Um novo método para quantificação de glicerol em aguardentes de cana de açúcar (cachaças) foi proposto baseado na derivatização das amostras com cloreto de benzoíla seguido por extração em fase sólida e análise via cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação para a análise de glicerol são de 0,25 e 0,74 mg L−1, respectivamente. A exatidão é de 97,5%, a precisão de 93,5% e a linearidade r2 = 0,998 para o intervalo de 0,56 mg L−1 a 112,0 mg L−1 de glicerol. Experimentos com quarenta e oito amostras de cachaças envelhecidas e não envelhecidas e sete extratos etanólicos de madeira mostraram que o processo de envelhecimento contribui para o aumento da concentração de glicerol. A concentração média de glicerol nas amostras de cachaças envelhecidas foi cerca de 10 vezes maior em relação às das cachaças não envelhecidas.

A new method for glycerol quantification in sugarcane spirits (cachaças) is proposed, based on sample derivatization using benzoyl chloride followed by solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection analysis. The limits of detection and quantification for glycerol analysis are 0.25 mg L−1 and 0.74 mg L−1, respectively. The accuracy is of 97.5%, the precision 93.5% and the linearity r2 = 0.998 in the range of 0.56 mg L−1 to 112.0 mg L−1 of glycerol. Experiments with forty eight samples of aged and non-aged cachaças and seven alcoholic extracts of wood showed that the aging process contributes to increase the glycerol concentration. The average concentration of glycerol in aged cachaças were about 10-fold higher than in non-aged cachaças.

Neste estudo, métodos multirresíduos usando extração em fase sólida (SPE) e microextração em fase sólida (SPME) são comparados na determinação de pesticidas em amostras aquosas. Parâmetros como tipo de fibras e espessura, solvente de eluição, volume da amostra, tempo de equilíbrio, coeficiente de partição e solubilidade foram investigados. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos para a análise de pesticidas usando cartuchos C18 e acetato de etila como eluente, com taxas de recuperação entre 75-107%. As melhores condições para SPME foram com uma fibra PDMS 100 µm de espessura, volume de amostra de 40 mL, e tempo de equilíbrio de 45 min. O método SPME é o mais adequado para a análise de pesticidas em água, devido à sua rapidez e simplicidade e ao não uso de solventes. Os limites de detecção e quantificação são inferiores aos limites de concentração máximos estabelecidos pelas autoridades brasileiras, sendo portanto aceitável.

In this study, multiresidue method using solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are compared in the determination of pesticides in aqueous samples. Parameters such as fiber type and thickness, elution solvent, sample volume, equilibration time, partition coefficient and solubility were investigated. Satisfactory results were obtained for the analysis of pesticides using C18 cartridges and ethyl acetate as eluent, whith recovery rates between 75-107%. The best conditions for SPME fiber were PDMS with a 100 µm thick, sample volume of 40 mL, and reaction time was 45 min. SPME method is most suitable for the analysis of pesticides in water, due to its speed and simplicity and solvent-free. The limits of detection and quantification are below the maximum concentration limits established by Brazilian authorities and therefore acceptable.

The present study deals with phenol adsorption on chitin and chitosan and removal of contaminants from wastewater of a petroleum refinery. The adsorption kinetic data were best fitted to first- and second-order models for chitosan and chitin, respectively. The results of adsorption isotherms showed Langmuir model more appropriately described than a Freundlich model for both adsorbents. The adsorption capacity was 1.96 and 1.26 mg/g for chitin and chitosan, respectively. Maximum removal of phenol was about 70-80% (flow rate: 1.5 mL/min, bed height: 18.5 cm, and 30 mg/L of phenol. Wastewater treatment with chitin in a fixed-bed system showed reductions of about 52 and 92% for COD and oil and greases, and for chitosan 65 and 67%, respectively. The results show improvement of the effluent quality after treatment with chitin and chitosan.

Beer brewing is an intricate process encompassing mixing and further elaboration of four essential raw materials, including barley malt, brewing water, hops and yeast. Particularly hops determine to a great extent typical beer qualities such as bitter taste, hoppy flavour, and foam stability. Conversely, hop-derived bitter acids account for an offending lightstruck flavour, which is formed on exposure of beer to light. These various processes are presented in detail, while due emphasis is placed on state-of-the-art hop technology, which provides brewers with efficient means to control bitterness, foam, and light-stability thereby allowing for the production of beers with consistent quality.