Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from aquatic systems are generally derived from the gradient in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) between air and surface waters. In this study, we compare real-time measurements of water pCO2 using an equilibrator and non-dispersive infrared gas detector, with calculations based on pH and total alkalinity (TA) in two contrasting Brazilian estuaries: Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro) and the São Francisco River Estuary (Alagoas). In Guanabara Bay, the measured and calculated values showed an excellent agreement (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.0001), without significant statistical differences between the two methods. In the São Francisco River Estuary, where the entire gradient from freshwaters to seawater could be sampled, important overestimates were found for the calculated pCO2. The overestimation was on average 71%, and reached up to 737%. This large bias in pCO2 calculation was verified at low pH and TA concentrations in freshwaters (pH < 7.5; TA < 700 µmol kg-1) possibly due to the contribution of organic alkalinity, lowering the buffer capacity of the carbonate system. As such, direct measurements of pCO2 should be considered as a priority for CO2 studies conducted in estuarine systems, particularly tropical systems where physical and biological processes are prone to significant spatial and temporal variability.

Resumo Objetivo: Existem poucos estudos que tratam dos processos que ocorrem em pequenos estuários que recebem uma elevada carga de matéria orgânica em regiões tropicais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento biogeoquímico de nutrientes presentes em água superficial da foz do rio Iguaçu, durante condições específicas (maré de quadratura, vazante), localizado no setor interno de uma baía altamente eutrofizada (baía de Guanabara, SE Brasil). Métodos Variáveis físicas e químicas foram medidas in situ (pH, temperatura, condutividade, salinidade, total de sólidos dissolvidos, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido), já o material particulado em suspensão, clorofila a e os nutrientes (carbono e as formas de nitrogênio e fósforo) foram medidos em laboratório, ao longo de um gradiente estuarino mesohalino. Resultados A foz do rio Iguaçu está em alto estágio de eutrofização, considerando-se as concentrações de nutrientes, clorofila a e de transparência da coluna d' água encontrados. Os resultados indicam uma transição de condições heterotróficas para autotróficas, visto que as concentrações dos nutrientes diminuíram ao longo do gradiente salino, enquanto a clorofila a aumentou ao longo dos transecções. O pH e a razão clorofila : feopigmentos estiveram relacionados com a quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica em decomposição, sobretudo nos transecções sob maior influência marinha. Mais de 95% do nitrogênio dissolvido estava na forma de amônio (NH4+), proveniente do processo de amonificação da matéria orgânica em excesso na região, indicando presença de esgoto sem tratamento. Conclusão Neste estudo, o rio Iguaçu contribuiu com altas cargas de nutrientes que suportam uma importante produção primária na região interna da baía, estando relacionada à absorção de CO2 e metabolismo autotrófico, mostrando a importância de se identificar os comportamentos biogeoquímicos de nutrientes em áreas estuarinas, mesmo em pequena escala.

Abstract Aim: There are few studies dealing with the biogeochemical processes occurring in small estuaries receiving high sewage loading in tropical regions. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the biogeochemical behavior of nutrients in superficial waters collected at the Iguaçu estuarine system, during specific conditions (neap tide), located at the inner sector of a heavily eutrophicated embayment (Guanabara Bay, SE Brazil). Methods Physical and chemical variables were measured in situ (pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, transparency, dissolved oxygen), whereas suspended particulate matter, chlorophyll a, phaepigments and nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus forms) were measured in laboratory across the mesohaline estuarine gradient. Results The Iguaçu River mouth is in a high stage of eutrophication, considering nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll a and transparency of water column. Results indicate a transition from heterotrophic conditions to autotrophic conditions, since the nutrients concentrations showed a decreasing pattern along the saline gradient, while the chlorophyll an increased over the transects. The pH values and chlorophyll : phaeopigments ratios are significantly related to the amount and quality of organic matter contents, especially at transects under strong marine influence. More than 95% of the dissolved and total nitrogen concentrations are represented by NH4+ contributions, which are related to the ammonification of organic matter contents in this region, indicating the existence of untreated sewage loads in this area. Conclusion In this study, the Iguaçu River seemed to contribute with high inputs of nutrients that support important phytoplankton production at the inner regions of the bay related to the CO2 sink and autotrophic metabolism, showing the importance of verifying the biogeochemical behaviors of nutrients in estuarine areas, even in small scale.

