ABSTRACT Introduction: With the abundant use of the internet, patients undergoing or interested in orthodontic treatment try to use it to obtain information on pain during treatment. However, YouTube™ is unregulated and may potentially contain inaccurate information. Objectives: Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the scientific quality of the videos on YouTube™ related to orthodontic pain management. Methods: A total of 62 videos related to orthodontic pain management were included in the study. All videos were evaluated by two experienced orthodontists. The video uploader, content, length, upload date, time since upload, number of views, comments, likes, dislikes, Interaction index, and Viewing rate of the videos were recorded and evaluated. The videos were scored using the Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN), Global Quality Scale (GQS), and Audio-Visual Quality (AVQ), and divided into two groups: Doctors and Non-doctors. Results: The mean DISCERN score was 2.56 ± 0.91, the GQS score was 2.56 ± 1.06, and AVQ was 2.48 ± 0.68. A statistically significant difference was found in DISCERN score of videos uploaded by Doctors compared to Non-doctors, but no statistically significant difference was found in GQS and AVQ scores between both groups (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The videos uploaded by Doctors were better in terms of quality and reliability, as compared to Non-doctors; and the AVQ of the videos uploaded by both groups was adequate. Despite that, both groups did not serve as a good source of information. YouTube™ cannot be considered a reliable source of information in terms of quality and reliability on videos related to orthodontic pain management.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o uso abundante da Internet, os pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico, ou interessados em fazê-lo, tentam usá-la para obter informações sobre a dor durante o tratamento. Entretanto, o YouTube™ não é regulamentado e pode conter informações imprecisas. Objetivos: Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade científica de vídeos no YouTube™ relacionados ao controle da dor ortodôntica. Métodos: No total, 62 vídeos relacionados ao controle da dor ortodôntica fora incluídos nesse estudo. Todos os vídeos foram avaliados por dois ortodontistas experientes. O responsável pela postagem do vídeo, seu conteúdo, sua duração, data de postagem, tempo decorrido desde a postagem, o número de visualizações, os comentários, os likes, os deslikes, o índice de interação e a taxa de visualização dos vídeos foram registrados e avaliados. Os vídeos foram pontuados usando os Critérios de Qualidade para Informações sobre Saúde do Consumidor (DISCERN), a Escala de Qualidade Global (GQS) e a Qualidade Audiovisual (AVQ), e divididos em dois grupos: Doutores e Não Doutores. Resultados: A pontuação DISCERN média foi de 2,56 ± 0,91, a pontuação GQS foi de 2,56 ± 1,06 e a AVQ foi de 2,48 ± 0,68. Foi encontrada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na pontuação DISCERN dos vídeos postados por Doutores, em comparação com os Não Doutores, mas não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa nas pontuações GQS e AVQ entre os dois grupos (p> 0,05). Conclusões: Os vídeos postados pelos Doutores foram melhores em termos de qualidade e confiabilidade, em comparação com os Não Doutores, e o AVQ dos vídeos postados por ambos os grupos foi adequado. Apesar disso, ambos os grupos não serviram como uma boa fonte de informações. Em termos de qualidade e confiabilidade dos vídeos relativos ao manejo da dor ortodôntica, o YouTube™ não pode ser considerado uma fonte confiável de informações.

Abstract: The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) has been declared a pandemic throughout the world by the WHO (World Health Organization). The number of active COVID-19 cases is increasing day by day and clinical laboratory findings consume more time while interpreting the COVID-19 infected result. There are limited treatment facilities and proper guidelines for reducing infection rates. To overcome these limitations, the requirement of clinical decision support systems embedded with prediction algorithms is raised. In our study, we have architected the clinical prediction system using classical machine learning, deep learning algorithms, and experimental laboratory data. Our model estimated which patients were likely infected with COVID-19 disease. The prediction performances of our models are evaluated based on the accuracy score. The experimental dataset has been provided by Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein at Sao Paulo, Brazil, which included the records of 600 patients from 18 laboratory findings with 10% COVID-19 disease infected patients. Our model has been validated with a train-test split approach, 10-fold cross-validation, and AUC-ROC curve score. The experimental results show that the infected patients with COVID-19 disease are identified at an accuracy of 91.88% through the deep learning method (Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)) and 89.79 % through classical machine learning (Logistic Regression) respectively. This high accuracy is evidence that our prediction model could be readily used for predicting the COVID-19 infections and assisting the health experts in better diagnosis and clinical studies.

