ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the following six body weight (BW) estimation methods in Campolina (CAM) horses: A - weight tape placed at three different positions on the animal’s thorax; B - Crevat and Quetelet’s formula; C - Hall’s formula; D - Hintz and Griffiths’s table; E - Santos’s table; and F - Cintra’s formula. A total of 380 CAM horses were separated according to sex, age class, and gestational stage and evaluated. To determine their accuracy, weights measured on a scale and weight estimates of the six methods were compared by paired t-test, mean prediction error (MPE), and coefficient of determination (R2), using R software. The predictive capacity of method F was lower in the 6-12 months age class, so this formula is not indicated. The BW was overestimated compared with the actual weight by methods A (with weight tape placed in position 3) and B and underestimated by method C. Methods D and E accurately estimated BW of CAM horses. Correction factors are required to accurately estimate BW in this breed using methods B and C. Method A with the weight tape placed in position 2 is the most accurate for predicting BW, including pregnant female horses, and can, therefore, be considered the most suitable method for estimating BW of CAM horses.

RESUMO Tornou-se importante identificar a melhor fração inspirada de oxigênio em variadas situações, incluindo anestesia pelo sevoflurano ou isoflurano, em coelhos respirando espontaneamente. Para isso, 64 coelhos foram distribuídos em oito grupos: GI100 (FiO 2 = 1,0 + isoflurano), GS100 (FiO 2 = 1,0 + sevoflurano), GI80 (FiO 2 = 0,8 + isoflurano), GS80 (FiO 2 = 0,8 + sevoflurano), GI60 (FiO 2 = 0,6 + isoflurano), GS60 (FiO 2 = 0,6 + sevoflurano), GI21 (FiO 2 = 0,21 + isoflurano) e GS21 (FiO 2 = 0,21 + sevoflurano). A indução foi com 2,5 CAM do anestésico. Ajustou-se o vaporizador para 1,5 CAM, e a FiO 2 foi atribuída a cada grupo. Em seguida, a CAM foi reajustada para 1,0. Iniciaram-se as mensurações 30 minutos após a indução (M0), seguidas em intervalos de 15 minutos (de M15 a M60). As pressões parciais de oxigênio (PaO 2 ), a pressão parcial alveolar de oxigênio (P A O 2 ) e a diferença alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio [P(A-a)O 2 ] foram maiores com o emprego de altas FiO 2 . O GI80 apresentou maiores valores na relação entre PaO 2 e FiO 2 e índice respiratório (IR). Conclui-se que a FiO 2 0,21 não é indicada, pois provoca hipoxemia. No entanto, utilizada com isoflurano, determina melhor ventilação quando comparado ao sevoflurano, porém seu uso, associado a 80% de oxigênio, promove maior formação de shunt intrapulmonar.

ABSTRACT It is important to identify the best inspired fraction of oxygen in a variety of situations, including sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia, in spontaneously breathing rabbits. For this, 64 rabbits were assigned to eight groups: GI100 (FiO2= 1,0 + isoflurane), GS100 (FiO2= 1,0 + sevoflurane), GI80 (FiO2= 0,8 + isoflurane), GS80 (FiO2= 0,8 + sevoflurane), GI60 (FiO2= 0,6 + isoflurane), GS60 (FiO2= 0,6 + sevoflurane), GI21 (FiO2= 0,21 + isoflurane), GS21 (FiO2= 0,21 + sevoflurane). The induction was performed with (2.5MAC) of the anesthetic. The vaporizer was setted at 1.5 MAC and FiO2 as attributed for each group. After the induction, the concentration was changed to 1 MAC. Measurements of parameters were performed 30 minutes after induction (T0), and then at 15 minute intervals (from T15 to T60). The arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2), alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2) and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient [P(A-a)O2] were higher with the use of high FiO2. The GI80 showed higher levels of PaO2 FiO2 ratio and respiratory index (RI). In conclusion, the FiO2 of 0.21 is not indicated, because it causes hypoxemia. The isoflurane determines better ventilation when compared to sevoflurane, but isoflurane associated with 80% of oxygen promotes intrapulmonary shunt increase.

