Resumen El género de insectos escama Crypticerya Cockerell, 1895 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae: Iceryini), se distribuye principalmente en el Nuevo Mundo e incluye numerosas especies de plagas a pesar de ser un grupo relativamente pequeño. Los ovisacos, en las especies que los producen, tienen canales o surcos longitudinales, de ahí su nombre común “cochinillas acanaladas”. En el presente estudio, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh y Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) se reportan por primera vez en Ecuador. Las dos especies se encontraron causando brotes poblacionales en áreas verdes urbanas de la provincia de Guayas en la costa ecuatoriana, donde atacan plantas nativas y exóticas. Se identificaron 85 y 11 nuevos registros de plantas hospedantes para C. multicicatrices y C. genistae, respectivamente. Las especies de plantas hospedadoras preferidas para ambas escamas acanaladas invasoras pertenecen a la familia Fabaceae. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el nivel de infestación por C. multicicatrices y C. genistae entre especies de plantas hospedantes nativas y exóticas. En general, C. multicicatrices prefiere los árboles como hospedantes, mientras que C. genistae prefiere las plantas arvenses y los arbustos. Ambas especies se consideran plagas importantes en las áreas verdes urbanas, asociadas con fumagina, el amarillamiento de las hojas e incluso la muerte regresiva de los árboles. Por último, se discuten brevemente las estrategias de manejo para controlar las escamas acanaladas.

Abstract The scale insect genus Crypticerya Cockerell, 1895 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) is mainly distributed in the New World and includes numerous pest species despite being a relatively small group. Ovisacs have longitudinal flutes or grooves in those species that produce them, hence their common name “fluted scales”. In the present study, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh and Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) are reported for the first time from Ecuador. The two species of fluted scales were found to cause outbreaks in urban green areas in Guayas province on the Ecuadorian coast, attacking native and alien plants. Eighty-five and eleven new host plant species were recorded for C. multicicatrices and C. genistae, respectively. Both invasive fluted scales prefer hosts in the family Fabaceae. No significant differences in the infestation levels of C. multicicatrices and C. genistae were found between native and alien host-plant species. In general, C. multicicatrices prefers trees as hosts, whereas C. genistae prefers herbaceous plants and shrubs. Both species are considered serious pests in urban green areas, associated with sooty molds, yellowing of leaves, and, in some cases, tree dieback. Management strategies to control the fluted scales are discussed briefly.

ABSTRACT A major challenge in the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the selection of patients who would benefit from surgical treatment. Tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) indicate renal cell stress and are associated with cell cycle arrest. The [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] ratio (Nephrocheck®) has been recently applied in patients in intensive care units patients to predict the development of acute kidney injury. In this study, we evaluated the performance of these biomarkers performance to distinguishing obstructive hydronephrosis (HN) from non-obstructive HN. Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with UPJO were enrolled in this study. Urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] and clinical characteristics (hydronephrosis grade, differential renal function, and drainage half-time) were measured in the following groups: 26 children with obstructive HN at initial diagnosis (group 1A) and after six months of dismembered pyeloplasty (group 1B); 22 children with non-obstructive HN (group 2), and 26 children without any urinary tract condition, as the control group (group 3). Results: Comparing the initial samples, [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] had higher levels in the HN groups and lower levels in the control group; however, no difference was observed between the HN groups (obstructive vs. non-obstructive). After six months of follow-up, patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty showed stability in the urinary concentration of [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7]. All patients with [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] higher than 1.0 (ng/mL)2/1000 had diffuse cortical atrophy on ultrasonography. Conclusions: We showed that urinary levels of urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] are higher in children with HN than controls. Nephrocheck® is not reliable in predicting the need for surgical intervention for pediatric patients with UPJO.

