Abstract Giant Osteosclerotic Lesions (GOLs) are a group of rarely reported intraosseous lesions. Their precise diagnosis is important since they can be confused with malignant neoplasms. Objective This retrospective study aimed to record and analyze the clinical and radiographic Giant Osteosclerotic Lesions (GOLs) detected in the maxillomandibular area of patients attending to our institution. Materials and Methods: Informed consent from the patients was obtained and those cases of 2.5 cm or larger lesions with radiopaque or mixed (radiolucid-radiopaque) appearance located in the maxillofacial bones were selected. Assessed parameters were: age, gender, radiographic aspect, shape, borders, size, location and relations to roots. Lesions were classified as radicular, apical, interradicular, interradicular-apical, radicular-apical or located in a previous teeth extraction area. Additionally, several osseous and dental developmental alterations (DDAs) were assessed. Results Seventeen radiopacities in 14 patients were found and were located almost exclusively in mandible and were two types: idiopathic osteosclerosis and condensing osteitis. GOLs were more frequent in females, and in the anterior and premolar zones. 94.2% of GOLs were qualified as idiopathic osteosclerosis and one case was condensing osteitis. All studied cases showed different osseous and dental developmental alterations (DDAs). The most common were: Microdontia, hypodontia, pulp stones, macrodontia and variations in the mental foramina. Conclusions GOLs must be differentiated from other radiopaque benign and malignant tumors. Condensing osteitis, was considered an anomalous osseous response induced by a chronic low-grade inflammatory stimulus. For development of idiopathic osteosclerosis, two possible mechanisms could be related. The first is modification of the normal turnover with excessive osseous deposition. The second mechanism will prevent the normal bone resorption, arresting the osseous breakdown process.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the clinicopathological features, TNM status, AJCC staging and behavior of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCT) in patients older than 45 years. The files of the Department of Pathology of the Hospital General de México were reviewed and all cases of SCCT in patients older than 45 years were selected. Clinicopathological features, treatment, follow-up, microscopic diagnosis, and IJCC and TNM staging were retrieved. Complete data from 60 cases were evaluated. They were more common in males (mean age = 63.9 years). Unexpectedly a high rate of tumors (38.3%) were in the base of the tongue (BT). Moderately and poorly differentiated SCCT were the most common. 16.7% presented lymph node invasion, 15% were recurrent tumors and BT carcinomas recurred more frequently. A high rate (81.7%) were stage II and 48.3% were low-risk patients. SCCTs in the studied population displayed different clinico-pathological and behavioral features compared with worldwide data. Our results suggest that BT tumors should be treated more aggressively than those in the mobile tongue. BT located tumors were more frequent than previously published. Additional frequency studies will define outcomes in age cohorts with a consensus cut-off for young and elderly populations. More population-based studies should be performed in Latin American regions to acquire accurate data on SCC incidence in elder subpopulations and to identify precisely the etiological factors in these patients.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common salivary gland tumor and its microscopic features and histogenesis are a matter of debate. Human milk fat globule protein membrane (HMFG) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) comprise a set of antibodies against the mucin 1 (MUC-1) protein detected in several salivary gland tumors. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the immunoexpression of the PA neoplastic cells to MUC-1 protein using HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 MoAbs, contrasting these results with those from normal salivary gland tissue. Material and Methods Immunohistochemical detection of MUC-1 protein using HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 MoAbs was made in 5 mm thick, paraffin embedded slides, and the avidin-biotin method was used. Results Positivity to HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 MoAbs was found in ductal, squamous metaplastic and neoplastic myoepithelial cells, keratin pearls and intraductal mucous material. Two kinds of myoepithelial cells were identified: classic myoepithelial cells around ducts were negative to both MoAbs, and modified myoepithelial cells were positive to both MoAbs. This last cellular group of the analyzed tumors showed similar MUC-1 immunoexpression to ductal epithelial cells using both HMFG antibodies. Intraductal mucous secretion was also HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 positive. Conclusions Our results showed there are two kinds of myoepithelial cells in PA. The first cellular group is represented by the different kinds of neoplastic myoepithelial cells and is HMFG-positive. The second one is HMFG-negative and represented by the neoplastic myoepithelial cells located around the ducts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify by immunohistochemistry the number of myoepithelial cells (MyECs) in pleomorphic adenomas (PAs). Material and methods: We retrieved the paraffin cubes of 27 PAs, new slides were done and they were stained with anti-S100 protein antibody. The amount of S-100 protein positive cells was quantified, their morphology was recorded and comparison among MyEC number with age, gender and involved gland were also done. Results: With S-100 protein, MyECs in normal salivary gland tissue were seen surrounding the ductual structures only. In the analysed PAs a mean of 27.4% of the neoplastic cells were positive to the antibody. With the exception of one PA, in all the analysed cases the plasmacytoid cells were the most commonly identified cells (48,6%). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that MyECs do not constitute the main cellular component of the neoplastic compartment in PAs and corroborate the previously reported evidence by different au-thors, who studying the PAs suggested that MyECs does not comprise the main cellular neoplastic component of these entities.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar por medio de inmunohistoquí-mica el número de células mioepiteliales (CMs) en adenomas pleomorfos (APs). Material y Métodos: Se recuperaron los cubos de 27 APs y se hicieron nuevas laminillas, las que se tiñeron con un anticuerpo anti-proteína S-100, se contó el número de células S-100 positivas, se registró su morfología y se hicieron comparaciones del número de CMs tomando en cuenta el sexo, edad y glándula de origen. Resultados: Se observó que en el tejido glandular normal, las CMs solo se observaron alrededor de las estructuras ductuales. En los APs analizados se encontró que en promedio, solamente el 27,4% de las células neoplásicas fueron positivas a este anticuerpo. Con excepción de un AP, en todos los casos analizados las células plasmocitoides fueron las células más comúnmente encontradas (48,6%). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que las CMs no forman el componente celular principal del compartimiento neoplásico de los APs y confirman las evidencias encontradas desde hace varios años, por diferentes autores, quienes estudiando los APs, sugirieron que las CMs no forman la mayor parte de las células neoplásicas en estas entidades.

Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) is also known as focal epithelial hyperplasia, Heck’s disease or multifocal papillomavirus-induced epithelial hyperplasia. It is characterised by the presence of multiple lesions in the oral mucosa of children and it has been associated with the presence of the human papillomavirus. The aim of this study was to determine the clinico-pathological features of the cases diagnosed as MEH in the Service of Dermatology of the Hospital Manuel Gea González (SDHMGG). The files of the SDHMGG were reviewed and all cases diagnosed as MEH were retrieved. Nine MEH cases were found. Most of the patients were 20 year-old or younger (67%) and females were more commonly affected (78%). All patients presented multiple lesions and always, close relatives with similar lesions were found. Lesions were located most commonly in the buccal mucosa, lower lip and comissures. MEH is a soft tissue intraoral condition that needs treatment solely of the traumatised lesions or those with cosmetic problems. Remaining lesions will disappear with the age of the patients. It is suggested that this entity should be named multifocal epithelial hyperplasia since this name describes better the clinico-pathological and microscopic features of the disease.

La hiperplasia multifocal del epitelio (HME) conocida también como hiperplasia epitelial focal, enfermedad de Heck ó hiperplasia multifocal del epitelio por papiloma virus, se caracteriza por la aparición de lesiones múltiples en la mucosa de la cavidad bucal en población pediátrica y se asocia a la presencia del virus papiloma humano. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las características clínico-patológicas de los casos diagnosticados de esta enfermedad en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Manuel Gea González. Se revisaron los archivos de esta institución y se seleccionaron los casos diagnosticados como HME. Se encontraron 9 casos. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron menores de 20 años (67%) y del sexo femenino (78%), todos los casos presentaron lesiones múltiples y siempre hubo parientes directos con lesiones similares. Los lugares que se afectaron con mayor frecuencia fueron: mucosa bucal, labio inferior, paladar y comisuras. La HME es una condición de la mucosa de la cavidad bucal que solamente necesita tratamiento de aquellas lesiones que representan un problema cosmético ó aquellas que se traumatizan secundariamente. Las demás remitirán conforme avanza la edad del paciente. Se sugiere usar el nombre de hiperplasia multifocal del epitelio pues describe mejor las características clínico-patológicas y microscópicas de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the fluoride concentration in water supplies of México City. Since Lerma-Cutzamala and Acuífero del Valle de México Water Supply Systems distribute water to the México City's Metropolitan Area (MCMA) we have analyzed their water fluoride concentration using 44 different sampling wells from the four geographical zones of the MCMA during 2002. The water sampling was monthly made during one year. All collected data showed a mean fluoride concentration of 0.70 ± 0.20 mg/L. Our results showed minor variability of fluoride concentrations in the water available in México City. The fluoride content of the different analyzed zones showed statistical differences. Although Mexican Health authorities have defined that fluoride concentration in water should be from 0.70 to 1.50 mg/L, cases of dental fluorosis have been reported in México City (Juárez-López et al. 2003). It is important to have a reliable evaluation of fluoride concentration in México City's natural water supplies prior to implementing any caries-prevention program and to avoid novel cases of dental fluorosis.

RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la concentración de fluoruros en los pozos de agua de la ciudad de México. Debido a que los sistemas Lerma-Cutzamala y Acuífero del Valle de México distribuyen el agua potable al Área Metropolitana de la ciudad de México (AMCM), se analizó la concentración de fluoruros en 44 pozos de las cuatro zonas geográficas del AMCM durante el 2002. El muestreo del agua se realizó cada mes durante un año. Los datos obtenidos mostraron un promedio de concentración de fluoruros de 0.70±0.20 mg/L. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las concentraciones de fluoruros de las diferentes zonas analizadas. A pesar de que las autoridades mexicanas del Sector Salud tienen bien definido que la concentración de fluoruro en el agua potable es entre 0.70 mg/L y 1.5 mg/L, se han reportado casos de fluorosis dental en la ciudad de México (Juárez-López et al. 2003). Es importante realizar una evaluación confiable de la concentración de fluoruros en las fuentes naturales de agua potable de la ciudad de México antes de implementar cualquier programa de prevención de caries e impedir la aparición de nuevos casos de fluorosis dental.

Introduction. The most widely used method for applying fluoride (F-) topically is the fluoridated toothpaste. Its early use in large quantities is a risk factor for dental fluorosis. Objective: to determine the actual concentration of F in toothpastes sold in the Mexican market. Material and methods. Sixty-five different commercial toothpastes were analysed using the F ion-specific electrode technique. Results. The range of the F content was from 0 to 2 053 ppm. Of them, 16.92% were toothpastes for infant use (range= 0-1153 ppmF-). Mexican toothpastes had a mean of 879 ± 599.2 ppmF and imported toothpastes have a mean of 619.7 ppmF-; 54.5% of the infantile toothpastes presented F concentrations above 730 ppm and in 40% of the analyzed products, annotation on F content was found. Conclusions. Our results showed a wide variation in F concentration and suggest the need to implement policies to regulate the F concentration in these products. It is important that all the manufactured dentifrices show in the label and package the total F content of the product and the recommended doses will be printed, in order to prevent dental fluorosis.

Introducción. El método más usado para la aplicación tópica de flúor (F-)es la pasta dental fluorada. Su uso temprano en grandes cantidades es un factor de riesgo de fluorosis dental. Objetivo: conocer la concentración de P en las pastas dentales que se venden en México. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 65 pastas dentales usando la técnica del electrodo específico para fluoruros. Resultados. El contenido de fluoruro en la muestra analizada varió de 0-2053 ppm. De ellas, 16.92% fueron pastas para uso infantil (límite =0 -1153 ppmF-). Las pastas fabricadas en México tuvieron un promedio de 879 ± 599.2 ppmF-. Las pastas de origen extranjero tenían un promedio de 619.7 ppmF-; 54.5% de las pastas para niños presentaron valores de P superiores a 730 ppmF-. Solamente 40% de los productos analizados tenían impresa la concentración de P en las envolturas. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados mostraron una amplia variación en la concentración de P. Esto sugiere que es necesario implementar medidas que regulen su concentración en dichos productos. Es importante que, para prevenir lesiones de fluorosis dental, los fabricantes de pastas dentales impriman en la etiqueta el contenido total de fluoruro y las dosis recomendadas.

Supernumerary teeth (ST) are a not uncommon developmental anomaly which appears in 0.3 to 3.8 percent of the population. We studied the corresponding radiographs from 2241 patients, both sexes who seeked dental attention at the Outpatient Clinic of the División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, UNAM in Mexico City. Of them, we found 72 patients (3.2%) with 102 ST. Of the 72 patients, 39 were males (54.2%) and 33 females (45.8%). Mesiodens was the most common ST (48.6%), followed by supernumerary premolars (26.4%), supernumerary laterals (11.1%) and fourth molars (9.7%). This series includes cases with one, two and three ST and one case comprising 10 ST. Our results suggest that frequency of ST in the population studied differs in some aspects with previously reported series and that frequency of ST shows different rates depending the population studied. As our results demonstrate, it is encouraged the need to have panoramic radiographs of all patients attended in dental offices, clinics and schools of Dentistry in order to detect and diagnose undiscovered pathologies.

Los dientes supernumerarios (DS) son una anomalía del desarrollo que no se observa con frecuencia (del 0.3 al 3.8% de la población). En este estudio, se analizaron las ortopantomografías correspondientes a 2241 pacientes, de ambos sexos quienes acudieron a la Clínica de Admisión de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, UNAM en la ciudad de México D.F. De ellos, se encontraron 72 pacientes (3.2%) con 102 DS. De los 72 pacientes, 39 fueron hombres (54.2%) y 33 mujeres (45.8%). El mesiodens fue el más común de los DS (48.6%), seguido por lo premolares supernumerarios (26.4%), laterales supernumerarios (11.1%) y cuartos molares (9.7%). En esta serie se incluyen casos con uno, dos, tres DS y un caso con 10 DS. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la frecuencia de DS en la población estudiada es diferente en algunos aspectos a la que se reporta en otras series. Como demuestran nuestros resultados, se aconseja que se tomen radiografías panorámicas a todos los pacientes que se atiendan en los consultorios dentales, clínicas y facultades ó escuelas de Odontología, para poder detectar procesos patológicos ocultos.