ABSTRACT: Nowadays, alternative methods that do not use formaldehyde to preserve cadavers must be used due to this substance’s toxicity. Synthetic models are a training option for teaching, but cost makes their use unviable in most underdeveloped countries. The present study’s main objective was to develop a model for education and researching thorax radiology in cadavers of chemically prepared dogs. Megaesophagus, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and bronchography, as well as pulmonary insufflation, were simulated in 32 dogs cadavers, which received 150 mL/kg of pure ethyl alcohol solution with 5% glycerin followed by injection of 120 mL/kg of a solution containing 20% sodium chloride, 1% sodium nitrite and 1% sodium nitrate; they were kept refrigerated between 2 to 6 °C, for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days (G30, G60, G90, G120). There was no contamination, putrid odor, or subcutaneous emphysema. The pulmonary insufflation was kept, and the color and the consistency were similar to a fresh corpse after 120 days of conservation. It was possible to perform radiographic procedures, and almost all affections could be greatly mimicked. Megaesophagus and bronchography were easily simulated. Pneumothorax was the most challenging condition to be reproduced, especially in cadavers with some liquid in the thorax. The alcoholic and curing salt solutions are an embalming alternative with low financial and environmental costs and proved to preserve corpses.

RESUMO: Nos dias atuais, métodos alternativos e que não utilizem o formaldeído para conservação de cadáveres devem ser empregados, devido à toxicidade desse agente. Modelos sintéticos são opção de treinamento para o ensino, mas geralmente o preço inviabiliza seu uso na maioria dos países subdesenvolvidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo visando ao ensino e pesquisa da radiologia torácica em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados. Foram simulados megaesôfago, efusão pleural, pneumotórax e broncografia, além de insuflação pulmonar, em 32 cadáveres de cães, que receberam 150 mL/kg de solução de álcool etílico puro com 5% de glicerina seguido de injeção de 120 mL/kg de solução contendo 20% de cloreto de sódio, 1% de nitrito de sódio e 1% de nitrato de sódio, mantidos sob refrigeração entre 2 e 6 graus, por 30, 60, 90 ou 120 dias (G30, G60, G90, G120). Não houve contaminação, odor pútrido ou enfisema subcutâneo. A insuflação pulmonar foi mantida, e a cor e a consistência foram semelhantes a um cadáver fresco após 120 dias de conservação. Em todos os grupos foi possível realizar os procedimentos radiográficos e quase todas afecções puderam ser grandemente mimetizadas. O megaesôfago e a broncografia foram facilmente simuladas. O pneumotórax foi a afecção mais difícil de ser simulada principalmente nos cadáveres com um pouco de líquido na cavidade torácica. A solução alcoólica e de sal de cura são uma alternativa de embalsamamento com baixo custo financeiro e ambiental e comprovadamente conservam cadáveres.

ABSTRACT Objective To correlate the significance of osseous, chondral, tendon, and ligamentous injuries with anatomical variations in low-grade versus high-grade acute ankle sprains. Methods We retrospectively identified the magnetic resonance imaging findings of acute ankle sprains (<15 days). Participants with a history of previous sprains, arthritis, tumors, infections, or inflammatory conditions were excluded. Images were independently evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists and assessed for osseous, chondral, tendon, and ligamentous injuries and anatomical variations. Participants were divided into low-grade versus high-grade sprain groups, according to the presence of a complete tear in at least one component of the lateral ligament complex. Results The final study group comprised 100 magnetic resonance images (mean age, 36 years), the majority of males (54%), the right ankle (52%), and a mean sprain duration of 5 days. Participants with high-grade sprains presented with increased rates of medial malleolus edema (p<0.001), moderate and large articular effusions (p=0.041), and shorter calcaneonavicular distance (p=0.008). Complete tears of the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligaments were observed in 100% and 51.2% of the participants in the High-Grade Group, respectively. The deltoid ligament complex was partially torn in this group (55.8% versus 8.8%, p<0.001). Extensor tendon retinaculum lesions occurred significantly more frequently in this group (41.9%) compared to the overall study population (23%) (p<0.001). Conclusion Participants with high-grade ankle sprains presented with shorter calcaneonavicular distances and increased rates of medial malleolus edema, deltoid complex partial tears, extensor retinaculum lesions, and articular effusion.