ABSTRACT Here, Diaporthe myracrodruonis is introduced as new species from Brazil, isolated as endophyte from Myracrodruon urundeuva. Asterina mandaquiensis is epitypified and ilustrated for the first time. Serpula similis is reported as new to the Neotropics, while Perenniporia centrali-africana is reported for the first time as endophyte and Preussia africana as endophyte from Spondias tuberosa in Caatinga in Brazil.

Abstract Background: The great diversity of molecules found in spider venoms include amino acids, polyamines, proteins and peptides, among others. Some of these compounds can interact with different neuronal receptors and ion channels including those present in the ocular system. To study potential toxicity and safety of intravitreal injection in rabbits of LyeTx I b, a synthetic peptide derived from the toxin LyeTx I found in venom from the spider Lycosa eritrognatha and to evaluate the angiogenic activity on a CAM model. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated with LyeTx I b (0.36; 0.54; 0.72; 2.89; 4.34 or 9.06 μM). In this study, New Zealand rabbits were used. LyeTx I b (2.89 μM) labeled with FITC dissolved in PBS, or only PBS, were injected into vitreous humor. Electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded 1 day before injection and at 7,14 and 28 days post-injection. Clinical examination of the retina was conducted through tonometer and eye fundus after ERG. Eyes were enucleated and retinas were prepared for histology in order to assess retinal structure. CAMs were exposed to LyeTx I b (0.54; 0.72; 2.17 or 2.89 μM). Results: ARPE-19 cells exposed to LyeTx I b showed cell viability at the same levels of the control. The fluorescence of LyeTx I b labeled with FITC indicated its retinal localization. Our findings indicate ERG responses from rats injected in the eye with LyeTx I b were very similar to the corresponding responses of those animals injected only with vehicle. Clinical examination found no alterations of intraocular pressure or retinal integrity. No histological damage in retinal layers was observed. CAM presented reduced neovascularization when exposed to LyeTx I b. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of LyeTx I b is safe for use in the rabbit eye and prevents neovascularization in the CAM model, at Bevacizumab levels. These findings support intravitreal LyeTx l b as a good candidate to develop future alternative treatment for the retina in neovascularization diseases.

Abstract: Background: Low temperatures and slow blood flow may result from peripheral neuropathy caused by leprosy, and the simple detection of cold fingers could already be a preliminary classification for these patients. Objective: To investigate whether infrared thermography would be able to measure this change in temperature in the hands of people with leprosy. Method: The study assessed 17 leprosy patients who were under treatment at the National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Uberlândia/MG, and 15 people without leprosy for the control group. The infrared camera FLIR A325 and Therma CAM Researcher Professional 2.9 software were used to measure the temperature. The room was air-conditioned, maintaining the temperature at 25°C; the distance between the camera and the limb was 70 cm. The vasomotor reflex of patients was tested by a cold stress on the palm. Results: The study showed a significant interaction between the clinical form of leprosy and temperature, where the control group and the borderline-borderline form revealed a higher initial temperature, while borderline-lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy showed a lower temperature. Regarding vasomotor reflex, lepromatous leprosy patients were unable to recover the initial temperature after cold stress, while those with the borderline-tuberculoid form not only recovered but exceeded the initial temperature. Conclusion: Thermography proved a potential tool to assist in the early detection of neuropathies, helping in the prevention of major nerve damage and the installation of deformities and disabilities that are characteristic of leprosy.

Moléculas de origem vegetal são, há muito, conhecidas como substâncias ativas sobre as vias de angiogênese e antiangiogênese e foram testadas como fonte de drogas antineoplásicas com sucesso promissor. Este trabalho trata dos efeitos antiangiogênicos do Metiljasmonato, um protótipo da família dos derivados do ácido jasmônico, que danificam seletivamente a mitocôndria de células neoplásicas. In vitro, metiljasmonato 1-10 mM promoveu a morte celular de células endoteliais humanas de cordão umbilical (HUVEC) e de melanoma murino (B16F10); concentrações micromolares foram inócuas. In vivo, concentrações equivalentes foram tóxicas e reduziram a densidade de vasos em membranas corioalantoicas de embrião de galinha (CAM). Entretanto, concentrações entre 1-10 µM produziram um efeito complexo. Ocorreu aumento no brotamento capilar, mas os novos vasos apresentaram-se frágeis e menos organizados que os controles correspondentes. Sugere-se que, além da toxicidade direta contra as células tumorais, a ação do metiljasmonato sobre a angiogênese seja relevante para seu efeito antineoplásico.