Abstract Diaphorina citri detected in Ecuador for the first time in 2013, is an insect pest of global relevance. It is the main vector of the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease of citrus trees. During the period from April 2016 - July 2017, population fluctuation studies and a search for natural enemies of D. citri were conducted on young shoots of orange jessamine, Murraya paniculata, and Citrus spp. The natural enemies of D. citri were collected in the Provinces of Guayas and Santa Elena, Ecuador. A total of 1660 specimens of predators belonging to five species were collected, consisting of three coccinellids, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, the most abundant species (39.9%, P <0.05), followed by Cycloneda sanguinea (15.8%), and Paraneda pallidula guticollis (4.1%) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an assassin bug, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (17.8%), and the lacewing Ceraeochrysa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (22.4%). The parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata also was found, reaching a parasitization rate of 90% of the psyllid nymphs. This study represents the first report of P. pallidula guticollis feeding on D. citri. The diversity of natural enemies and the high level of parasitism detected suggest the importance of natural enemies as biological control agents of this important phytophagous insect pest. The natural control by these beneficial insects would make unnecessary the applications of chemical insecticides that are carried out in Ecuador for the control of this insect, especially at this moment when the HLB causing bacterium has not been reported in Ecuador.

Resumen Diaphorina citri, especie detectada en Ecuador por primera vez en 2013, es una plaga de relevancia mundial debido a que es el principal vector de la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, agente causal del Huanglongbing (HLB), una devastadora enfermedad de los cítricos. Durante el período abril 2016 – julio 2017, se realizaron estudios de fluctuación poblacional e inventario de enemigos naturales de D. citri en brotes jóvenes de azahar de la India, Murraya paniculata y citricos, Citrus spp. Los enemigos naturales fueron colectados en las provincias de Guayas y Santa Elena, Ecuador. Se colectaron un total de 1660 especímenes pertenecientes a cinco especies, entre estos, tres coccinélidos, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, la especie más abundante (39,9%, P<0,05), seguido por Cycloneda sanguinea (15,8%) y Paraneda pallidula guticollis 4,1% (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), una chinche depredadora, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (17,8%) y la crisopa Ceraeochrysa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (22,4%). La avispita parasítica Tamarixia radiata también fue encontrada, alcanzando un porcentaje de parasitismo del 90% en las ninfas de psílido. Este estudio representa el primer reporte de P. pallidula guticollis alimentándose de D. citri. La diversidad de enemigos naturales y el alto nivel de parasitismo detectado sugieren la importancia de los enemigos naturales como agentes de control biológico de esta importante plaga. El control natural existente haría innecesarias las aplicaciones de insecticidas químicos que se llevan a cabo en el Ecuador para el control de este insecto, especialmente en este momento que el HLB no se ha encontrado en Ecuador.

Resumo Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) é registrada pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Ambas as espécies foram coletadas em ramos, folhas e frutos de diferentes árvores frutíferas nos municípios de São José de Ribamar, São Luís e Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brasil. Crypticerya zeteki foi coletada sobre Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) e Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), todas registradas pela primeira vez para esta espécie. Maconellicoccus hirsutus foi coletado sobre Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e M. punicifolia, ambos novos registros para esta espécie.

Abstract Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) is recorded for the first time from Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is recorded for the first time from the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Both species were collected from branches, leaves and fruits of various fruit trees in the municipalities of São José de Ribamar, São Luís and Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brazil. Crypticerya zeteki was collected on Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) and Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), all first records for this species. Maconellicoccus hirsutus was collected on Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) and M. punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), both new records for this species.

Abstract The effect of predation by the little fire ant Wasmannia auropuntacta (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) kept under experimental conditions for the breeding of the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was evaluated. An experiment was carried out using cages with capacity for 9 plants of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) infested with an average of 600 nymphs of D. citri and 100 adults of T. radiata per cage. Three cages were exposed to ants and one had no ant exposure (Control). In each cage, the numbers of healthy and parasitized nymphs and the numbers of adults of D. citri and T. radiata were counted every 2 days for 15 days. Exposure to predation by W. auropunctata significantly affected the number of nymphs that reached the adult stage as well as the number of nymphs parasitized by T. radiata (Fisher's exact test). In the ant-exposed cages, about 3% of the nymphs survived to the adult stage in contrast to 18% in the control cage. Likewise, the action of the parasitoid was affected, with 24% of nymphs parasitized in the ant-exposed cages in contrast to 66% in the control cage. Wasmannia auropunctata has a great potential as a natural enemy of this psyllid pest in citrus nurseries. The ant also consumes T. radiata by consuming parasitized nymphs of D. citri and this predation may negatively impact the control of D. citri by the parasitoid.