Abstract Studies on the oral health of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) have identified problems that include a high prevalence of periodontal disease. The use of probiotics to treat periodontal disease has been the focus of considerable research, and bovine milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus L8020 (L8020 yogurt) has been shown to reduce the oral prevalence of four periodontal pathogens. Objective The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the effects of L8020 yogurt (test group) with those of placebo yogurt (placebo group) on the papillary-marginal-attached (PMA) index, gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD) in 23 individuals with ID. Methodology All patients were required to consume the allocated yogurt after breakfast for 90 days. PMA index and GI scores as well as PDs were assessed before the start of yogurt consumption (baseline), after 45 and 90 days of consumption, and 30 days after the cessation of consumption. Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test or Fisher’s exact test was used for inter-group comparisons, and the mixed effect model of repeated measurements was used for data analysis. Results The decrease in PMA index score was significantly greater in the test group than in the placebo group (p<0.001). The GI score also decreased during the study, with a tendency for greater decrease in the test group. Furthermore, decreases in PD between baseline, 45 and 90 days tended to be greater in the test group than in the placebo group. Conclusion These results suggest that regular consumption of bovine milk fermented with L. rhamnosus L8020 can lower the risk of periodontal disease in individuals with ID.

Abstract A new species of the Clausidium Kossmann, 1874 copepods is described, illustrated and provided by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope photo on the basis of specimens from the gill chamber of Callianidea typa H. Milne Edwards, 1837 from the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. Clausidium persiaensis sp. nov is unique in the possession of a fine spine on endopod-1 of the antennae, large blade-like setae with an acute tip on P1, and the shape of P5 and the anal somite. The new species extends the group distribution into the northwest Indian Ocean and represents the first records of the genus in Iran.

Concentrations and identity of ions in the soil solution may affect soil phosphorus (P) reactions and P availability. In this study, the magnitude of these reactions was evaluated following the application of Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) combined with chloride and carbonate salts of Na and Ca within an incubation experiment. Twenty-one days later NaOH-P and HCl-P were determined. This investigation was undertaken with the aim of identifying the role of Ca-ion activity in the liquid phase on the solubilization of MPR and formation of insoluble Ca-P phases. The increase in pH was higher with Na2CO3 than with CaCO3, while both CaCl2 and NaCl resulted in slight decreases in pH. The dissolution of MPR was higher overall when MPR was applied singularly than for the combined application of the phosphate rock with salts of calcium or sodium after 60 days of incubation. Dissolution of MPR decreased as levels of CaCO3 or CaCl2 increased but the decrease was more pronounced in CaCO3-treated than in CaCl2-treated soils. Ca-ion activity in the liquid phase is the main factor responsible for the insolubilization of MPR and the formation of insoluble Ca-P phases (HCl P). The formation of Ca-P solid phases increased with the concentration of Ca-ions, and was governed by the pH and nature of the accompanying anion. For soils with low levels of exchangeable cations and where liming is a recommended intervention measure, Ca from lime will form insoluble P phases and reduce the dissolution of PR and P availability to plants.