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo caracterizou a qualidade da água no baixo rio São Francisco (NE-Brasil), sendo o primeiro trabalho realizado no setor inferior do rio São Francisco com o objetivo de quantificar e comparar variáveis limnológicas, durante os anos de 2001, 2004 e 2007. Métodos Amostras de água foram coletadas em uma seção transversal do rio mensalmente. Temperatura, condutividade, pH, oxigénio dissolvido e foram obtidos utilizando uma sonda YSI 6600-multiparamétrica. Os nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos (amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo dissolvido e silicatos), clorofila-a e sedimentos suspensos totais (TSS) foram também determinados. Resultados Os três anos hidrológicos mostraram diferenças distintas nas taxas de precipitação e condições de descarga. As taxas de precipitação em 2001 estiveram abaixo do nível da série histórica. A temperatura média anual da água mostrou diferenças não significativas entre os três anos. Concentrações de nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos foram mais elevados em 2004, com a amônia e nitrato diferindo estatisticamente entre os anos (p <0,05). A clorofila-a mostrou pequena diferença entre os anos. Conclusões A intensidade da precipitação tem um impacto direto sobre a qualidade da água do baixo São Francisco, entretanto a localização geográfica da precipitação também é um fator determinante para as alterações das características químicas e físicas da água que atinge o setor inferior do rio São Francisco. Precipitações localizadas nas porções inferiores da bacia, são mais efetivas no aumento da concentração de nutrientes dissolvidos.

Abstract: Aim This study characterized the water quality in the lower São Francisco River (NE-Brazil).This research represents the first work to be carried out in the lower sector of the São Francisco river aiming to quantify and compare limnological variables, during three different years (2001, 2004 and 2007). Methods Water samples were collected in a transversal section of the river at monthly intervals period on surface layer. Temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were obtained using a multiparameter probe YSI-6600. The dissolved inorganic nutrients (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved phosphorus and silicates), chlorophyll-a and total suspended sediment (TSS) were also determined. Results The three hydrological years showed differences in precipitation rates and discharge conditions. The year 2001 had precipitation rates below the historical series of rainfall. The mean annual water temperature showed negligible differences among the three years. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations were highest in 2004, with ammonia and nitrate differing statistically between the years (p<0.05); the later showed the largest concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Chlorophyll-a showed a slight difference among years. Conclusions Precipitation intensity has a direct impact on the São Francisco River discharge, but the geographical distribution of the precipitation is also a determinant factor for alterations of the chemical and physical characteristics of the water that reaches the lower sector of the São Francisco River.

Processos físicos e biogeoquímicos em plataformas continentais agem sinergicamente, tanto transportando, quanto transformando o material em suspensão, enquanto a dinâmica do oceano controla a dispersão destas partículas pela zona costeira e sua posterior mistura na plataforma continental. O sistema de ressurgência de Cabo Frio, localizado na região Sudeste do Brasil, se caracteriza por ser um região de alta produtividade sob a influência da Corrente do Brasil, uma corrente de contorno oeste oligotrófica, mas também com uma zona de ressurgência costeira induzida pelo vento, o que produz as intrusões das águas frias e ricas em nutrientes da Água Central do Atlântico Sul sob a plataforma. Visando entender as interações sinergéticas entre os processos físicos e biogeoquímicos neste sistema, uma série de quatro experimentos com armadilhas de sedimentos e outros sensores físicos foram fundeados na isóbata de 145 metros, no período entre novembro de 2010 e março de 2012. Um total de 98 amostras discretas foram analisadas. Os resultados mostraram que o transporte lateral pode ser importante em alguns casos, especialmente nas camadas mais profundas. Embora não tenha sido detectado nenhum ciclo sazonal claro, dois cenários de acoplamento físicogeoquímicos foram identificados: eventos de subsidência que produzem um aumento nos fluxos de partículas e são potencialmente relacionados às oscilações da Corrente do Brasil; e eventos de fluxos significativos relacionados com a intrusão da isoterma de 18°C na zona eufótica. As partículas em suspensão na plataforma continental de Cabo Frio representam uma mistura de fontes marinhas e continentais. Tanto o Rio Paraíba do Sul quanto a Baía de Guanabara podem ser potenciais fontes continentais, embora o material particulado possa ainda estar sujeito a intensa transformação (diagênese) durante sua trajetória para a borda da plataforma continental.

