ABSTRACT The evaluation of the physical attributes of the soil in cultivated areas is essential for understanding the impacts of agricultural operations, especially those with intense machine traffic. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical attributes of the soil submitted to silage with different mechanized sets. A randomized block design was adopted with three treatments: forage harvester with a one-row cutting platform (T1), forage harvester with a three-row cutting platform (T2), and T2 with a forage harvester with a conveyor wagon. Before ensiling and 24 hours after the operation, intact samples of soil classified as Latossolo Vermelhoamarelo álico, intact, were collected to determine the micro, macro, and total porosity, soil density, and volumetric soil water content according to the methodology proposed by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). After ensiling, the resistance to soil penetration was measured with an electronic manual penetrometer, before and after ensiling, at the A horizon of the soil in the layers of 0.0-0.2 m and 0.2-0.4 m. We analyzed the data by establishing the confidence interval using the t-test at 10% probability. The sets reduce the macroporosity and total porosity of the soil in the 0.0-0.2 m and 0.2-0.4 m soil layers. T2 promoted greater total density in the 0.0–0.2 m layer. The silage increased the resistance to soil penetration to a depth of 0.15 m.

RESUMO A avaliação dos atributos físicos do solo em áreas cultivadas é essencial para a compreensão dos impactos das operações agrícolas, especialmente aquelas com intenso tráfego de máquinas. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar atributos físicos do solo submetido a ensilagem com diferentes conjuntos mecanizados. Adotou-se um arranjo experimental de blocos casualizado com três tratamentos: ensiladora com plataforma de corte de uma linha (T1), ensiladora com plataforma de corte de três linhas (T2) e conjunto ensiladora T2 com carreta de transportadora. Antes da ensilagem e 24 horas após a operação, coletou-se amostras de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo álico, intactas para determinar a micro, macro e porosidade total, densidade do solo e umidade volumétrica conforme metodologia proposta pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa). Após a ensilagem mediu-se a resistência à penetração do solo com um penetrômetro manual eletrônico, antes e após a ensilagem, no horizonte A do solo nas camadas de 0,0 a 0,2 m e 0,2 a 0,4 m. Analisou-se os dados estabelecendo o intervalo de confiança conforme o teste t, a 10% de probabilidade. Os conjuntos reduzem a macroporosidade e porosidade total do solo, nas camadas de 0,0 a 0,2 m e 0,2 a 0,4 m. T2 propiciou maior densidade total na camada de 0,0 a 0,2 m. A ensilagem aumentou a resistência à penetração do solo até a profundidade de 0,15 m do mesmo.

RESUMO O estabelecimento de lavouras de grãos no Brasil é um importante processo industrial na cadeia agrícola, exigindo a correta deposição do fertilizante granulado no sulco de semeadura e avaliações mais eficientes, precisas e sustentáveis na operação, que podem ser obtidas com o controle estatístico do processo. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da velocidade angular em diferentes inclinações do mecanismo de dosagem helicoidal sobre a deposição de fertilizante granulado. Uma bancada eletrônica automatizada foi usada para avaliar a qualidade de deposição de fertilizantes granulados considerando diferentes velocidades angulares (1,11, 1,94 e 2,77 m s-1) e inclinações longitudinais e transversais (+15, +7,5, 0, −7,5 e −15°), com dosador helicoidal por transbordamento. Os dados de fluxo foram coletados e submetidos à estatística descritiva e ao controle estatístico do processo. O mecanismo de medição apresentou variações esperadas, com desempenho aceitável sob controle de processo. Os valores de vazão do fertilizante granulado aumentaram com o aumento da velocidade, destacando-se inclinações longitudinais de +7,5 e + 15°, proporcionando maior deposição de fertilizante.