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de depredación de Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) sobre ninfas de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) mantenidas en condiciones experimentales para la cría de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Se realizó un ensayo empleando jaulas con capacidad para 9 plantas de Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) infestadas con un promedio de 600 ninfas de D. citri y 100 adultos de T. radiata por jaula. Tres jaulas fueron expuestas a las hormigas y una sin exposición (Control). En cada jaula se contabilizó el número de ninfas sanas y parasitadas y el número de adultos de D. citri y T. radiata, cada 2 días durante 15 días. La exposición a la depredación por W. auropunctata afectó de forma significativa el número de ninfas que alcanzaron el estado adulto y el número de ninfas parasitadas por T. radiata (prueba exacta de Fisher). En las jaulas expuestas, cerca del 3% de las ninfas sobrevivieron al estado adulto en contraste con 18% en la jaula control. De igual manera se vio afectada la acción del parasitoide, con un 24% de ninfas parasitadas en las jaulas expuestas en contraste con 66% en la jaula control. Wasmannia auropunctata tiene gran potencial como controlador de esta plaga en viveros de cítricos. La hormiga también consume T. radiata de forma indirecta al consumir ninfas de D. citri parasitadas.

ABSTRACT Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the main vector of the bacteria that causes Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive disease of Citrus. The presence of D. citri was reported in Ecuador in 2013 on branches of citrus, Citrus spp., and orange jessamine, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae), but HLB has not been detected so far in this country. This paper reports for the first time the presence of two important natural enemies of D. citri in Ecuador, i.e., its main parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the adventitious ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) attacking psyllid nymphs on M. paniculata, in Guayaquil, Guayas province, Ecuador. A short diagnosis of the two natural enemies and their distribution in the New World is presented based on published literature.

ABSTRACT We evaluate the application of treated sanitary wastewater (TSW) to provide potassium for crops and reduce demand for fresh water and mineral nutrients. The field experiment was arranged in randomized block design with four replications and five treatments: 50, 100, 150 and 200% of potassium requirements and a control with conventional fertilizer. The TSW was applied to maize (November 2012 to February 2013), cotton (June to November 2013) and bean (April to June 2014). After bean, soil chemical properties were evaluated until 0.8 m depth. Fertigation with TSW to potassium fertilization provided about 50% of water, nitrogen and phosphorus to the bean. The soil nutrient availability and soil organic matter did not increase, whereas sodium had linear increased with TSW levels in investigated soil depth. Soil pH showed same behavior that sodium, with the highest pH level of 6.5 in 0-0.2 m soil layer. Soil nutrients and organic matter did not increase with TSW doses up to 0.8 m depth. Soil pH and sodium had linear increasing with TSW doses, respectively up to 0.6 and 0.8 m soil depth. Fertigation with potassium recommendation also provided a high content of sodium, threatening the balance of soil-plant system with continuous use. The sodium should be the first reference to permanent wastewater reuse in agriculture.

RESUMO Problemas decorrentes da descarga de esgoto sanitário em rios são fatores preocupantes, por reduzir a qualidade da água, principalmente na região semiárida. Como alternativa viável, a utilização agrícola de águas residuárias pode minimizar problemas ambientais e fornecer nutrientes bem como parte da exigência hídrica de plantas cultivadas. Assim, objetivou-se verificar a influência da água residuária sanitária tanto na forma bruta (ARB) quanto na tratada, em nível terciário (ART), em substituição à adubação potássica mineral em cobertura, sobre os indicadores de produção e qualidade tecnológica da fibra do algodoeiro NuOpal BG RR®. O experimento foi conduzido em Janaúba - MG, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, constituído por 5 tratamentos (T0: Água limpa e adubação mineral; T1: 100% e T2: 150% de ART no fornecimento do K em cobertura; T3: 100% e T4: 150% de ARB no fornecimento do K em cobertura), com quatro repetições. Pode-se substituir a adubação potássica em cobertura aplicando 100% da dose potássica recomendada via ART, sem afetar a produtividade e a qualidade da fibra, sendo complementada a cobertura nitrogenada. Ao se empregar a ARB, além de não afetar a qualidade da fibra, há incremento de até 43,6% na produtividade do algodão, sendo dispensada a cobertura nitrogenada.