Molecular plant components have long been aimed at the angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis pathways, and have been tested as sources for antineoplasic drugs with promising success. The present work deals with the anti-angiogenic effects of Methyl Jasmonate. Jasmonate derivatives were demonstrated to selectively damage the mitochondria of cancer cells. In vitro, 1-10 mM Methyl Jasmonate induced the cell death of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the Murine melanoma cells (B16F10), while micromolar concentrations were ineffective. In vivo, comparable concentrations were toxic and reduced the vessel density of the Chorioallantoic Membrane of the Chicken Embryo (CAM). However, 1-10 µM concentrations produced a complex effect. There was increased capillary budding, but the new vessels were leakier and less organised than corresponding controls. It is suggested that not only direct toxicity, but also the drug effects upon angiogenesis are relevant to the antineoplasic effects of Methyl Jasmonate.

Metástases orbitárias de hepatocarcinoma (HCC) são raras. Os autores têm o objetivo de relatar o caso de um paciente que apresentou metástase orbitária como único achado de um HCC. Paciente masculino, 57 anos, apresentando massa em região temporal direita, associada à proptose, dor e hiperemia. Os exames de imagem revelaram volumosa massa em região temporal, estendendo-se para fossa temporal com destruição da parede orbitária e extensão intracraniana. A tomografia computadorizada de abdome demonstrou tumor primário no fígado. Foi realizada biópsia incisional através de uma orbitotomia anterior cujo estudo anátomo-patológico diagnosticou lesão metastática de hepatocarcinoma. O estudo imuno-histoquímico com marcador para CAM 5.2 e CEA foi positivo. A avaliação sistêmica não revelou outras lesões. O tumor evoluiu com rápido crescimento com óbito 15 meses após o diagnóstico. Metástases orbitárias do carcinoma hepatocelular são raras. Nosso caso foi relevante não só pela raridade desta lesão orbitária, como também pela ausência de outras lesões metastáticas e de sintomas sistêmicos.

Orbital metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma is rare. We report an unusual orbital metastatic lesion as the only finding in a case of hepatocellular carcinoma. A 57-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of orbital painful right orbital mass, associated with proptosis. Computed tomography of the orbits showed an orbital soft tissue mass leading to bone erosion and intracranial invasion. Computed tomography of the adbomen showed a focal perfusion abnormality in the left lobe of the liver. Incisional biopsy was performed and the histopathologic examination of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis. The patient died 15 months after the initial presentation. COMENTS: This is a rare case of orbital metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. There was no another metastatic lesion and the patient reported only ophthalmological symptoms.

Since the nineteenth century ships have been using ballast water (BW) for safety, stability, propulsion and maneuverability, as well as to redress loss of fuel weight and water consumption, and to maintain structural stress at acceptable levels. Ballast water has been spreading many non-native species around the globe, but little is known about the extent and potential significance of ship-mediated transfer of microorganisms. The global movements of ballast water by ships create a long-distance dispersal mechanism for human pathogens that may be important in the worldwide distribution of microorganisms, as well as for the epidemiology of waterborne diseases. Only a few studies have been carried out on this subject, most of them involving ballast water containing crustacean larvae and phytoplankton. Specialized microbiological studies on these waters are necessary to avoid a repeat of what happened in 1991, when epidemic cholera was reported in Peru and rapidly spread through Latin America and Mexico. In July of 1992, Vibrio cholerae was found in the USA and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that it came from ballast water of ships whose last port of call was in South America. In Brazil, just a few studies about the subject have been performed. An exploratory study by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA) found in ballast water different microorganisms, such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, coliphages, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. Until now, Brazil has been focusing only on organisms transported to its territory from other countries by ballast water, to avoid their establishment and dissemination in Brazilian areas. Studies that can assess the probability that water ballast carries pathogenic microorganisms are extremely important, as is the examination of ships that arrive in the country. Treatment of the human infections caused by BW exists but none is completely safe and efficient.