Purpose We tested a new head-mounted display (HMD) system for surgery on the upper urinary tract. Surgical Technique Four women and one man with abnormal findings in the renal pelvis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging underwent surgery using this new system. A high definition HMD (Sony, Tokyo, Japan) is connected to a flexible ureteroscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and the images from the ureteroscope are delivered simultaneously to various participants wearing HMDs. Furthermore, various information in addition to that available through the endoscope, such as the narrow band image, the fluoroscope, input from a video camera mounted on the lead surgeon’s HMD and the vital monitors can be viewed on each HMD. Results Median operative duration and anesthesia time were 53 and 111 minutes, respectively. The ureteroscopic procedures were successfully performed in all cases. There were no notable negative outcomes or incidents (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥1). Conclusion The HMD system offers simultaneous, high-quality magnified imagery in front of the eyes, regardless of head position, to those participating in the endoscopic procedures. This affordable display system also provides various forms of information related to examinations and operations while allowing direct vision and navigated vision.

Este artigo apresenta dados composicionais de amostras de clínquer Portland produzido com matérias-primas e combustíveis não convencionais, em especial no que diz respeito à distribuição de elementos menores e traços. Foram amostrados clínqueres produzidos com três misturas diferentes de combustíveis, enquanto os demais parâmetros foram mantidos constantes. Os combustíveis apresentam características químicas típicas, como o teor elevado de enxofre no coque de petróleo e o alto teor de zinco no combustível derivado de pneus. O uso de carbonatito como matéria-prima se reflete nos teores elevados de estrôncio e fósforo. Dados de microssonda eletrônica foram usados para determinar a ocupação de sítios estruturais de C3S e C2S, e para modelar a distribuição de elementos traços entre as fases do clínquer. O fósforo ocorre em proporções similares em C3S e C2S; se considerarmos sua abundância modal, o C3S é o principal reservatório de fósforo no clínquer. O enxofre é preferencialmente concentrado em C2S em comparação com C3S. O estrôncio substitui Ca2+ principalmente em C2S e em fases não-silicáticas, em comparação com C3S.

This paper presents results on the composition of Portland clinkers produced with non-conventional raw-materials and fuels, focusing on the distribution of selected trace elements. Clinkers produced with three different fuel compositions were sampled in an industrial plant, where all other parameters were kept unchanged. The fuels have chemical fingerprints, which are sulfur for petroleum coke and zinc for TDF (tire-derived fuel). Presence of carbonatite in the raw materials is indicated by high amounts of strontium and phosphorous. Electron microprobe data was used to determine occupation of structural site of both C3S and C2S, and the distribution of trace elements among clinker phases. Phosphorous occurs in similar proportions in C3S and C2S; while considering its modal abundance, C3S is its main reservoir in the clinker. Sulfur is preferentially partitioned toward C2S compared to C3S. Strontium substitutes for Ca2+ mainly in C2S and in non-silicatic phases, compared to C3S.

Reproductive strategy is the set of adaptations that promote the most efficient way that the species will survive under the particular conditions of a determined environment. Understanding these adaptations is important and can help pinpoint populations indicator of environmental changes. Spermatogenesis is a measurable biological process of these adaptations in spatial and temporal scales. We analyzed the morphology of the testes and oviducts of the lizard species that comprise the genus Tropidurus, taking into account the geographical distribution and sympatric relations. For the analysis and the testes were removed from the middle part of the oviducts from Tropidurus etheridge, T. oreadicus, T. itambere, T. spinulosus and T. Guarani species, collected in different places in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The reproductive period is synchronous for males and females and occurs in September, October and November. Reproductive males were characterized. In the testes are seminiferous tubules with germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis, with a high epithelium, at present light, free spermatozoa in the lumen and reduction of interstitial tissue. For females, the reproduction peak occurs when the oviduct epithelium is high with secretions and basal nucleus. These months are characterized in the sampled areas over a period of heavy rain and high temperatures. The decline of reproductive period was observed in both sexes, between April and August. Low reproduction in males is characterized by ample light, absence of sperm, only germ cells in the early stages of spermatogenesis are observed (a few spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and interstitial tissue wide. In females, the period of reproductive decline is marked by the absence of unicellular glands in the oviduct epithelium, with higher affinity with the dye. This period corresponds to low rainfall periods and lower temperatures. We propose an analysis of zoological samples; this is a proposal to facilitate the work of many researchers through access to the species, especially rare species.