ABSTRACT Sewage discharge into rivers cause troubles by deteriorating water quality, mainly in the semi-arid region. The agriculture reuse of wastewater is an alternative to minimize environmental problems, provide nutrients and part of water requirements to crops. The purpose of the current study was to verify the influence of raw sanitary wastewater (ARB) and tertiary treated sanitary wastewater (ART) replacing potassium topdressing in cotton fertigation, investigating changes in the yield and fiber quality indexes of cotton NuOpal BG RR®. The field experiment was developed in Janaúba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in randomized complete block design with five treatments (T0: drinking water and mineral fertilizer; T1 and T2: 100% and 150% of potassium topdressing requirements supplied by ART; T3 and T4: 100% and 150% of potassium topdressing supplied by ARB) and four replications. The T1 do not change cotton yield and fiber quality, once nitrogen topdressing is performed. The ARB not affect cotton fiber quality and improve yield by 43.6%, being unnecessary nitrogen topdressing.

El estudio se realizó bajo condiciones de invernadero (temperatura máxima: 37,1 ± 5,1 °C, temperatura mínima: 25,0 ± 2,0 °C; humedad relativa máxima: 67,0 ± 6,2%, humedad relativa mínima: 39,5 ± 10,9%; 12: 12 h Luz: Oscuridad, régimen natural de luz) en el municipio de Palmira, Valle del Cauca. Se determinaron características morfológicas de cada estadio de desarrollo, tiempo de duración, sobrevivencia, parámetros ecológicos, capacidad reproductiva, longevidad de adultos y mortalidad específica por estadio de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) en brotes de mirto (Murraya paniculata). El tiempo desde huevo hasta adulto fue de 15,41 ± 0,49 días. El tiempo medio de supervivencia para las hembras fue de 48,25 días y para machos de 50 días. El 6,86% de las posturas de D. citri llegó al estado adulto, presentándose la mayor mortalidad en los estadios de ninfa I (81%). Las hembras presentaron posturas promedio de 237 huevos durante su ciclo reproductivo. Se presenta una clave dicotómica para separar los diferentes estados de desarrollo del psílido asiático de los cítricos, herramienta indispensable para realizar estudios de biología. Estos estudios sobre la biología de D. citri servirán como base en la cría masiva de su parasitoide T. radiata.

In this study, the morphological characteristics of each stage of development, duration, survival, ecological parameters, reproductive capacity, longevity of adults, and stage-specific mortality of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) were determined. It was conducted in a greenhouse (maximum temperature: 37.1 ± 5.1 °C, minimum temperature: 25.0 ± 2.0 °C; maximum relative humidity: 67.0 ± 6.2%, minimum relative humidity: 39.5 ± 10.9%; 12: 12 h Light: Dark, natural light conditions) in the municipality of Palmira, Valle del Cauca. Mean time from egg to adult was 15.41 ± 0.49 days. The median survival time for females was 48.25 days and 50 days for males. The survival rate to adult stage of D. citri was 6.86% with the highest mortality rate recorded for first-instar nymphs (81%). Females oviposited an average of 237 eggs during their reproductive cycle. A dichotomous key, an essential tool for conducting biological studies, is provided to separate the different growth stages of the Asian citrus psillid. Studies on the biology of D. citri will serve as a baseline for the mass rearing of its parasitoid, T. radiata.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive disease associated with high levels of branched-chain amino acids. Children with MSUD can present severe neurological damage, but liver transplantation (LT) allows the patient to resume a normal diet and avoid further neurological damage. The use of living related donors has been controversial because parents are obligatory heterozygotes. We report a case of a 2-year-old child with MSUD who underwent a living donor LT. The donor was the patient's mother, and his liver was then used as a domino graft. The postoperative course was uneventful in all three subjects. DNA analysis performed after the transplantation (sequencing of the coding regions of BCKDHA, BCKDHB, andDBT genes) showed that the MSUD patient was heterozygous for a pathogenic mutation in the BCKDHB gene. This mutation was not found in his mother, who is an obligatory carrier for MSUD according to the family history and, as expected, presented both normal clinical phenotype and levels of branched-chain amino acids. In conclusion, our data suggest that the use of a related donor in LT for MSUD was effective, and the liver of the MSUD patient was successfully used in domino transplantation. Routine donor genotyping may not be feasible, because the test is not widely available, and, most importantly, the disease is associated with both the presence of allelic and locus heterogeneity. Further studies with this population of patients are required to expand the use of related donors in MSUD.