Physical and biogeochemical processes in continental shelves act synergistically in both transporting and transforming suspended material, and ocean dynamics control the dispersion of particles by the coastal zone and their subsequent mixing and dilution within the shelf area constrained by oceanic boundary currents, followed by their gradual settling in a complex sedimentary scenario. One of these regions is the Cabo Frio Upwelling System located in a significantly productive area of Southeastern Brazil, under the control of the nutrient-poor western boundary Brazil Current but also with a wind-driven coastal upwelling zone, inducing cold-water intrusions of South Atlantic Central Water on the shelf. To understand these synergic interactions among physical and biogeochemical processes in the Cabo Frio shelf, a series of four experiments with a total of 98 discrete samples using sediment traps was performed from November 2010 to March 2012, located on the 145 m isobath on the edge of the continental shelf. The results showed that lateral transport might be relevant in some cases, especially in deep layers, although no clear seasonal cycle was detected. Two main physical-geochemical coupling scenarios were identified: singular downwelling events that can enhance particles fluxes and are potentially related to the Brazil Current oscillations; and events of significant fluxes related to the intrusion of the 18°C isotherm in the euphotic zone. The particulate matter settling in the Cabo Frio shelf area seems to belong to multiple marine and terrestrial sources, in which both Paraiba do Sul River and Guanabara Bay could be potential land-sources, although the particulate material might subject intense transformation (diagenesis) during its trajectory to the shelf edge.

Esta contribuição dirigiu-se aos procedimentos adotados para o desenho e configuração de uma linha de fundeio eulariana com armadilhas de sedimentação, a qual foi instalada na borda da plataforma (zm ≈ 140 m) a 80 km de Cabo Frio, SE-Brasil (23°S). O local foi sujeito à dinâmica entre a Água Tropical (AT) da Corrente do Brasil (BC), intrusões da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS), as quais são a fonte da ressurgência na região, e outros processos oceanográficos. Computações detalhadas foram utilizadas para aperfeiçoar o peso total, o balanço da flutuação e a inclinação máxima aceitável para evitar um erro hidrodinâmico na eficiência de captura e adaptação da linha do fundeio às condições oceanográficas locais, assistidas pelos programas Matlab e Muringa, e o Modelo Oceânico Modular 4,0 (MOM; para inferir a distribuição vertical do componente meridional da corrente). A faixa de velocidade da componente da corrente entre 0,1 e 0,5 m/s foi determinada através de medições curtas. As projeções levaram a um peso mínimo da âncora resultando em 456 kg. A tensão da linha requerida foi verificada utilizando a distribuição apropriada de uma série de bóias ao longo do fundeio, a qual finalmente alcançou uma alta carga vertical de 350 kg devido aos equipamentos oceanográficos incluídos. Aparelhos adicionais de flutuação resultaram em uma linha de fundeio estável como refletido pela baixa inclinação calculada (2,6° ± 0,6°). O baixo arrasto de 16 N foi computado para a corrente superficial máxima de 0,5 m/s. Os valores do número de Reynolds variaram de 4 × 104 para 2 × 105 e a razão da feição da armadilha cônica de 1,75 foi utilizada para avaliar a eficiência da amostragem da armadilha após exposição a diferentes velocidades de correntes.