Estrategia reproductiva es el conjunto de adaptaciones que promueven la manera más eficiente para una población a sobrevivir en las condiciones específicas de un entorno particular. Comprender esta adaptación es importante y puede identificarse en algunas poblaciones como indicador de cambios ambientales. La espermatogénesis puede ser un proceso biológico medible de estas adaptaciones en escalas espaciales y temporales. Se analizó la morfología de los testículos y oviductos de las especies de lagartijas que componen el género Tropidurus, teniendo en cuenta la amplia distribución geográfica y las relaciones simpátricas. Para el análisis hemos eliminado los testículos de los machos y la parte media de los oviductos de hembras de las especiesTropidurus Etheridge, T. oreadicus, T. itambere, T. spinulosus y T. Guarani recolectadas en diferentes lugares en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. El período reproductivo es sincrónico para machos y hembras, y se produce durante septiembre, octubre y noviembre. Se caracterizaron como machos reproductores por testículos con túbulos seminíferos con células germinales en distintas etapas de la espermatogénesis, un epitelio muy alto, un lumen reducido, numerosos espermatozoides libres en el lumen y tejido intersticial redicudo. En hembras el pico reproductivo se produce cuando los canales de conducción de gametos poseen un epitelio alto, secretor y con núcleos basales. Estos meses son caracterizados en las zonas muestreadas por fuertes lluvias y altas temperaturas. La disminución del período reproductivo se observó en ambos sexos, entre abril y agosto. La baja reproducción en machos se caracteriza por un lumen ancho, ausencia de espermatozoides, presencia de células germinales sólo en las primeras etapas de la espermatogénesis (espermatogonias y pocos espermatocitos) y tejido intersticial amplio. En las mujeres, el período de baja reproducción está marcado por la ausencia de glándulas unicelulares en el epitelio del oviducto, con mayor afinidad a la tinción. Este período corresponde al de baja precipitaciones y temperaturas más bajas. Proponemos un análisis de muestras de las colecciones zoológicas ya que esta es una propuesta para facilitar el trabajo de muchos investigadores a través del acceso a las especies, especialmente especies raras.

Este estudo trata do efeito do enxofre no silicato de dicálcio (Ca2SiO4), uma fase cristalina majoritária (20 a 40 peso%) do clínquer do cimento Portland comum. O silicato de dicálcio é também conhecido como C2S (2CaO.SiO2) ou belita. A síntese de amostras de C2S foi feita a partir de reagentes de alta pureza com adição de enxofre como CaSO4.2H2O, misturados na proporção estequiométrica 2Ca:(1-x)Si:xS, na qual x corresponde à proporção catiônica de enxofre, com valores de 0 a 20%. Os teores adicionados de SO3 nas amostras foram 0,23, 1,39, 2,77, 4,60 e 9,71 peso%. A composição química das amostras foi determinada por meio de fluorescência de raios X antes e após sinterização. A perda por volatilização em alta escala de enxofre levou a um excesso de cálcio e conseqüentemente à formação crescente de silicato de tricálcio com aumento crescente de enxofre na mistura inicial. A composição mineralógica das amostras e os parâmetros de rede dos polimorfos de C2S foram determinados por difração de raios X e refinamento de Rietveld. A análise estrutural dos resultados de difração indica que a presença de enxofre estabiliza a forma de temperatura intermediária β C2S, com aumento crescente do volume da célula unitária. A reatividade com água (calor de hidratação) das amostras foi medido por calorimetria diferencial de varredura, que foi fortemente influenciado pela alta reatividade do silicato de tricálcio.