ABSTRACT The establishment of grain crops in Brazil is an important industrial process in the agricultural chain, requiring the correct deposition of granular fertilizer over the sowing furrow and more efficient, precise, and sustainable assessments in the operation, which can be achieved with the statistical process control. This study aimed to assess the effect of the angular velocity on different inclinations of the helical metering mechanism on the granular fertilizer deposition. An automated electronic bench was used to assess the deposition quality of granular fertilizers considering different angular velocities (1.11, 1.94, and 2.77 m s-1) and longitudinal and transverse inclinations (+15, +7.5, 0, −7.5, and −15°), with the helical doser by overflow. Flow data were collected and submitted to descriptive statistics and statistical process control. The metering mechanism showed expected variations, with acceptable performance under process control. The values of the flow rates of the granular fertilizer increased as velocity increased, standing out longitudinal inclinations of +7.5 and +15°, providing higher fertilizer depositions.

ABSTRACT Studies on the longitudinal distribution of seeds in the sowing row seek to improve crop homogeneity, thus generating high productivity. In this context, seed tubes must be analyzed for their angular curvature. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the seed tube curvature on the longitudinal distribution of corn and soybean seeds at different speeds. Two experiments were conducted completely randomized in a double factorial design. The first factor consisted of the seed tube curvature (straight and curved) and the second factor consisted of sowing speeds (1.11, 1.39, and 1.67 m s−1 for corn and 1.39, 1.67, 1.94, and 2.22 m s−1 for soybean), with five replications. The parameters analyzed to measure the longitudinal distribution were the number of seeds per meter, average spacing, double, flawed, and acceptable spacings, coefficient of variation, and precision index. The results were subjected to normality and homogeneity tests of residuals, followed by an analysis of variance and Tukey test, when significant. The curved seed tube showed the highest efficiency in the measured parameters for both corn and soybean. The increase in sowing speed had a negative influence on the evaluated parameters, especially in the soybean crop.

RESUMO A resistência à penetração do solo (RSP) é empregada como indicadora da compactação, por estar relacionada a importantes atributos do solo e das plantas, e por ser uma medida de fácil obtenção. Sua determinação com o uso do penetrômetro orienta para as melhores estratégias de manejo do solo, favorecendo assim o desenvolvimento das culturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar o penetrômetro eletrônico de acionamento hidráulico georreferenciado, facilitando a obtenção da RSP. Para tanto foram realizadas 36 leituras de 0 a 0,60 m de profundidade da RSP com os penetrômetros manual e hidráulico em duas áreas. Os resultados de RSP foram analisados estabelecendo-se os intervalos de confiança pelo teste t (p ≤ 0,10), a cada 0,05 m de profundidade, e o georreferenciamento através da raiz do erro quadrático médio (RSME). Constatou-se que ambos penetrômetros apresentaram similaridade na mensuração da RSP e do georreferenciamento dos pontos.

ABSTRACT Soil penetration resistance (SPR) is used as an indicator of compaction, as it is related to important soil and plant attributes and is an easily obtainable measure. Its determination with the use of the penetrometer guides to the best soil management strategies, thus favoring crop development. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the georeferenced hydraulic driven electronic penetrometer, making it easier to obtain SPR. For this, 36 SPR readings from 0 to 0.60 m depth were performed with the manual and hydraulic penetrometers in two areas. The SPR results were analyzed by establishing the confidence intervals by the t-test (p ≤ 0.10) at each 0.05 m depth and the georeferencing was analyzed through the root mean square error (RMSE). It was found that both penetrometers showed similarity in SPR measurement and in the georeferencing of the points.

ABSTRACT The experiment used 100 grey partridges (Perdix perdix L.), which were reared first in confinement and later in aviaries. Partridges were lighter and had greater body dimensions at 36 weeks compared to 12 weeks except for trunk length. Older birds showed greater values (p>0.05) of compactness and lower values of massiveness and long-leggedness. Significant differences were found for keel length in females. At 36 weeks, male and female partridges had significantly greater total intestinal length, males had significantly longer small intestine and rectum, and females were characterized by significantly longer caeca and greater (p<0.05) intestine to body length ratio. Older birds had significantly greater gizzard weight and percentage and heart percentage (males and females), as well as significantly lower liver weight (males) and spleen weight and percentage. The present study provided information on the growth and development of farmed grey partridges before release into the natural environment.