This work addresses the design and configuration of a Eulerian sediment trap mooring array, which was deployed at the shelf edge (zm ≈ 140 m) 80 km off Cabo Frio, SE- Brazil (23° S). The site was subject to interplay between the Tropical Waters (TW) of the Brazil Current (BC), intrusions from the South Atlantic Central Waters (SACW), which are the source of upwelling in the region, and other oceanographic processes. Detailed computations were used to optimize the total weight, buoyancy balance, and maximum acceptable tilt to avoid hydrodynamic bias in the trapping efficiency and array adaptation to the local oceanographic conditions with the assistance of Matlab and Muringa programs and Modular Ocean Model 4.0 (MOM; i.e., to assert the vertical distribution of the meridional current component). The velocity range of the current component was determined by short term measurements to be between 0.1 and 0.5 m/s. Projections led to a resulting minimum anchor weight of 456 kg. The necessary line tension was ascertained by using the appropriate distribution of a series of buoys along the array, which finally attained a high vertical load of 350 kg because of the attached oceanographic equipment. Additional flotation devices resulted in a stable mooring array as reflected by their low calculated tilt (2.6° ± 0.6°). A low drag of 16 N was computed for the maximum surface current velocity of 0.5 m/s. The Reynolds number values ranged from 4 × 104 to 2 × 105 and a cone-trap aspect ratio of 1.75 was used to assess the trap sampling efficiency upon exposure to different current velocities.

O presente estudo analisa as plumas de turbidez dos sistemas dos rios São Francisco, Caravelas, Doce, e Paraiba do Sul localizados na costa NE/E do Brasil utilizando imagens Landsat e o algoritmo logarítmico para Total de Sólidos em Suspensão (TSS) proposto por Tassan (1987). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com Total de Sólidos em Suspensão medidos in situ. A pluma de turbidez de cada sistema mostra padrões de dispersão distintos. O comportamento, a dimensão e o grau de turbidez da pluma do Rio São Francisco têm sido drasticamente alterados devido à cascata de barragens e seus reservatórios presentes em sua bacia de drenagem. Já as plumas dos rios Doce e Paraíba do Sul apresentam pulsações sazonais e maior turbidez, uma vez que as barragens nesses rios localizam-se no setor médio e mantiveram a pulsação sazonal da vazão. A pluma do sistema costeiro de caravelas permanece restrita às águas rasas dominadas por processos de ressuspensão. Durante a primavera e verão, quando os ventos de NE-E prevalecem, as plumas dos quatro sistemas se dispersam na direção sul. Durante o inverno, inversões do padrão de dispersão podem ocorrer com a passagem de frentes frias. As plumas dos sistemas São Francisco e Doce tendem a se dispersar obliquamente à costa, favorecendo o transporte de material para regiões oceânicas, enquanto que as plumas dos sistemas Caravelas e Paraíba do Sul se dispersam paralelamente à costa, favorecendo a retenção de TSS.

Turbidity plumes of São Francisco, Caravelas, Doce, and Paraiba do Sul river systems, located along the NE/E Brazilian coast, are analyzed for their dispersal patterns of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration using Landsat images and a logarithmic algorithm proposed by Tassan (1987) to convert satellite reflectance values to TSS. The TSS results obtained were compared to in situ collected TSS data. The analysis of the satellite image data set revealed that each river system exhibits a distinct turbidity plume dispersal pattern. The behavior, dimension and degree of turbidity of the São Francisco River plume have been greatly altered by the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric dam reservoirs in its hydrological basin. The plume has lost its typical unimodal seasonal pattern of material dispersion and its turbidity has decreased due to the regulation of river flow by the dams and TSS retainance by the reservoirs. In contrast, the Doce and Paraíba do Sul river plumes are still subject to seasonal pulsations and show more turbid conditions than the SF plume, as dams are less numerous, set in the middle river sections and the natural river flow has been maintained. The Caravelas Coastal System river plume is restricted to near shore shallow waters dominated by resuspension processes. During austral spring and summer when NE-E winds prevail, all plumes generally disperse southward. Short-term northward reversals may occur in winter with the passage of atmospheric cold fronts. The São Francisco and Doce river plumes tend to disperse obliquely to the coast and transport materials further offshore, while the Caravelas and Paraíba do Sul plumes tend to disperse mainly parallel to the coast, enhancing TSS retention nearshore.