Abstract Ischemic postconditioning (IPTC) brings cardioprotection endogenously, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produces the same effect. It happens due to down expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Thus, experimental protocol associating IPTC has been formulated to find the role of ANP in the cardioprotection of heart in OVX rats. For this experiment, heart was isolated from OVX rat and held tightly on Langendorff’s apparatus in a manner that ischemia of 30 min and reperfusion of 120 min were also given. Simultaneously, IPTC with four cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion of each was applied. Parameters like size of myocardial infarct, levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and release of creatine kinase- MB (CK-MB) in coronary effluent were noted after each stage of experiment for ensuring the extent of myocardial injury. Some significant changes were also seen in the histopathology of cardiovascular tissues. The cardio-protection has been made by four cycles of IPTC. It was confirmed by decline in the size of myocardial infarct. It diminishes the release of LDH and CK-MB in heart of OVX rat. Thus, IPTC induces cardio-protection in the isolated heart from OVX rat. Perfusion of ANP associating with IPTC favors the cardioprotection which is further confirmed by rise in the NO release and heart rate. The level of myocardial damage changes using IPTC, IPTC+OVX, IPTC+OVX+ANP, IPTC+ OVX+ANP+L-NAME and other groups were observed significantly and were found to be less than those in I/R control group. Thus, it is recommended that ANP involving IPTC restores attenuated cardio-protection in OVX rat heart. Therefore, Post-conditioning is useful in various clinical aspects.

Resumo Este estudo investiga a capacidade de enraizamento e o desempenho de crescimento das posições inferiores e superiores dos ramos e do tipo de estaca, ou seja, madeira macia e dura, com folhas e sem folhas de Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth. As estacas foram coletadas de plantas com 4 anos de idade, crescendo no Campus Chauras de H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Índia. O enraizamento das estacas foi estudado sob os tratamentos de ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA) e ácido indol 3-ácido (IAA) nas concentrações de 0,0%, 0,3%, 0,4%, 0,5% em ambos os hormônios. A resposta de enraizamento foi significativamente (p<0,05) melhor em 0,4% de AIB em comparação com os outros tratamentos e controle (0% de AIB e AIA). A razão número de raízes para estacas enraizadas e comprimento da raiz para estacas enraizadas nos diferentes tratamentos apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05). As estacas enraizadas foram posteriormente transferidas para os sacos de polietileno e transferidas para condições de viveiro aberto. Sob tais condições, as estacas enraizadas tratadas com 0,4% e 0,5% de AIB demonstraram a maior (90% a 100%) capacidade de sobrevivência na porção inferior de madeira macia e estacas folhosas. A planta cultivável e a altura da planta foram maiores no tratamento com concentração de 0,4% de AIB. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o enraizamento de estacas de caule de madeira macia com posição inferior e folhas pode ser um meio eficaz de regeneração de T. stans. Além disso, a aplicação do tratamento com concentração de 0,4% de AIB é apropriada para o enraizamento de estacas juvenis com folhas em câmara de neblina.

Abstract This study investiges the rooting ability and the growth performance of lower and upper shoot positions and type of the cuttings, i.e. soft and hard wood and leafy and non leafy, of Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth. The cuttings were collected from 4-year old plants growing in the Chauras Campus of H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The rooting ability of cuttings was studied under the treatments of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Indole 3-acidic acid (IAA) under 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% concentration in both hormones. The rooting response was significantly (p < 0.05) better in 0.4% IBA compared to other treatments and control (0% IBA and IAA). The ratio of number of roots to rooted cuttings and length of root to rooted cuttings in the different treatments showed significant differences (p < 0.05). The rooted cuttings were further transferred, into the polythene bags and shifted to open nursery conditions. Under such conditions, the rooted cuttings treated with 0.4% and 0.5% IBA demonstrated the highest (90% to 100%) survival capacity in the lower portion soft wood and leafy stem cuttings. Plantable plant and plant height was greater in the 0.4% IBA concentration treatment. The results of the study suggest that rooting of soft wood stem cuttings having lower position and leaves could be an effective mean of regenerating to T. stans. Furthermore, the application of 0.4% IBA concentration treatment is appropriate for rooting of juvenile leafy stem cuttings in a mist chamber.

The present study aimed to evaluate the safety of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute oral administration.For assessment of acute oral toxicity test, ratswere orally treated with single dose of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, using the OECD guidelines no. 407, the extract was administered at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days and at the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group also used for 6 weeks.In acute toxicity above mentioned doses neither showed mortality nor exterior signs of toxicity. In sub-acute, study no significant changes found in haematological and biochemical level ofthe treated rat after 14 days and 28 days in comparison to control. The histopathology of rat brain, kidney, liver, and heart also showed the no cellular changes after extract treated rat.The alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica was found non-toxic in single drug dose administration up to 5000 mg/kg (acute study) and in sub-acute administration up to 2000 mg/kg.

