Resumen Objetivo: La acidosis es la complicación más peligrosa en la hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA). El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del líquido cefalorraquídeo ácido en las estructuras del canal central tras la HSA. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron 28 conejos híbridos. Se registraron los valores de pH de la sangre y del líquido cefalorraquídeo antes, durante y después de los procedimientos experimentales. A continuación se examinaron histopatológicamente las estructuras relacionadas con los canales centrales a nivel de C5 de la médula espinal cervical. Se analizó estadísticamente la relación entre los valores de pH de las células ependimarias y las densidades de células epiteliales degeneradas. Resultados: Los valores medios de pH en sangre y la densidad de células ependimarias degeneradas (n/mm2) fueron los siguientes: 7.351 ± 0.033/23 ± 7 en el control, 7.322 ± 0.059/78 ± 13 en el SHAM, 7.261 ± 0.048/254 ± 62 en los animales del estudio. Los exámenes macroscópicos revelaron hinchazón, edema, adherencias pia-aracnoideas, dilatación del canal ventral, aracnoiditis, hemorragia del canal central, oclusiones y dilatación en la médula espinal. Conclusiones: Las patologías del canal central inducidas por la acidosis del líquido cefalorraquídeo deben considerarse como una complicación importante de la HSA tras una hemorragia subaracnoidea.

Abstract Objective: Acidosis is the most dangerous complication in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic cerebrospinal fluid on central canal structures after SAH. Materials and methods: Twenty-eight hybrid rabbits were studied. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid pH values were recorded before/during/after the experimental procedures. The structures related to the central canals at the level of C5 of the cervical spinal cord were then examined histopathologically. The relationship between pH values of ependymal cells and degenerated epithelial cell densities was statistically analyzed. Results: Mean blood pH values and degenerated ependymal cell density (n/mm2) were as follows: 7.351 ± 0.033/23 ± 7 in control, 7.322 ± 0.059/78 ± 13 in SHAM, and 7.261 ± 0.048/254 ± 62 in study animals. Gross examinations revealed swelling, edema, pia-arachnoid adhesions, ventral canal dilatation, arachnoiditis, central canal hemorrhage, occlusions, and dilatation in the spinal cord. Conclusion: Cerebrospinal fluid acidosis-induced central channel pathologies should be considered an important complication of SAH following SAH.

Objective: To investigate prevalence of internalized and externalized psychological symptoms and war-related adverse events among a representative secondary-school sample of Syrian refugee adolescents, and to compare levels of depression, anxiety, and stress between Syrian refugee adolescents and Turkish adolescents. Methods: Syrian refugee adolescents (n=70) and Turkish adolescents (n=70) were asked to complete the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-42) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: DASS and SDQ scores were significantly different between the two groups; scores in all problem areas were higher in refugees. Loss of a family member increased depression, stress, and total difficulty scored, whereas witnessing death increased anxiety and stress and experiencing multiple events increased depression, anxiety, and total difficulty scores. Maternal years of schooling correlated inversely with SDQ emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity/inattention problem scores. Both parents’ years of schooling correlated inversely with SDQ total difficulties scores. Conclusion: Syrian refugee adolescents had higher depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, peer relationship problems, and general difficulties than their Turkish peers. Facilitating refugees’ access to mental health services, educating their parents, consulting, and monitoring at-risk children may contribute to reducing psychosocial problems in refugee children.