The present study regards the effect of sulfur in dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), a major crystalline phase (20 to 40 wt.%) of the ordinary Portland cement clinker. Dicalcium silicate is also known as C2S (2CaO.SiO2) or belite. The synthesis of the C2S samples was made with high purity reactants with addition of sulfur as CaSO4.2H2O, mixed according to the stoichiometric proportion 2Ca:(1-x)Si:xS, in which x corresponds to the cationic proportion of sulfur, with values ranging from 0 to 20%. Added amounts of SO3 in the samples were 0.23, 1.39, 2.77, 4.60 and 9.71wt.%. Chemical composition of the samples was determined by X-ray fluorescence before and after sintering. Large-scale sulfur loss by volatilization leads to an excess in calcium and consequently to formation of increasing amounts of tricalcium silicate with increasing sulfur content in the starting mixture. Mineralogical composition of the samples and cell parameters of C2S polymorphs were determined by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinements. Structural analysis of diffraction data indicates that the presence of sulfur stabilizes the intermediate temperature polymorph β C2S, with increasing unit cell volume. The reactivity with water (heat of hydration) of the samples was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, which was strongly influenced by the highly reactive tricalcium silicate.

Duas séries de clínqueres experimentais foram sintetizadas com matérias-primas contendo rejeitos da mineração de basalto para a produção de agregados para concreto. Os clínqueres experimentais foram produzidos a partir de uma farinha crua padrão com adições de teores variáveis de materiais basálticos, sendo que o fator de saturação em cal e os módulos de sílica e alumina da farinha crua foram mantidos constantes pelo ajuste das proporções de calcário, argila e minério de ferro em relação ao teor de material basáltico adicionado. Uma das séries de clínqueres foi produzida com finos de pedreira, usados em parte como agregados finos, mas também acumulados como pilhas de rejeitos no pátio da mina. A outra série foi feita com basalto vesicular, uma variedade de basalto poroso e de baixa resistência, não aproveitada como agregado. O estudo revela que a composição dos materiais basálticos é plenamente compatível com a produção de clínquer, não sendo necessária a adição de fundentes ou outros corretivos químicos. A composição dos clínqueres experimentais produzidos foi determinada por análises químicas, por análise quantitativa de fases em microscopia óptica (contagem de pontos) e por difratometria de raios X. Os clínqueres experimentais produzidos a partir de farinhas contendo materiais basálticos são similares aos clínqueres industriais convencionais, em termos de composição química e de proporção entre fases cristalinas.

Large volumes of waste materials are produced by crushing of basaltic rocks for aggregate production, which is widely used in regions that lack rocks of granitic or gneissic composition. Two types of waste materials are produced (a) quarry fines, which are in part used as fine aggregates in concrete and (b) vesicular basalt, a porous variety of basalt that is useless as aggregate. This paper presents a procedure to use basaltic mine-tailings as raw-mixtures for Portland cement by adjusting the proportion of the other raw-materials (limestone, clay, iron ore). It is demonstrated that there is no need for additional fluxes to the basalt-bearing raw-mixtures, since the setting of the chemical parameters is enough to guarantee clinker formation. Two series of experimental clinkers were synthesized with raw-mixtures containing residues from a basalt quarry that produces aggregates for concrete. Experimental clinkers were produced from raw-mixtures with similar lime saturation factors, silica and alumina modules, which were set by adjusting the proportions of limestone, clay and iron ore to the varying proportions of basaltic materials added to them. One series of clinkers was made with basalt quarry fines, which are in part used as fine aggregate, but also accumulate as mine-tailings. Other series was made using vesicular (porous) basalt, a variety not resistant enough to be used as aggregate. It is demonstrated that the basaltic composition is fully compatible with clinker production, and no addition of fluxes or other additions is required. Composition of the raw-mixtures was checked by chemical analysis. Quantitative phase analysis of the clinkers was made by optical microscopy point counting, together with qualitative X-ray diffraction. All mixtures produced clinkers with acceptable proportions of major and minor crystalline phases, inside the range of common industrial Portland clinkers.