The aim of this study was to investigate the post-dam conditions of the loads and yields of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), orthophosphate (DIP, silicate (DSi) and total phosphorous (TP) in the Lower São Francisco river estuary (NE-Brazil) after the river was regulated to a constant flow by the dams. Loads and yields of monthly measurements performed from November 2000 to March 2002 at a gauging station downstream of the dams (80 km from the coast) showed 4.1 x 10³ t/yr and 0.006 t/km² /yr of DIN, 0.2 x 10³ t/yr and 0.002 t/km² /yr of DIP, and 448 x 10³ t/yr and 0.71 t/km² /yr of DSi, respectively. Over the last 15 years, DIN loads reduced by 94 % and DSi by 31%. The river turned into an oligotrophic system with primary production limited by nitrogen and nutrient yields being among the lowest of Brazilian coastal rivers.

The origin of the sedimentary organic matter in the Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine system was evaluated through the distribution and composition of sterols, alcohols and ancillary data. The muddy sediments of the lagoons are enriched in organic matter, derived from a mixture of autochthonous and allochthonous inputs. Mundaú exhibited moderate contamination by sewage, with coprostanol concentration as high as 4.4 µg g-1. The channels are characterized by sand and organic matter-poor sediments. The sediments from some rivers in the drainage basin accumulated organic matter derived only from terrestrial vegetation. Stanol/sterol ratios evidenced the preferential diagenesis of the autochthonous fraction of organic matter.

In a joint Brazilian-German case study, distribution patterns of microorganisms were compared with environmental variables in the tropical coastal Manguaba lagoon in northeast Brazil, which is situated downstream of several sugar cane processing plants . 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) gene fingerprinting were used to follow the composition and distribution of microorganisms throughout the salinity gradient of the lagoon. Potentially abundant microorganisms were identified by sequencing representative SSCP bands. It could be demonstrated that the distribution of microbes was in close relation to the physico-chemical environmental settings and followed a common scheme. In the in- and outlet areas of the lagoon rather transient microbial communities were found, whereas in the central part a stable, diverse community was encountered, that due to the long residence time of the water, had ample time for development and adaptation.

Este estudo concentra-se nos sistemas estuarinos tropicais de Mundaú-Manguaba (MMELS) e do Rio Paraíba do Sul (PSR), ambos no Brasil e afetados por práticas da monocultura da cana-de-açúcar e por urbanização. Os níveis de 17 hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), 16 dos quais são classificados como poluentes prioritários para estudos ambientais pela US-EPA e o perileno (HPA biogênico) foram avaliados nos sedimentos superficiais para identificar fontes da poluição e determinar níveis base como estratégias para gerenciamentos futuros. O Σ16HPAs variou de 2,90 a 231,30 μg kg-1 em MMELS e de 87,10 a 9344,29 μg kg-1 no PSR. As relações entre HPAs isômeros sugeriram principalmente fontes de origem pirogênica.

This study focuses on the tropical estuarine systems of Mundaú-Manguaba (MMELS) and Paraíba do Sul River (PSR), Brazil, affected by sugarcane monoculture practices and also urbanization. The levels of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 of which are classified as priority pollutants by the US-EPA and perylene (a biogenic PAH) were measured in surface sediments to identify pollution sources and determine baseline data looking for future management strategies. The Σ16PAH ranged from 2.90 to 231.30 μg kg-1 in MMELS and from 87.10 to 9344.29 μg kg-1 in the PSR. PAH isomeric ratios suggested mainly pyrogenic input.