O estudo teve por objetivo verificar a associação de amplitude e cadência do passo com componentes da aptidão muscular (CAM) (flexibilidade, força e resistência muscular de membros inferiores), em 25 mulheres de 60 a 86 anos de idade (média = 79 ± 7 anos), fisicamente independentes e cujas condições clínicas não contra-indicassem a realização dos testes propostos. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: a) amplitude e cadência do passo (AMP e CAP); b) peso, estatura e altura sentada em um banco com medida padronizada (44cm); c) marcha estacionária de dois minutos (número de repetições) (RESISR); d) força máxima relativa de extensão de joelhos (carga/peso corporal) (FORCAR); e) flexibilidade de tornozelo e quadril (graus) (FLEXT e FLEXQ). A AMP e CAP foram comparadas com as variáveis dos CAM por meio de técnicas de correlação simples e multivariada. Os resultados indicaram que: a) AMP e CAP associaram-se significativamente com o conjunto das variáveis de força e flexibilidade, conforme sugerido pela boa correlação canônica (r can = 0,79; p < 0,05); b) A AMP teve correlação mais forte com a força máxima e endurance de força que com a flexibilidade de membros inferiores; c) a associação conjunta das variáveis dos CAM (FLEXT, FLEXQ, FORCAR e RESISR) com as do passo (AMP e CAP) foi mais forte do que as correlações identificadas para cada variável tomada isoladamente. Com base nos resultados, foi possível propor uma equação para prever a eficiência da marcha a partir dos CAM: EMB = 7,53 - 0,26 (FLEXQ) + 0,29 (FLEXT) - 1,87 (FORCAR) - 0,05 (RESISR) e EMF = 7 (EMB) + 76, onde EMB = Escore de Marcha Bruto, EMF = Escore de Marcha Final (r² = 0,90; SEE = 0,35; p < 0,0001).

The objective of the study was to verify the association between step length and pacing during gait and muscular fitness components (CAM) (flexibility, strength and muscular endurance of the inferior limbs) in 25 physically independent and apparently healthy women aged between 65 to 86 years-old (mean = 79±7 yrs) tests. The following variables were assessed: a) total and inferior limbs height and body weight; b) step length and pacing (CAMP and CAP); c) 2-minute step-in-place test (number of repetitions) (RESISR); d) maximal strength of knee extensors (load/body weight) (FORCAR); e) ankle and hip flexibility (FLEXT and FLEXQ). Data were analyzed by simple and multivariate correlation techniques. The results suggested that: a) step length and pacing variables were directly associated to CAM, as suggested by the canonical analysis (rcan =.79; p <.05); b) the step length seemed to be more correlated with maximal strength and muscular endurance than with flexibility; c) the overall association of FLEXT, FLEXQ, FORCAR and RESISR with AMP and CAP was stronger than the correlations found for any isolated variable. Based on these findings, a regression equation was proposed to estimate gait efficiency from CAM variables: EMB = 7.53-.26(FLEXQ)+.29(FLEXT)-1.87(FORCAR)-.05(RESISR), and EMF = 7(EMB)+76, where EMB = Raw Gait Score and EMF = Final Gait Score (r² =.90; SEE =.35; p <.0001).