A presente pesquisa trata de duas pinturas murais feitas em 1947 por Fulvio Pennacchi com a técnica do afresco na Capela Católica do Hospital das Clínicas (São Paulo, Brasil), intituladas Anunciação da Virgem e Ceia de Emaús. Este estudo considera os materiais e as técnicas de pintura usadas pelo artista, baseado na pesquisa histórica, observações in situ e técnicas analíticas de laboratório (estereomicroscopia, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com detector de espectro de energia dispersiva, difração de raios X, microssonda eletrônica, imagens obtidas com luz ultravioleta), visando aperfeiçoar os métodos de caracterização de objetos do nosso patrimônio cultural, e otimizar sua preservação adequadamente. Os resultados conduziram à identificação dos componentes da argamassa e as diferentes camadas nos afrescos, além de informações sobre a granulação, impurezas e texturas, composição dos pigmentos, e feições de deterioração, tal como eflorescência. O grau de degradação das pinturas murais foi avaliado desta maneira. Nossos dados sugerem que Pennacchi usou uma camada única de argamassa com agregados de granulação fina a média. Diferenças na textura foram obtidas pela adição de gesso à argamassa.

The present research deals with two mural paintings made in 1947 with the fresco technique by Fulvio Pennacchi in the Catholic Chapel of the Hospital das Clínicas (São Paulo City, Brazil), namely the Virgin Annunciation and the Supper at Emmaus. This study regards the materials and painting techniques used by the artist, based on historical research,on in situ observations and laboratory analytical techniques (stereomicroscopy,scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffractometry, electron microprobe, images obtained with UV-light), aiming to improve the methods of characterization of objects of our cultural heritage, and to enhance its preservation accordingly. The results lead to the identification of the plaster components and of distinct layers in the frescoes, besides further information on grain size, impurities and textures, composition of pigments, and features of deterioration, such as efflorescences. The degree of degradation of the murals painting was assessed by this way. Our data suggest that a single layer of plaster was used by Pennacchi, as a common mortar with fine- and medium-grained aggregates. Differences in texture were obtained by adding gypsum to the plaster.

Durante estudos sobre a diversidade de copépodes harpacticóides meiobentônicos marinhos, um novo representante da família Tachidiidae foi encontrado na plataforma continental interna do estado de São Paulo, entre o canal de São Sebastião e a área costeira em frente á praia de Ubatumirim, Ubatuba (23º24'S, 44º57,6'W). Material complementar foi coletado próximo à praia da Enseada, Ubatuba (23º30'S, 45º05'W). Embora esta nova espécie compartilhe com M. laurenticum (Nicholls, 1940) a redução das antênulas, ela pode ser facilmente distinguida de seus congêneres pela presença de apenas 2 artículos no endópodo da perna 4 e pela redução no número de cerdas internas do endópodo-3 das pernas 1-4 e do exópodo-3 da perna 3. Os Tachidiidae, que tipicamente habitam sedimentos finos de águas rasas salobras e marinhas do Hemisfério Norte, são considerados bioindicadores de ambientes ricos em material orgânico. Este é o primeiro relato da família no hemisfério sul.

During studies on the diversity of meiobenthic marine harpacticoid copepods, a new representative of the family Tachidiidae was found on the inner continental shelf of São Paulo State, between São Sebastião Channel and Ubatumirim Bay, Ubatuba (23º24'S, 44º57,6'W). Complementary material was collected near Enseada Beach, Ubatuba (23º30'S, 45º05'W). Although the new species shares with M. laurenticum (Nicholls, 1940) the reduced antennules, it can be easily distinguished from its congeners by leg 4 endopod with only two segments and the reduction of the number of inner setae of legs 1-4 endopod-3 and leg 3 exopod-3. Tachidiids, typically inhabiting fine sediments of brackish and marine shallow waters in the Northern Hemisphere, are good indicators of heavy organic pollution. This is the first record of the family Tachidiidae in the southern hemisphere.