Resumen El incremento en la urbanización está ampliamente asociado con una disminución de la biodiversidad de todas las formas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue responder dos preguntas: (i) ¿Afecta la urbanización rápida en Delhi (India) la biodiversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (MA)?, y (ii) si es así, ¿Cómo? Medimos la diversidad de hongos MA en nueve sitios ubicados en los bosques de Delhi, los cuales tenían diferentes tipos de uso urbano en términos de contaminación por alto tráfico vehicular, basura, defecación y actividades recreacionales. El estudio reveló una disminución significativa en la diversidad de hongos MA (diversidad alfa) y abundancia medida como densidad de esporas, biovolumen, porcentaje medio de infección (PMI) en raíces, longitud de las hifas del suelo y glomalina fácilmente extraible relacionada con proteínas solubles (EE-GRSP) en sitios contaminados. Análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMDS) y PERMANOVA anidados revelaron diferencias significativas en la estructura de hongos MA, que puede estar relacionada con la variación en humedad, temperatura, pH y niveles de carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo del suelo. El análisis BEST (biota y correspondencia ambiental) de muestras biológicas y ambientales mostró que la temperatura y humedad del suelo explican un 47.6 % del total de la variación en las muestras. Este estudio demostró cómo las diferentes actividades humanas en ecosistemas urbanos de Delhi son perjudiciales para la diversidad y abundancia de hongos MA.

Abstract Increasing urbanisation is widely associated with decline in biodiversity of all forms. The aim of the present study was to answer two questions: (i) Does rapid urbanization in Delhi (India) affect biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi? (ii) If so, how? We measured the AM fungal diversity at nine sites located in Delhi forests, which had different types of urban usage in terms of heavy vehicular traffic pollution, littering, defecation and recreational activities. The study revealed a significant decrease in AM fungal diversity (alpha diversity) and abundance measured as spore density, biovolume, mean infection percentage (MIP) in roots, soil hyphal length and easily extractable glomalin related soluble proteins (EE-GRSP) at polluted sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and nested PERMANOVA, revealed significant differences in AM fungal community structure which could be correlated with variations in soil moisture, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels. BEST (biota and environmental matching) analysis of biological and environmental samples revealed that soil temperature and moisture accounted for 47.6 % of the total variations in the samples. The study demonstrated how different forms of human activities in urban ecosystems of Delhi are detrimental to the diversity and abundance of AM fungi.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of rotavirus-associated deaths among Indian children younger than five years. METHODS: We surveyed more than 23 000 child deaths from a nationally representative survey of 1.1 million Indian households during 2001-2003. Diarrhoeal deaths were characterized by region, age and sex and were combined with the proportion of deaths attributable to rotavirus, as determined by hospital microbiologic data collected by the Indian Rotavirus Strain Surveillance Network from December 2005 to November 2007. Rotavirus vaccine efficacy data from clinical trials in developing countries were used to estimate the number of deaths preventable by a national vaccination programme. Data were analysed using Stata SE version 10. FINDINGS: Rotavirus caused an estimated 113 000 deaths (99% confidence interval, CI: 86 000-155 000); 50% (54 700) and 75% (85 400) occurred before one and two years of age, respectively. One child in 242 died from rotavirus infection before five years of age. Rotavirus-associated mortality rates overall, among girls and among boys were 4.14 (99% CI: 3.14-5.68), 4.89 (99% CI: 3.75-6.79) and 3.45 (99% CI: 2.58-4.66) deaths per 1000 live births, respectively. Rates were highest in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, which together accounted for > 50% of deaths (64 400) nationally. Rotavirus vaccine could prevent 41 000-48 000 deaths among children aged 3-59 months. CONCLUSION: The burden of rotavirus-associated mortality is high among Indian children, highlighting the potential benefits of rotavirus vaccination.

