Resumo Algumas espécies de Bartonella têm os felinos como principais hospedeiros reservatórios. Tais patógenos são transmitidos ao homem por intermédio da arranhadura ou mordedura de gatos e entre os gatos, por meio da pulga Ctenocephalides felis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de DNA de Bartonella spp. em gatos de abrigos e seus ectoparasitas e a relação entre o estado de infecção dos gatos e dos ectoparasitas albergados por estes. Material genético bacteriano foi detectado em 47,8% das amostras de sangue de gatos, 18,3% das pulgas C. felis, 13,3% dos "pools" de ovos de pulgas e 12,5% dos "pools" de piolhos. DNA de B. henselae e B. clarridgeiae foi detectado em pulgas, e B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae e B. koehlerae, em amostras de sangue de gatos. Gatos infestados por ectoparasitas que carreavam DNA de Bartonella spp. demonstraram aproximadamente o dobro de chance de estarem infectados. Esses resultados indicam que os gatos de abrigos têm alta prevalência de infecção por espécies de Bartonella, capazes de causar doenças no homem. E também destacam a importância do controle e prevenção da infestação por ectoparasitas, no intuito de prevenir a infecção em gatos e humanos.

Abstract Feline Bartonella can be transmitted to humans through cat scratches or bites, and between cats, by the flea Ctenocephalides felis. The study was carried out in order to investigate the occurrence of Bartonella DNA in cats living in shelters and their ectoparasites and the relationship between the infection status of cats and ectoparasites they host. Bartonella DNA was detected in 47.8% of the cat blood samples, 18.3% of C. felis fleas, 13.3% of flea egg pools and 12.5% of lice pools. B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae DNA were detected in cat fleas, while B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae were found in blood samples from bacteremic cats. Cats infested by positive ectoparasites showed approximately twice the odds of being infected. Our results indicate that shelter cats have high prevalence of Bartonella species that are known to be human pathogens. This highlights the importance of controlling infestations by ectoparasites to avoid cat and human infection.

Abstract The influence of environmental variables on planktonic biodiversity is widely known. However, the absence of information about the cyanobacterial community in tropical estuarine regions motivated this work, whose objective was to investigate the spatio-temporal variation of cyanobacterial density related to physicochemical factors in a Brazilian Amazonian estuary. For the qualitative and quantitative study of cyanobacteria and physicochemical variables, samples were collected in April/July/2009 and April/August/2010. We identified 31 species of the orders Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. Species of the genera Aphanocapsa, Dolichospermum, Komvophoron, Microcystis, Pseudanabaena and Merismopedia were frequent and abundant throughout the study period. Some of the found genera have already been described as potential toxin producers. The dynamics of cyanobacteria were temporal, the highest densities occurred in 2010 (average= 1080.86 ± 702.86 cells.mL-1) mainly influenced by the high values of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, ammonium nitrogen which led cyanobacteria to present different responses in terms of richness, density and diversity between the years.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with chronic complications that lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in young adults of productive age. Intensive insulin therapy has been able to reduce the likelihood of the development of chronic diabetes complications. However, this treatment is still associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycemia. In patients with “brittle T1DM”, who have severe hypoglycemia without adrenergic symptoms (hypoglycemia unawareness), islet transplantation may be a therapeutic option to restore both insulin secretion and hypoglycemic perception. The Edmonton group demonstrated that most patients who received islet infusions from more than one donor and were treated with steroid-free immunosuppressive drugs displayed a considerable decline in the initial insulin independence rates at eight years following the transplantation, but showed permanent C-peptide secretion, which facilitated glycemic control and protected patients against hypoglycemic episodes. Recently, data published by the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry (CITR) has revealed that approximately 50% of the patients who undergo islet transplantation are insulin independent after a 3-year follow-up. Therefore, islet transplantation is able to successfully decrease plasma glucose and HbA1c levels, the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia, and improve patient quality of life. The goal of this paper was to review the human islet isolation and transplantation processes, and to describe the establishment of a human islet isolation laboratory at the Endocrine Division of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of occupational noise on sound localization in different spatial planes and frequencies among normal hearing firefighters. METHOD: A total of 29 adults with pure-tone hearing thresholds below 25 dB took part in the study. The participants were divided into a group of 19 firefighters exposed to occupational noise and a control group of 10 adults who were not exposed to such noise. All subjects were assigned a sound localization task involving 117 stimuli from 13 sound sources that were spatially distributed in horizontal, vertical, midsagittal and transverse planes. The three stimuli, which were square waves with fundamental frequencies of 500, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, were presented at a sound level of 70 dB and were randomly repeated three times from each sound source. The angle between the speaker's axis in the same plane was 45°, and the distance to the subject was 1 m. RESULT: The results demonstrate that the sound localization ability of the firefighters was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Exposure to occupational noise, even when not resulting in hearing loss, may lead to a diminished ability to locate a sound source.

