A UV-spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of lansoprazole (LAN). The method is based on the measurement of the absorbance of LAN solution in acetonitrile at 281 nm. The system obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 1.25-25.0 µg/mL. The degradation behavior of LAN was investigated under dry heat treatment, UV-degradation, acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis and oxidation; and found to degrade extensively under acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis and oxidation. The method was applied to the determination of LAN in capsule and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying Student's t-test and F-test.

Descrevem-se métodos, um titulométrico e dois espectrofotométricos, para a determinação de ofloxacino (OFX) na matéria-prima e em comprimidos, empregando a N-bromossuccinimida (NBS) como reagente analítico. Os métodos propostos envolvem a adição de excesso conhecido de NBS ao OFX, em meio ácido, seguida de determinação do NBS que não reagiu. Na titulometria, o NBS que não reagiu é determinado iodometricamente e na espectrofotometria, o NBS que não reagiu é determinado pela reação com quantidade fixa de índigo carmim (Método A) ou amarelo de metanila (Método B). Em todos os métodos, a quantidade de NBS que reagiu corresponde à quantidade de OFX. A titulometria permite a determinação de 1-8 mg de OFX e os cálculos se baseiam na estequiometria de reação de 1:5 (OFX:NBS). Na espectrofotometria, a Lei de Beer é obedecida nas faixas de concentração de 0,5-5,0 µg/mL, para o método A, e de 0,3-3,0 µg/mL, para o método B, respectivamente. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram aplicados para o teste de OFX em comprimidos e os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente com aqueles do método de referência. A precisão e a confiabilidade dos métodos foram, posteriormente, verificadas por meio dos testes de recuperação via método de adição de padrão.

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods have been described for the determination of ofloxacin (OFX) in bulk drug and in tablets, employing N-Bromosuccinimide as an analytical reagent. The proposed methods involve the addition of a known excess of NBS to OFX in acid medium, followed by determination of unreacted NBS. In titrimetry, the unreacted NBS is determined iodometrically, and in spectrophotometry, unreacted NBS is determined by reacting with a fixed amount of either indigo carmine (Method A) or metanil yellow (Method B). In all the methods, the amount of NBS reacted corresponds to the amount of OFX. Titrimetry allows the determination of 1-8 mg of OFX and the calculations are based on a 1:5 (OFX:NBS) reaction stoichiometry. In spectrophotometry, Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 0.5-5.0 µg/mL for method A and 0.3-3.0 µg/mL for method B. The molar absorptivities are calculated to be 5.53x10(4) and 9.24x10(4) L/mol/cm for method A and method B, respectively. The methods developed were applied to the assay of OFX in tablets, and results compared statistically with those of a reference method. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery tests via the standard-addition method.

Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride (HDH), a piperazine H1-receptor antagonist and antihistamine, is a rapid acting anxiolytic used principally as an antiemetic. A sensitive, selective, and precise and accurate spectrophotometric method based on the formation of an ion-pair with orange II (ORG II) as ion-pair complexing agent was developed and validated for the determination of HDH in pharmaceuticals. The chloroform-extractable ion-pair complex exhibited an absorption maximum at 480 nm. Optimization of different experimental conditions is described. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 1.5-15 μg mL-1 with an apparent molar absorptivity value of 2.07 × 10(4) L mol-1 cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity value of 0.0216 μg cm-2. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.14 and 0.41 μg mL-1, respectively. A Job's plot of absorbance versus molar ratio of HDH to ORG II indicated (1:2) stoichiometric ratio. Within-and between-day relative standard deviations at three different concentration levels were < 3%. The developed method was successfully applied to commercial tablets. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using the official method. No interference was encountered from coformulated substances. Recoveries were 96-109 %.

El dihidrocloruro de hidroxicina (HDH), una piperazina antagonista del receptor H1 y un antihistamínico, es un ansiolítico de acción rápida usado principalmente como anti-emético. Se desarrolló y validó un método espectrofotométrico sensible, selectivo, preciso y exacto basado en la formación de un par iónico con naranja II (ORG II) como un agente complejante para la determinación de HDH en productos farmacéuticos. El par iónico extraído en cloroformo exhibió un máximo de absorción a 480 nm. Se describió la optimización de las diferentes condiciones experimentales. La ley de Beer se obedeció en el intervalo de 1.5-15 μg mL-1 con un valor de absortividad molar aparente de 2.07 × 10(4) L mol-1 cm-1 y un valor de sensibilidad de Sandell de 0.0216 μg cm-2. El límite de detección (LD) y el límite de cuantificación (LC) son 0.14 y 0.41 μg mL-1, respectivamente. Una gráfica de Job de absorbancia versus relación molar de HDH y ORG II indicó una relación estequiométrica (1:2). Las desviaciones estándar relativas dentro y entre días, a tres diferentes niveles de concentración, fueron < 3%. El método desarrollado fue aplicado exitosamente a tabletas comerciales. Los resultados obtenidos estuvieron en buena concordancia con los obtenidos con el método oficial. No se encontró ninguna interferencia de parte de las sustancias de la formulación. Las recuperaciones fueron de 96-109 %.