Ginkgo biloba e Panax ginseng são plantas utilizadas na medicina tradicional. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a histologia gonadal de ratos machos e fêmeas Wistar submetidos aos tratamentos com o extrato de G. biloba (120 mg kg-1) ou P. ginseng (200 mg kg-1), e avaliar os parâmetros reprodutivos e fetais das ratas tratadas com as plantas. O grupo controle recebeu solução fisiológica 0,9%. Os tratamentos foram efetuados por via oral através de gavage, duas vezes ao dia, durante quinze dias consecutivos. Após este período, machos (n=18) e fêmeas (n=18) foram sacrificados e as gônadas coletadas, pesadas e processadas para avaliação microscópica. Outras fêmeas (n=18) foram acasaladas com machos não tratados para avaliação da fertilidade e produtos da gestação. Os resultados indicaram que o peso dos órgãos reprodutivos masculino e feminino não foi afetado pelos tratamentos. A estrutura gonadal dos machos e fêmeas mostrou o mesmo padrão histológico nos três grupos experimentais. O tratamento materno pré-gestacional com os extratos não promoveu alterações no desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes e nos parâmetros fetais. Concluiu-se que o extrato de P. ginseng ou G. biloba não causou toxicidade reprodutiva em ratos machos e fêmeas.

Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng are plants used in the traditional medicine. The aim of study was to analyse the gonadal histology of the Wistar male and female rats submitted to the treatments with extract of G. biloba (120 mg kg-1) or P. ginseng (200 mg kg-1), and to evaluate the reproductive and fetal parameters of female rats treated with the plants. The control group received physiological solution 0.9%. The treatments were administered by oral gavage, twice/day, during fifteen consecutive days. After this period, male (n=18) and female rats (n=18) were sacrificed and the gonads collected, weighed and processed for microscopic evaluation. Another females (n=18) were matted with not treated males for evaluation of fertility and pregnancy outcome. The results indicated that the male and feminine reproductive organs weight was not affected by treatments. The gonadal structure of male and female rats showed same histologic pattern in the three experimental groups. The pre-gestational treatment with the extracts not promoted alterations in the reproductive performance of dams and in the fetal parameters. It was concluded that the extract of P. ginseng or G. biloba not presented reproductive toxicity in the male and female rats.

O sistema FIA-foto-Fenton é baseado na oxidação em fluxo da matéria orgânica. Uma pequena quantidade de amostra contendo H2O2 é introduzida no fluxo de uma solução ácida de Fe2+, que passa por um reator tubular de PTFE irradiado com luz UV. O CO2 gerado é quantificado condutometricamente e é diretamente proporcional à concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido na amostra. Os estudos de otimização foram realizados empregando soluções de EDTA. A recuperação média de carbono orgânico foi de 83% com desvio padrão relativo de 3,7% empregando 100 miL de amostra, pH 2,0, razão molar entre Fe2+ e H2O2 de 1:5 e uma vazão de 1 mL.min-1. Após otimização as concentrações de DOC foram quantificadas em 13 diferentes compostos orgânicos, com uma recuperação média de 90%. A velocidade de análise foi em média 50 amostras/h.

The FIA-photo-Fenton system is based on the flow oxidation of the organic matter. A small amount of the sample containing H2O2 is injected into the acidic flow solution of Fe2+, which passes through a tubular PTFE reactor irradiated with UV light. The generated CO2 is quantified by a conductometric detector and is directly proportional to the dissolved organic carbon concentration in the sample. The optimization studies were performed using EDTA solutions. The average recovery of organic carbon was 83% with a relative standard deviation of 3.7% using a 1:5 molar ratio of Fe2+:H2O2, pH 2.0, 100 muL of sample injection and a liquid flow of 1 mL min-1. After optimization, the DOC concentration was quantified using 13 different organic compounds, where the average recovery was 90%. The rate of the analysis was in average 50 samples hour-1.