OBJETIVO: Calcular el número de muertes asociadas al rotavirus entre niños indios menores de cinco años. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos más de 23 000 muertes de niños procedentes de una encuesta representativa a nivel nacional sobre 1,1 millón de hogares indios durante 2001-2003. Las muertes por diarrea se caracterizaron por región, edad y sexo y se combinaron con la proporción de muertes atribuibles al rotavirus, como determinaron los datos microbiológicos hospitalarios recogidos por la Red india de vigilancia de la cepa del rotavirus (Indian Rotavirus Strain Surveillance Network) desde diciembre de 2005 hasta noviembre de 2007. Los datos acerca de la eficacia de la vacuna contra el rotavirus de ensayos clínicos en países en vías de desarrollo se emplearon para calcular el número de muertes prevenibles por medio de un programa de vacunación nacional. Los datos se analizaron mediante Stata SE versión 10. RESULTADOS: El rotavirus causó aproximadamente 113 000 muertes (99% intervalo de confianza, IC: 86 000-155 000); el 50% (54 700) y el 75% (85 400) sucedió antes del primer y segundo año de edad, respectivamente. Un niño de cada 242 falleció debido a una infección por rotavirus antes de llegar a los cinco años de edad. Las tasas generales de mortalidad asociadas con el rotavirus entre niños y entre niñas fueron de 4,14 (99% IC: 3,14-5,68), 4,89 (99% IC: 3,75-6,79) y 3,45 (99% IC: 2,58-4,66) muertes por 1 000 nacidos vivos, respectivamente. Las tasas más altas se dieron en Bihar, Uttar Pradesh y Madhya Pradesh, que en conjunto integraron más del 50% de las muertes (64 400) a nivel nacional. La vacuna contra el rotavirus podría prevenir 41 000-48 000 muertes entre niños de entre 3 y 59 meses. CONCLUSIÓN: La carga de la mortalidad asociada con el rotavirus es mayor entre los niños indios, y resalta los beneficios potenciales de la vacuna contra el rotavirus.

OBJECTIF: Estimer le nombre de décès associés au rotavirus chez les enfants indiens de moins de cinq ans. MÉTHODES: Nous avons examiné plus de 23 000 décès d'enfants sur la base d'une enquête représentative au niveau national de 1,1 million de foyers indiens durant la période 2001-2003. Les décès par diarrhée étaient classés par région, âge et sexe, ainsi que corrélés à la proportion de décès attribuables au rotavirus, tels que déterminés par les données microbiologiques hospitalières collectées par le réseau de surveillance indien de la souche du rotavirus de décembre 2005 à novembre 2007. Les données d'efficacité du vaccin contre le rotavirus provenant d'essais cliniques réalisés dans les pays en développement ont été utilisées pour estimer le nombre de décès évitables par un programme national de vaccination. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de Stata SE version 10. RÉSULTATS: Le rotavirus a causé environ 113 000 décès (intervalle de confiance, IC de 99%: 86 000 à 155 000), 50% (54 700) et 75% (85 400) d'entre eux survenaient respectivement avant l'âge d'un an et de deux ans. Un enfant sur 242 est mort d'une infection par le rotavirus avant l'âge de cinq ans. Les taux de mortalité associés au rotavirus étaient, dans l'ensemble, parmi les filles et les garçons, de 4,14 décès (IC de 99%: 3,14-5,68), 4,89 (IC de 99%: 3,75-6,79) et 3,45 (IC de 99%: 2,58-4,66) pour 1 000 naissances vivantes, respectivement. Les taux étaient les plus élevés dans le Bihar, l'Uttar Pradesh et le Madhya Pradesh, représentant au total, à l'échelle nationale, plus de 50% des décès (64 400). Le vaccin contre le rotavirus pourrait éviter 41 000 à 48 000 décès chez les enfants âgés de 3 à 59 mois. CONCLUSION: L'impact de la mortalité associée au rotavirus est élevé chez les enfants indiens, soulignant les avantages potentiels d'une vaccination contre le rotavirus.

The implications of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and the level of homocysteine in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) have been extensively studied in various ethnic groups. Our aim was to discover the association of MTHFR (C677T) polymorphism and homocysteine level with CAD in north Indian subjects. The study group consisted of 329 angiographically proven CAD patients, and 331 age and sex matched healthy individuals as controls. MTHFR (C677T) gene polymorphism was detected based on the polymerase chain reaction and restriction digestion with HinfI. Total homocysteine plasma concentration was measured using immunoassay. T allele frequency was found to be significantly higher in patients than in the control group. We found significantly elevated levels of mean homocysteine in the patient group when compared to the control group (p = 0.00). Traditional risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, smoking habits, a positive family history and lipid profiles (triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol), were found significantly associated through univariate analysis. Furthermore, multivariable logistics regression analysis revealed that CAD is significantly and variably associated with diabetes, hypertension, smoking, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. Our findings showed that MTHFR C677T polymorphism and homocysteine levels were associated with coronary artery disease in the selected population.