This study addresses the spatial and temporal variability of physical-chemical properties and sedimentation rates of particulate matter of the water column at a fixed station set within Bahía de Mejillones del Sur, during the austral summer of 2003-2004. The water column was generally characterized by warmer oxygen-rich surface waters, marked stratification gradients between about 10 to 20 m depths and by colder, denser and sub-oxic upwelling waters from 30 m depths to the bottom throughout studied period. The bay was governed by three different water masses: the Surface Sub-Tropical Waters (SSTW), Sub-Antarctic Waters (SAAW) and the Equatorial Sub-Surface Waters (ESSW). The surface waters exhibited a clear alternation between weak and short (three to eight days) upwelling events and longer (29 days) periods of stratification. During the weak upwelling events and at the onset of the stratification periods, sub-oxic to micro-oxic conditions prevailed with elevated nutrient concentrations at the 10 to 15 m depth layer. The variability of oxygen saturation levéis and of the dissolved inorganic nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and silicic acid (Si), as well as the behavior of the N:P and Si:NID ratios, indicated the important combined effects of internal recycling of the organic matter in the surface water column and of the contribution of allochthonous nutrients from upwelled bottom waters. The fortnightly variability of the total flux of particulate material collected in sediment traps in the bay suggest that material deposition from the water column is governed by the alternation of upwelling and stratification events. In addition, the sediment traps registered nitrogen impoverishment with increasing depths, suggesting that remineralisation processes affected the settling of particles and the denitrification of the oxydo-reducting deeper waters of the bay.

Durante el verano austral de 2003-2004, se estudiaron las propiedades del material particulado que sedimenta en la bahía Mejillones del Sur, y la estructura físico-química de la columna de agua. Se encontraron aguas más cálidas y oxigenadas en la superficie, una clara estratificación entre 10 y 20 m de profundidad y aguas más frías, densas y subóxicas bajo los 30 m y hasta el fondo durante el periodo de estudio. La bahía se caracterizó por la interacción de tres masas de aguas: Agua Superficial Subtropical (ASST), Agua Subantártica (ASSA), Agua Subsuperficial Ecuatorial (AESS). Se puso en evidencia que eventos moderados y cortos de surgencia con duración entre tres a ocho días alternan con períodos más prolongados de estratificación de 29 días. Durante los eventos débiles de surgencia y en el inicio del evento de estratificación prevalecieron condiciones subóxicas a microóxicas con concentraciones de nutrientes más elevados en el estrato de los 10 a 15 m de profundidad. La variabilidad de los niveles de saturación de oxígeno disuelto (OD) y de nutrientes con las concentraciones de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y ácido silícico (Si), y las razones de N:P y Si:NID en la superficie, indicaron la presencia de una dinámica importante de los procesos de reciclaje de la materia orgánica en la columna de agua, y del aporte alóctono de nutrientes durante la surgencia. Las variaciones quincenales de los flujos totales del material particulado colectado con trampas instaladas en la bahía, sugieren que la sedimentación del material en la columna de agua se encuentra gobernada por la alternancia entre los períodos de surgencia y de estratificación. Además en las trampas de sedimentación se observó un patrón de empobrecimiento de nitrógeno en función de la profundidad, lo que sugiere condiciones de remineralización y desnitrificación en las aguas oxido-reductoras de fondo de esta bahía.

Fatty acids, alcohols and sterols were considered as markers of the source and distribution of particulate organic matter during the dry season in the Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine-lagoon system, NE Brazil. Lipid composition showed an overwhelming influence of autochthonous sources of organic matter in all system´s compartments, including the probable occurrence of algal blooms in specific areas. On the other hand, contamination by sewage was restricted to Mundaú lagoon. This scenario differed from known conditions observed in the wet season, illustrating the usefulness of the lipid biomarker approach for the characterization of other complex and dynamic systems in the Brazilian coastal zone.