ABSTRACT Objective: The effect of antipsychotic (AP) drugs on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in schizophrenia has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of APs (the first generation antipsychotic group [FGAG], the second generation antipsychotic group [SGAG], the clozapine group [CG]) on OCT findings in schizophrenia. Methods: The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and choroidal thickness were measured using a spectral OCT device. Results: No significant difference was found between FGAG, SGAG, CG (p > 0.05) while there was a significant difference between the control group and the patients group in terms of RNFL, GCL, and IPL (p < 0.05). A significant difference between SGAG and CG, FGAG (p < 0.05); between control group and FGAG (p < 0.05) were found in terms of choroidal thickness. Conclusion: These findings suggested the deterioration of the metabolic parameters due to the SGA use. Thinner choroidal layer thickness in the CG compared to the SGAG and control group was thought to be related to the patients using clozapine had a resistance to the treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar o efeito de hábitos nutricionais na formação e recorrência de cálculos renais. Métodos Este estudo foi realizado em 44 indivíduos saudáveis e 44 pacientes com diagnóstico de nefrolitíase e envelhecimento entre 20 e 65 anos. Os participantes compartilharam seus hábitos de consumo de sal, quantidades diárias de consumo de líquidos e informações gerais sobre si mesmos em um questionário. Além disso, as frequências de consumo de alimentos e bebidas dos participantes foram registradas por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados As frequências de consumo de sal dos pacientes são maiores que as de indivíduos saudáveis em ambos os sexos (p<0,05). Verificou-se que os indivíduos do sexo masculino no grupo de pacientes salgam os pratos sem degustar com maior frequência (p<0,05). O consumo diário total de água de ambos os sexos no grupo de pacientes é menor que o dos indivíduos saudáveis (p<0,05). O consumo de carne de pacientes do sexo masculino (51,6±31,35g/dia) foi maior que o do grupo saudável (34,1±22,58g/dia) (p<0,05). Além disso, indivíduos do grupo de pacientes consomem menos urtiga, milho, ameixa, nêspera, suco de laranja e limonada do que indivíduos saudáveis (p<0,05). Conclusão Os resultados do estudo mostraram que a ingestão total de líquidos, os hábitos de consumo de sal e o consumo de vegetais, frutas e bebidas podem estar correlacionados com o risco de formação de pedra e os hábitos de nutrição podem afetar a recorrência da pedra.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of nutritional habits on kidney stone formation and recurrence. Methods This study was conducted on 44 healthy individuals and 44 patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis and aging between 20 and 65 years. Participants shared their salt consumption habits, daily fluid consumption amounts and general information about themselves in a questionnaire form. In addition, food and beverage consumption frequencies of participants were recorded through a food frequency questionnaire. Results Salt consumption frequencies of patients are higher than that of healthy individuals in both genders (p<0.05). It was found out that male individuals in the patient group salt dishes without tasting more frequently (p<0.05). Daily total water consumption of both genders in patient group is lower than that of healthy individuals (p<0.05). Meat consumption of male patients (51.6±31.35g/day) was found to be higher than that of healthy group (34.1±22.58g/day) (p<0.05). Additionally, individuals in the patient group consume less stinging nettle, corn, plum, loquat, orange juice and lemonade than healthy individuals (p<0.05). Conclusion Results of the study showed that total fluid intake, salt consumption habits, and vegetable, fruit and beverage consumption may be correlated with stone formation risk and nutrition habits may affect stone recurrence.

Abstract Background: Optical coherence tomography is a contactless and fast neuroimaging method. Previous Studies have observed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer in many neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the layers of ganglion cell complex in conversion disorder. Methods: This study involved 50 conversion disorder patients and 50 healthy volunteers as the control. The parameters were measured and recorded automatically by a spectral optical coherence tomography device. Results: There was no difference in the retinal nerve fiber layers between the conversion disorder group and the control group (p > 0.05). The left and right choroid layer thickness acquired from three regions of the choroid layer was higher in patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). The ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer volumes were also significantly lower in the patient group (p < 0.05). Discussion: These ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer findings suggest that neurodegeneration occurs during the course of conversion disorder especially in subtype involved motor component. The choroid seems to be more related to the sensory component and it may be used to determine the active stage of the disease and to monitor inflammatory process like other inflammation markers used in systemic inflammatory diseases.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo feminino com 70 anos de idade desenvolveu edema da córnea e descoloração da íris após o uso inadvertido de 1% de azul de metileno em vez de 0,025% de azul tripano para corar a cápsula anterior do cristalino durante a cirurgia de catarata por facoemulsificação. Foi realizada irrigação abundante quando detectou-se que o corante incorreto tinha sido usado. Edema da córnea e descoloração íris que ocorreu no período pós-operatório precoce persistiu durante 24 meses de seguimento; no entanto, a ceratoplastia não foi necessária. O uso intracameral de 1% de azul de metileno tem efeitos citotóxicos sobre o endotélio da córnea e epitélio da íris. A irrigação abundante durante pelo menos 30 minutos, utilizando um mantenedor de câmara anterior pode resultar em um prognóstico melhor.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a 70-year-old female patient who developed corneal edema and iris discoloration following the inadvertent use of 1% methylene blue instead of 0.025% trypan blue to stain the anterior capsule during cataract phacoemulsification surgery. Copious irrigation was performed upon realization of incorrect dye use. Corneal edema and iris discoloration developed during the early postoperative period and persisted at 24-months follow-up. However, keratoplasty was not required. The intracameral use of 1% methylene blue has a cytotoxic effect on the corneal endothelium and iris epithelium. Copious irrigation for at least 30 min using an anterior chamber maintainer may improve outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune mucocutaneous disease. Recent research has emphasized the strong association between inflammation and both P-wave dispersion and dyslipidemia. The difference between the maximum and minimum P-wave durations on an electrocardiogram is defined as P-wave dispersion. The prolongation of P-wave dispersion has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate P-wave dispersion in patients with lichen planus. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with lichen planus and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this study. We obtained electrocardiographic recordings from all participants and used them to calculate the P-wave variables. We also assessed the levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, which is an inflammatory marker, and the lipid levels for each group. The results were reported as the means ± standard deviations and percentages. RESULTS: The P-wave dispersion was significantly higher in lichen planus patients than in the control group. Additionally, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in lichen planus patients compared to the controls. There was a significant positive correlation between highly sensitive C-reactive protein and P-wave dispersion (r = 0.549, p<0.001) in lichen planus patients. CONCLUSIONS: P-wave dispersion increased on the surface electrocardiographic measurements of lichen planus patients. This result may be important in the early detection of subclinical cardiac involvement. Increased P-wave dispersion, in terms of the tendency for atrial fibrillation, should be considered in these patients.