Dois métodos espectrofotométricos simples, sensíveis, seletivos e baratos são descritos para a determinação de sinvastatina (SMT) a granel e em comprimidos, utilizando permanganato como reagente oxidimétrico. No método A, a SMT é tratada com excesso conhecido de permanganato em meio de ácido acético e o oxidante que não reage é medido a 550 nm, enquanto no método B, a reação é efetuada em meio alcalino e o manganato resultante é medido a 610 nm. No método A, a quantidade de permanganato que reage corresponde ao conteúdo de SMT e a absorbância diminui linearmente com o aumento da concentração; no método B, a absorbância aumenta com o aumento da concentração. As condições de trabalho do ensaio foram otimizadas e os métodos, validados de acordo com as normas do ICH. Sob condições ótimas, a SMT pode ser ensaiada nas faixas de concentração de 1,47- 17,67x10-5 e de 2,27-27,18 x10-6 mol/L pelo método A e B, respectivamente. As absortividades molares calculadas são 2 x 10³ e 2,5 x 10(4) L/ mol/cm, respectivamente, para os métodos A e B, com os valores correspondentes de sensibilidade de Sandell de 0,0387 e 0,0178 μg/cm². Os limites de detecção (LOQ) também foram relatados. A exatidão e a precisão do ensaio foram determinadas pelo cálculo de três concentrações intra- e inter-dia; a RSD intra-dia foi <2% e a exatidão foi melhor que 2,15% (RE). Os métodos foram aplicados com sucesso à determinação de SMT em comprimidos com alta porcentagem de recuperação, boa exatidão e precisão e sem interferência mensurável dos excipientes. A exatidão foi posteriormente determinada no placebo e na mistura sintética e, também, pelo método de spike recovery.

Two simple, sensitive, selective and inexpensive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of simvastatin (SMT) in bulk drug and in tablets using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent. In method A, SMT is treated with a measured excess of permanganate in acetic acid medium and the unreacted oxidant is measured at 550 nm, whereas in method B the reaction is carried out in alkaline medium and the resulting manganate is measured at 610 nm. In method A, the amount of permanganate reacted corresponds to the SMT content and the absorbance is found to decrease linearly with the concentration; and in method B, the absorbance increases with concentration. The working conditions of assays were optimized, and the methods were validated according to the current ICH guidelines. Under optimum conditions, SMT could be assayed in the concentration ranges, 1.47 - 17.67x10-5 and 2.27 - 27.18 x10-6 mol/L by method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivities are 3.2 x 10³ and 2.5 x 10(4) L/mol/cm for method A and method B, respectively with corresponding Sandell sensitivity values of 0.0387 and 0.0178 μg/cm². The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) have also been reported. Accuracy and precision for the assay were determined by calculating the intra-day and inter-day at three concentrations; the intra-day RSD was < 2% and the accuracy was better than 2.15 % (RE). The methods were applied successfully for the determination of SMT in tablet dosage form with a high percentage of recovery, good accuracy and precision, and without measurable interference by the excipients. The accuracy was further ascertained from placebo and synthetic mixture analysis and also from the spike-recovery method.

Abstract Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of pantoprazole sodium (PPS) using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent is described. In titrimetry, PPS is treated with a measured excess of permanganate in H2SO4 medium followed by the determination of unreacted oxidant by back titrating with a standard iron(II) solution. Spectrophotometry involves addition of a known excess of permanganate to PPS in H2SO4 medium followed by the measurement of absorbance of the residual permanganate at 545 nm. In both the methods, the amount of permanganate reacted corresponds to the PPS content. Experimental conditions that provide wide linear range, maximum sensitivity and selectivity, and accuracy and precisions have been optimized. In titrimetry, the calculations are based on a 1:1 (PPS : KMnO4) reaction stoichiometry and the method is applicable over 1.0-7.0 mg range. In spectrophotometry, Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 15.0-150.0 µg mL-1. The linear regression equation of the calibration graph is A = 0.78 + 0.005 C with a regression coefficient (r) of 0.9982 (n = 11). The apparent molar absorptivity is calculated to be 2.213 × 10³ l mol-1cm-1 and the Sandell sensitivity is 0.1954 µg cm-2. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated as per the ICH guidelines are 0.73 and 2.21 µg mL-1, respectively. Accuracy and precision of the assays were determined by computing the intra-day and inter-day variations at three different levels of PPS; the intra-day and inter-day RSD was < 3.09 % and the accuracy was better than 3.5 %. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of PPS in three different brands of tablets with good accuracy and precision, and without detectable interference by excipients. The accuracy was further ascertained by placebo blank and synthetic mixture analyses and also by recovery experiments via standard-addition procedure.

