vitro do trato total. Cada ingrediente moído foi suplementado com xilanase suplementar (9.000 U/g) ou amido de milhoa 1,0%. Resultados: A xilanase suplementar aumentou o desaparecimento ileal in vitro de MS em trigo, cevada, farinha de trigo e farelo de trigo (p<0,05). O desaparecimento in vitro de MS do trato total para cevada e farelo de trigo aumentou com a adição de xilanase (p<0,05). Conclusão: A xilanase exógena pode aumentar o desaparecimento in vitro da MS ileal em cevada, trigo, farinha de trigo e farelo de trigo, mas não afetou o desaparecimento in vitro do trato total da MS no trigo e na farinha de trigo.