Triazinas foram analisadas no sistema tropical estuarino lagunar de Mundaú-Manguaba (MMELS), Estado de Alagoas, NE-Brasil, impactado pela monocultura de cana-de açúcar na sua bacia de drenagem. Amostras de água e sedimento foram coletadas em agosto/2006 (estação chuvosa) e fevereiro/2008 (estação seca da colheita) para determinação das triazinas: atrazina, simazina, desetilatrazina, desisopropilatrazina e desetil-desisopropilatrazina na fase dissolvida, no material particulado em suspensão e no sedimento de superfície. Amostras de água foram filtradas e após procedimento analítico, os extratos obtidos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O método de análise para as triazinas em material particulado foi avaliado, obtendo recuperações entre 72-123 %, desvios padrão relativo de 4,2-22 % e limites de detecção de 0,2-0,3 ng L-1. Sedimentos fortificados a 10, 20 e 50 ng g-1 foram extraídos em sistema de extração acelerada por solvente (ASE) e as recuperações foram de 68-133%, desvio padrão relativo de 2-34 % e o limite de detecção de 0,6-1,2 ng g-1. Somente a atrazina foi detectada e em amostras de material particulado em suspensão durante a estação chuvosa em quatro pontos. As concentrações determinadas foram 3,1, 2,7, 1,6 e 0,7 ng L-1. Estes resultados sugerem que as triazinas são amplamente retidas e transformadas e/ou estejam sendo diluídas nas águas e degradadas devido ao metabolismo intenso no MMELS.

This study addresses triazines in the tropical and eutrophic Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine-lagoon system (MMELS) located in the State of Alagoas, NE-Brazil, affected by sugar-cane monoculture in its lower drainage basin. Water and sediment samples from MMELS were collected during the wet post-harvest season (August/2006) and the dry harvest season (February/2008). Trace analysis of the triazines atrazine, simazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and deethyldeisopropylatrazine were performed in surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and in the dissolved fraction in water. Water samples were filtered and after the analytical procedures, the resulting extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, the analytical method for suspended particulate matter was evaluated, the recovery being between 72-123 % with relative standard deviations of 4.2-22 % and limits of detection around 0.2-0.3 ng L-1. Sediments fortified at 10, 20 and 50 ng g-1 were extracted with the ASE system and recovery experiments lied between 68-133 % with relative standard deviations of 2-34 %. The limits of detection were of 0.6-1.2 ng g-1. Atrazine was the sole triazine detected and only in suspended particulate matter during the wet season at four sites, with low concentrations of 3.1, 2.7, 1.6 and 0.7 ng L-1. This suggests that triazines are either largely retained and transformed within the sugar-cane fields and/or are readily diluted in the waters and degraded due to the intense metabolism of MMELS.

A extensão, forma e as concentrações da matéria das plumas de pequena escala geradas pelos canais dos rios São Francisco e Guandu, se diferenciaram consideravelmente entre os eventos de alta e baixa descarga. A pluma durante o evento de alta descarga apresentou maior potencial de fertilização da parte central interna da Baía de Sepetiba, enquanto a pluma de baixa descarga fluvial reteve materiais próximo da costa em área rasa. As plumas foram impactadas por múltiplas fontes de materiais, incluindo o aporte lateral fluvial e os sedimentos do fundo. A baixa profundidade da área foi responsável pelo acoplamento nítido da água e do sedimento. O bombeamento da maré com, provavelmente, o atrito no fundo gerado pelo fluxo fluvial, foram responsáveis pela ressuspensão de matéria em suspensão e a liberação de nutrientes dos sedimentos superficiais. As plumas apresentaram um desacoplamento nítido entre as zonas de turbidez e a clorofila, e um acoplamento entre as zonas de turbidez e de mistura estuarina, geralmente não observado em plumas de médio a grande porte que se proliferam na costa e plataforma continental.