En este trabajo se describe la cuantificación de pantoprazol sódico (PPS) mediante una valoración redox usando permanganato como agente oxidante siguiendo la determinación potenciométrica y espectrofotométricamente. En potenciometría, se adiciona un exceso de permanganato en medio H2SO4 y el PPS es cuantificado valorando el excedente de permanganato con una solución estándar de Fe(II). La determinación espectrofotométrica se realiza agregando permanganato a una concentración que asegure un exceso conocido y se mide la absorbancia del permanganato residual a 545 nm. En ambos métodos la cantidad de permanganato que reacciona con PPS esta relacionada con el contenido de PPS. Fueron optimizadas las condiciones experimentales que proporcionan un rango lineal, selectividad y sensibilidad máxima, precisión y exactitud. En potenciometría, los cálculos se basan en una estequiométrica de reacción 1:1 (PPS: KMnO4) y el método es aplicable en un intervalo de 1.0-7.0 mg. En espectrofotometría, la ley de Beer es lineal en un intervalo de concentración de 15.0-150.0 µg mL-1. La regresión lineal para la curva de calibración es A = 0.78 + 0.005 C con un coeficiente de regresión (r) de 0.9982 (n = 11). El coeficiente de absorbitividad molar calculado fue de 2.213 × 10³ l mol-1 cm-1 y la sensibilidad de Sandell de 0.1954 µg cm-2. Los límites de detección y cuantificación calculados de acuerdo con la guía ICH son 0.73 y 2.21 µg mL-1, respectivamente. La precisión y exactitud de los ensayos fueron determinadas calculando la variación intra-día e inter-día a tres niveles de PPS; la desviación estándar relativa intra-día e inter-día fue < 3.09 % y la exactitud fue mejor que 3.5 %. Los métodos fueron exitosamente aplicados para la determinación de PPS en tres diferentes marcas de tabletas con buena exactitud y precisión y sin interferencia detectable por los excipientes. La exactitud fue asegurada realizando el análisis de un placebo blanco y una muestra sintética y también por los experimentos de recuperación vía el procedimiento de adiciones estándar.

Two simple, sensitive and rapid methods are described for the determination of gatifloxacin sesqui hydrate (GTF) in bulk drug and in formulations using bromate-bromide as the oxidimetric reagent. The methods are based on the oxidation of GTF by in situ generated bromine followed by determination of unreacted bromine by two different reactions. In one procedure, the residual bromine is reduced by an excess of iron(II), and the resulting iron(III) is complexed either with thiocyanate and measured at 470 nm (method A) or with tiron at pH 1.09 and measured at 670 nm (method B). In both methods, the absorbance is found to decrease linearly with GTF concentration. Beer's law is obeyed over the ranges 0.3-3.0 and 1-15 μg/mL for method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 1.3 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(4) L/mol/cm for method A and method B, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of GTF in formulations and the results tallied well with the label claim. The results were statistically compared with those of a literature method by applying the Student's t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from the concomitant substances normally added to preparations. The accuracy and validity of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery experiments via standard-addition method.

Se describen dos métodos simples, sensibles y rápidos para la determinación del sesquihidrato de gatifloxacina (GTF) como droga cruda y en formulaciones, empleando bromuro-bromato como el reactivo oxidimétrico. Los métodos se basan en la oxidación de GTF por bromo generado in situ seguido de la determinación del bromo excedente por dos reacciones diferentes. En un procedimiento, el bromo residual se reduce por exceso de Fe(II), y el Fe (III) resultante se compleja, ya sea con tiocianato y medido a 470 nm (método A) o con tiron a pH 1.09 y medido a 670 nm (método B). En ambos métodos se encuentra que la absorbancia decrece linealmente con la concentración de GTF. Se sigue la ley de Beer en los rangos de 0.3 - 3.0 y 1 - 15 μg/mL por el método A y por el método B, respectivamente. Los valores calculados de absorptividad molar son 1.3 x 10(5) y 2.5 x 10(4) L/mol /cm para los métodos A y B, respectivamente. Los métodos fueron aplicados exitosamente a las determinaciones de GTF en formulaciones y los resultados coincidieron con lo informado en la etiqueta. Los resultados fueron comparados estadísticamente con los informados en la literatura empleando pruebas t de student y la prueba F. No se observaron interferencias con las substancias empleadas para el análisis. La exactitud y validez de los métodos fueron confirmados por experimentos de recuperación mediante el método estándar de adición.