Corrosion processes were evaluated for AISI 316 and AISI 1020 steels by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and light microscopy. Coupons were immersed in four crude oil samples with different total acid numbers (TANs) for 48 days at room temperature. The steels were also exposed to three blends (B1-B3), produced by quaternary mixtures of the oils, with lower TANs than their respective original oils. SEM micrographs showed pitting-type corrosion in most cases. AFM imaging showed drastic changes in the peak-to-peak values, topographic profiles and phase images of the AISI 1020 coupons exposed to all oils and blend B3 as compared to the unexposed steel. Defects were produced on the surface of almost all the samples exposed to naphthenic corrosion. Exposure to the oil blends reduced the extent of the naphthenic corrosion on the coupons, especially blends B1 and B2. The oil mixtures (blends) reduced corrosion.

Microscopic techniques were combined to study the influence of corrosion rate on the morphologic behavior of AISI 1020 steel specimens submitted to thermal degradation of a typical acid crude oil (total acid number (TAN) = 2.1390 mg KOH g-1 and total sulfur (S) = 0.7778 wt.%). The techniques used were light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as Raman spectroscopy. Assays were performed in six different degradation time (t = 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h) at 320 ºC. After the exposure of the specimens to petroleum, a reduction above 37% in the TAN after t = 72 h was observed, with a maximum corrosion rate during the first periods of degradation (t = 6 and 12 h). Correlating the TAN and corrosion rate data with the microscopic data, the images of LM, AFM, and SEM/EDX showed that after 6 h of exposure to petroleum, a passivation film was formed on the surface of the steel. This film consisted of two layers, an external one, formed of FeS, and an internal one, composed of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. However, after 48 h of thermal degradation, this morphology was altered to a single layer of FeS coating the steel surface.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a tradução, adaptação e validação do instrumento Diabetes Attitudes Scale - third version para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Métodos: estudo metodológico realizado em seis etapas: tradução inicial, síntese da tradução inicial, retrotradução, avaliação da versão traduzida pelo Comitê de Juízes (27 Linguistas e 29 profissionais da Saúde), pré-teste e validação. As etapas de pré-teste e de validação (teste e reteste) contaram com a participação de 22 e 120 profissionais da Saúde, respectivamente. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, as análises de consistência interna e reprodutibilidade foram realizadas no ambiente de programação estatística R. Resultados: na validação de conteúdo, o instrumento apresentou boa aceitação entre os Juízes com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo médio igual a 0,94. A escala apresentou consistência interna aceitável (alfa de Cronbach igual a 0,60), enquanto a concordância do escore total nos momentos de teste e reteste foi considerada alta (Coeficiente de Correlação Policórica igual a 0,86). O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, para pontuação total, teve o valor de 0,65. Conclusão: a versão brasileira do instrumento (Escala de Atitudes dos Profissionais em relação ao Diabetes Mellitus), foi considerado válido e confiável para ser aplicada a profissionais da Saúde no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: to perform the translation, adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Attitudes Scale - third version instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: methodological study carried out in six stages: initial translation, synthesis of the initial translation, back-translation, evaluation of the translated version by the Committee of Judges (27 Linguists and 29 health professionals), pre-test and validation. The pre-test and validation (test-retest) steps included 22 and 120 health professionals, respectively. The Content Validity Index, the analyses of internal consistency and reproducibility were performed using the R statistical program. Results: in the content validation, the instrument presented good acceptance among the Judges with a mean Content Validity Index of 0.94. The scale presented acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.60), while the correlation of the total score at the test and retest moments was considered high (Polychoric Correlation Coefficient = 0.86). The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient, for the total score, presented a value of 0.65. Conclusion: the Brazilian version of the instrument (Escala de Atitudes dos Profissionais em relação ao Diabetes Mellitus) was considered valid and reliable for application by health professionals in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar la traducción, adaptación y validación del instrumento Diabetes Attitudes Scale - third version para el idioma portugués de Brasil. Métodos: estudio metodológico realizado en seis etapas: traducción inicial, síntesis de la traducción inicial, retrotraducción, evaluación de la versión traducida por el Comité de Jueces (27 Lingüistas y 29 profesionales de la Salud), preprueba y validación. Las etapas de preprueba y validación (prueba y reprueba contaron con la participación de 22 y 120 profesionales de la Salud, respectivamente). El Índice de Validez de Contenido, los análisis de consistencia interna y reproducibilidad fueron realizados en el ambiente de programación estadística R. Resultados: en la validación de contenido, el instrumento presentó buena aceptación entre los Jueces con Índice de Validez de Contenido medio igual a 0,94. La escala presentó consistencia interna aceptable (alfa de Cronbach igual la 0,60); la concordancia del puntaje total en los momentos de prueba y reprueba fue considerada alta (Coeficiente de Correlación Policórica igual a 0,86). El Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase, para puntuación total, tuvo el valor de 0,65. Conclusión: la versión brasileña del instrumento (Escala de Actitudes de los Profesionales en relación a la Diabetes Mellitus), fue considerada válida y confiable para ser aplicada a profesionales de la Salud en Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: to perform the translation, adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Attitudes Scale - third version instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: methodological study carried out in six stages: initial translation, synthesis of the initial translation, back-translation, evaluation of the translated version by the Committee of Judges (27 Linguists and 29 health professionals), pre-test and validation. The pre-test and validation (test-retest) steps included 22 and 120 health professionals, respectively. The Content Validity Index, the analyses of internal consistency and reproducibility were performed using the R statistical program. Results: in the content validation, the instrument presented good acceptance among the Judges with a mean Content Validity Index of 0.94. The scale presented acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.60), while the correlation of the total score at the test and retest moments was considered high (Polychoric Correlation Coefficient = 0.86). The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient, for the total score, presented a value of 0.65. Conclusion: the Brazilian version of the instrument (Escala de Atitudes dos Profissionais em relação ao Diabetes Mellitus) was considered valid and reliable for application by health professionals in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar la traducción, adaptación y validación del instrumento Diabetes Attitudes Scale - third version para el idioma portugués de Brasil. Métodos: estudio metodológico realizado en seis etapas: traducción inicial, síntesis de la traducción inicial, retrotraducción, evaluación de la versión traducida por el Comité de Jueces (27 Lingüistas y 29 profesionales de la Salud), preprueba y validación. Las etapas de preprueba y validación (prueba y reprueba contaron con la participación de 22 y 120 profesionales de la Salud, respectivamente). El Índice de Validez de Contenido, los análisis de consistencia interna y reproducibilidad fueron realizados en el ambiente de programación estadística R. Resultados: en la validación de contenido, el instrumento presentó buena aceptación entre los Jueces con Índice de Validez de Contenido medio igual a 0,94. La escala presentó consistencia interna aceptable (alfa de Cronbach igual la 0,60); la concordancia del puntaje total en los momentos de prueba y reprueba fue considerada alta (Coeficiente de Correlación Policórica igual a 0,86). El Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase, para puntuación total, tuvo el valor de 0,65. Conclusión: la versión brasileña del instrumento (Escala de Actitudes de los Profesionales en relación a la Diabetes Mellitus), fue considerada válida y confiable para ser aplicada a profesionales de la Salud en Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a tradução, adaptação e validação do instrumento Diabetes Attitudes Scale - third version para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Métodos: estudo metodológico realizado em seis etapas: tradução inicial, síntese da tradução inicial, retrotradução, avaliação da versão traduzida pelo Comitê de Juízes (27 Linguistas e 29 profissionais da Saúde), pré-teste e validação. As etapas de pré-teste e de validação (teste e reteste) contaram com a participação de 22 e 120 profissionais da Saúde, respectivamente. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, as análises de consistência interna e reprodutibilidade foram realizadas no ambiente de programação estatística R. Resultados: na validação de conteúdo, o instrumento apresentou boa aceitação entre os Juízes com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo médio igual a 0,94. A escala apresentou consistência interna aceitável (alfa de Cronbach igual a 0,60), enquanto a concordância do escore total nos momentos de teste e reteste foi considerada alta (Coeficiente de Correlação Policórica igual a 0,86). O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, para pontuação total, teve o valor de 0,65. Conclusão: a versão brasileira do instrumento (Escala de Atitudes dos Profissionais em relação ao Diabetes Mellitus), foi considerado válido e confiável para ser aplicada a profissionais da Saúde no Brasil.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o reparo da cartilagem hialina equina, por meio de análises macroscópica (através de videoartroscopia) e histológica (através de fragmentos de biopsia), em defeitos condrais induzidos na tróclea lateral do fêmur tratados pela técnica de microperfurações subcondral associada ou não com administração intra-articular de cartogenina. Foram utilizados seis equinos pesando em média (±DP) 342±1,58 kg, com a idade aproximada de 7,2±1,30 anos e escore corporal de 7,1±0,75, que foram submetidos a videoartroscopia para indução da lesão condral de 1 cm2 na tróclea lateral do fêmur e realização da técnica de microperfuração do osso subcondral de ambos os joelhos. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações semanais com 20 μM de cartogenina intra-articulares em um dos joelhos (grupo tratado) e solução de ringer com lactato na articulação contralateral (grupo controle). Após o período de 60 dias, foram feitas as avaliações macroscópicas, através de videoartroscopias, e histológicas, através de biopsia. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos escores macroscópicos e histológicos para reparação condral entre animais dos grupos tratados e não tratados (P>0,05). De modo geral, a porcentagem média de cartilagem hialina no tecido de reparo (17,5%) foi condizente com a literatura internacional usando outros tipos de perfuração condral. Entretanto, não se observaram diferenças estatísticas entre grupos (P>0,05). A terapia com cartogenina, segundo protocolo utilizado, não produziu melhora do processo cicatricial em lesões condrais induzidas e tratadas com microperfurações na tróclea lateral do fêmur em equinos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the joint cartilage repair by macroscopic (via arthroscopy) and histological (biopsy fragments) analyses in chondral defects induced into equine femoral trochlea treated by microperforation associated with or without intra-articular administration of kartogenin. Six horses weighing 342±1.58 kg (mean ± SD), aged approximately 7.2±1.30 years and with a body condition score of 7.1±0.75, were used. The horses underwent arthroscopy for induction of 1-cm2 chondral lesions in lateral femoral trochlea immediately treated by microperforation of the subchondral bone of both knees. Four weekly intra-articular injections of kartogenin (20μM) in one knee (treated group) and Ringer lactate solution in the contralateral joint (control group) were performed during the postoperative period. After 60 days, macroscopic evaluations were performed by video-arthroscopy, and biopsy samples of the repair tissue were taken for histopathological healing evaluation. No significant change was observed in macroscopic and histological scores for chondral healing between treated and untreated groups (P>0.05). The overall mean percentage of hyaline cartilage in both groups (17.5%) was consistent with other international studies using other types of chondral microperforation; however, no statistical differences were observed between groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the therapy with kartogenin, according to the used protocol, did not produce any macroscopic and histological healing improvement in induced chondral lesions treated with microperforations in equine femoral trochlea.

A retrospective case-control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for death among intensive care unit patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Out of 131 patients investigated, 67 (51.1%) died within 30 days of being diagnosed with this infection. The mean duration of hospital stay before this diagnosis was 28.5 ± 26.5 days. No association was found between bacterial resistance and death in this study (multiresistant p= 0.26; panresistant p= 0.42), but the adequacy of the initial treatment was inversely proportional to the degree of resistance. There was a tendency towards greater mortality among patients who received combination therapy (empirical p= 0.09; definitive p= 0.08), despite the greater frequency of appropriate treatment in these patients and the similar degree of severity in the two groups. This finding may be explained by pharmacodynamic parameters that were not studied or by the extensive use of aminoglycosides in the combination therapy, which play a controversial role in combination therapy due to their potential for renal toxicity. The multivariate analysis in our study demonstrated that age [odds ratio (OR) 1.04], septic shock (OR 15.4) and hypoalbuminemia (OR 0.32) were independent risk factors for death.