Carnes processadas refrigeradas são produtos de alto valor agregado, tradicionalmente acondicionados a vácuo em embalagens plásticas, que minimizam o contato do produto com o oxigênio do ar e, consequentemente, prolongam sua vida útil. Neste trabalho mapearam-se os materiais utilizados no mercado nacional para embalagens termoformadas de lingüiças, salsichas e frios fatiados e para embalagens tipo cook in de presuntos e apresuntados. Basicamente são utilizadas estruturas coextrusadas ou uma combinação de coextrusão com laminação (tampas). Poliamidas, EVOH e PET-PVDC são os materiais utilizados para conferir às embalagens barreira ao oxigênio. A TPO2 dos filmes fundo para termoformação variou entre 5 e 30cm³ (CNTP)/m²/dia, com valores mais baixos para os frios fatiados. A TPO2 das tampas foi da ordem de 10 cm³(CNTP)/m²/dia, todos a 23 °C e a úmido. A resistência à perfuração ficou em torno de 25N (tampa) e 35N (fundo - linguiças/salsichas). Nos filmes fundo para frios fatiados houve grande variação na resistência à perfuração, em decorrência da ampla gama de espessuras disponíveis. Embalagens de mercado foram avaliadas quanto a integridade das selagens e distribuição de espessura do filme termoformado. Não foram detectados problemas de fechamento. A redução na espessura total do filme fundo, no canto de bandejas (região crítica) para salsichas e lingüiças, que têm maior profundidade de termoformação, variou entre 42 e 65%, o que leva a uma significativa perda de barreira a gases da estrutura e justifica o emprego de EVOH, um polímero de alta barreira a gases, a fim de não comprometer a vida útil do produto.

Refrigerated processed meats are high added-value products traditionally vacuum-packed in plastic packages to minimize contact of the product with oxygen and, consequently, prolong their shelf life. This study aimed at elaborating a comprehensive and detailed overview of the packaging materials used on the Brazilian market to manufacture thermoformed packages for sausages, hot dogs and sliced processed meat, in addition to cook in-type packages for hams and restructured ham products. Basically, the materials most used are coextruded films or a combination of coextruded and laminated (top film) structures. Polyamides, EVOH and PET-PVDC are used to provide an oxygen barrier. The oxygen transmission rate (O2TR) of bottom films for thermoformed packages varied between 5 and 30 cm³ (STP)/m²/day, with lower values for the films used in the package of sliced processed meat. The O2TR of top films were of the order of 10 cm³(STP)/m²/day, determined at 23 °C under wet conditions. Perforation resistance was about 25N (top films) and 35N (bottom films-sausages/hot dogs). The bottom films for sliced processed meat varied considerably in terms of puncture resistance due to the wide range of thickness available. A series of packages currently in use on the Brazilian market were evaluated for seal integrity and thickness distribution of the thermoformed film. No sealing problems were detected. The reduction of total film thickness at the corner of flexible trays (critical area) for sausages and hot dogs, whose depth is larger than for sliced processed meat packages, varied between 42 and 65%. The reduced thickness at the corners significantly affects the gas barrier properties of the package and justifies the use of EVOH which does not cause the shelf life to decrease.