Coastal river plumes represent one of the final stages of material transport across the land-sea interface. Most studies, however have focused on the behavior of medium to large sized river plumes of coastal-shelf waters, whereas small sized river plumes acting within estuaries have been neglected. This study addressed the behavior of suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN, DIP and DSi) and Chlorophyll a (Chl. a) of a small sized river plume derived from the closely lain São Francisco and Guandú river channels, set in the Sepetiba Bay estuary, SE-Brazil. Two surface water sampling campaigns were conducted, one in January 2003 (humid summer conditions) and the other in June 2003 (dry winter conditions). On both occasions, the plumes dispersed in a SE direction towards the inner portion of the bay. The "wet" event plume was more turbid, nutrient rich and dispersed beyond nearshore waters, whereas the "dry" event plume proliferated as a narrow, less turbid and more nutrient poor film alongshore. Both exhibited a marked degree of patchiness, induced by the differential input of materials from the river sources and resuspension processes from the shallow nearshore bottom. The São Francisco river channel was the main source of freshwater, SPM and nutrients, except for ammonia (NH4+-N) derived from domestic effluents of the Guandú river. The mesohaline portion of the estuarine mixing zone of the plumes behaved as a slight source for SPM, DSi and DIP, due to bottom resuspension processes. N:P molar ratios ranged between 80:1 and 20:1 along the estuarine gradient, being higher in the summer than in the winter event, indicating that DIP was the potential nutrient limiting primary production. Chl. a concentrations increased at the outer premises of the plume, suggesting that the short residence times and turbidity of the plume waters, hampered primary production nearshore, particularly during the summer occasion. The small sized plume lacked the spatial decoupling between the estuarine mixing and turbidity zones, generally observed in larger sized coastal-shelf plumes.

As enseadas de Icaraí e Jurujuba, localizadas na porção sudoeste da Baía de Guanabara, são sujeitas a impactos ambientais decorrentes da ocupação humana nas suas bacias de drenagem. No presente trabalho foi determinada a composição elementar (C e N) e molecular (esteróides) da matéria orgânica em amostras de sedimentos superficiais (n = 24) e de um testemunho curto (c = 47 cm) nas enseadas. As concentrações de coprostanol, em comparação com outras áreas da Baía de Guanabara, indicaram elevado nível de contaminação por esgotos nas estações mais próximas ao ponto de lançamento de efluentes, na Enseada de Icaraí. A Enseada de Jurujuba, mais enclausurada e eutrófica, apresentou uma maior contribuição de matéria orgânica autóctone, conforme evidenciado pelos marcadores colesterol, dinosterol, e parcialmente, também , brassicasterol. A presença de estigmasterol e b-sitosterol indicaram leve contribuição de matéria orgânica oriunda de vegetação terrestre, conforme revelou a análise por componentes principais. No registro sedimentar, foram observados maiores teores de matéria orgânica e esteróis na camada superior, corroborando a acumulação recente de esgotos e de matéria orgânica fitoplanctônica, como conseqüência do processo de eutrofização do sistema. A presença de processos de degradação da matéria orgânica foi evidenciada pelas razões entre esteróis/estanóis, e o perfil do dinosterol indicou que na Enseada predomina o acúmulo de material fitoplanctônico anteriormente ao processo de eutrofização.

The interconnected Icaraí and Jurujuba embayments, set within the lower south-eastern portion of Guanabara Bay, SE-Brazil, have been subject to the direct input of domestic effluents and other associated contaminants from human activities in their watersheds. This study addresses the composition of carbon, nitrogen and molecular steroid markers of surface sediments (n = 24) and a short core (L = 47 cm), in order to evaluate the impact by sewage, the contribution between allochthonous and autochthonous derived organic matter and eutrophication of the embayments. Coprostanol concentrations revealed, when compared to other regions in Guanabara Bay, high contamination by sewage close to the point of sewage discharge in Icaraí embayment. In contrast, the more enclosed and eutrophic Jurujuba embayment exhibited a larger contribution of autochthonous organic matter, as shown by the combination of cholesterol, dinosterol and, partially, also brassicasterol. The presence of stigmasterol and b-sitosterol also indicated a minor contribution of organic matter from terrestrial plants, as revealed by principal component analysis. The sedimentary record of the Jurujuba embayment exhibited highest concentrations of all sterol markers in the top layer, corroborating the recent increase in the accumulation of sewage, plankton derived organic carbon and also eutrophication. Trend in degradation of organic matter was evidenced by sterol/stanol ratios and the behavior of dinosterol indicated that the embayment has been dominated by the accumulation of phytoplankton derived organic matter since earlier times.