Este estudio tiene por objetivo verificar la asociación entre la amplitud y cadencia del paso y los componentes de la capacidad muscular (CAM) (flexibilidad, fuerza y resistencia muscular de miembros inferiores), en 25 mujeres de 60 a 86 años de edad (promedio = 79 ± 7 anos), físicamente independientes y cuyas condiciones clínicas no impusieron restricciones a la realización de las pruebas sugeridas. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: a) amplitud y cadencia del paso (AMP y CAP); b) peso, estatura y altura sentada en un banco con medida estandarizada (44cm); c) marcha estacionaria de dos minutos (número de repeticiones) (RESISR); d) fuerza máxima relativa de extensión de las rodillas (carga / peso corporal) (FORCAR); e) flexibilidad del tobillo y cuadril (grados) (FLEXT y FLEXQ). La AMP y CAP se compararon a las variables de los CAM por medio de técnicas de correlación simple y multivariada. Los resultados indicaron que: a) AMP y CAP se asociaron significativamente con el conjunto de las variables de fuerza y flexibilidad, según sugerido por la buena correlación canónica (r can = 0,79; p < 0,05); b) la AMP tuvo una correlación más estricta con la fuerza máxima y el endurance de fuerza que con la flexibilidad de miembros inferiores; c) la asociación conjunta de las variables de los CAM (FLEXT, FLEXQ, FORCAR e RESISR) con las del paso (AMP y CAP) fue más estricta que las correlaciones identificadas para cada variable considerada aisladamente. Con base en los resultados, fue posible proponer una fórmula para prever la eficiencia de la marca a partir de los CAM: EMB = 7,53 - 0,26 (FLEXQ) + 0,29 (FLEXT) - 1,87 (FORCAR) - 0,05 (RESISR) e EMF = 7 (EMB) + 76, donde EMB = Escore de Marcha Bruto, EMF = Escore de Marcha Final (r² = 0,90; SEE = 0,35; p < 0,0001).

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia peridural associada à anestesia geral tem sido usada em várias especialidades cirúrgicas. Em cirurgia torácica seu uso é pouco discutido na literatura. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e ventilatórios da anestesia peridural torácica com bupivacaína a 0,25% e ropivacaína a 0,2% associada à anestesia geral em pacientes submetidos à toracotomia. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo prospectivo, comparativo e aleatório quarenta pacientes divididos em dois grupos de vinte. Cada grupo recebeu um volume de 10 ml de anestésico local, por via peridural torácica. Grupo B (Bupivacaína 0,25%) e o Grupo R (Ropivacaína 0,2%). O bloqueio peridural foi realizado com os pacientes em decúbito lateral, punção paramediana e cateter para injeção dos fármacos A seguir todos os pacientes receberam anestesia geral com IOT. Foram analisados parâmetros hemodinâmicos e ventilatórios em 9 momentos. RESULTADOS: A pressão arterial sistólica foi menor no momento 5 e pressão arterial diastólica nos momentos 1 e 5, ambas no grupo B. A necessidade de efedrina para corrigir hipotensão arterial foi de 8/20 no grupo B, contra 6/20 no grupo R. A pressão de pico nas vias aéreas superiores foi sempre mais elevada no grupo R e os valores da CAM do isoflurano foram mais elevados nos momentos 5 e 6 também no Grupo R. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica combinada peridural torácica e anestesia geral mostrou-se eficaz e segura nos pacientes submetidos à toracotomia. Quando se utilizou bupivacaína, a diminuição da pressão arterial foi maior e a pressão máxima nas vias aéreas foi menor do que quando foi utilizada ropivacaína.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Combined general/epidural anesthesia has been used for several surgical procedures. Little has been published in the literature about its use in thoracic surgery. This study aimed to evaluate hemodynamic and ventilatory effects of combined general/epidural anesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.2% ropivacaine in patients submitted to thoracotomy METHODS: Participated in this prospective, comparative and randomized study 40 patients divided in two groups of 20. Each group received 10 ml of epidural local anesthetics. Group B received 0.25% bupivacaine and Group R received 0.2% ropivacaine. Epidural anesthesia was induced with the patients in lateral position, using the paramedian approach and a catheter for drug injection. General anesthesia was then induced in all patients with tracheal intubation. Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were evaluated in 9 moments. RESULTS: In Group B, systolic blood pressure was lower at moment 5 and diastolic blood pressure was lower at moments 1 and 5. The need for ephedrine to correct hypotension was 8/20 in Group B as compared to 6/20 in Group R. Upper airway peak pressures and isoflurane MAC values were higher at moments 5 and 6 in Group R. CONCLUSIONS: The association of thoracic epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia was safe and efficient for patients submitted to thoracotomy. Bupivacaine has produced a higher decrease in blood pressure and lower peak airway pressures as compared to ropivacaine.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia peridural asociada a anestesia general ha sido usada en varias especialidades quirúrgicas. En cirugía torácica su uso es poco discutido en la literatura. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos hemodinámicos y ventilatorios de la anestesia peridural torácica con bupivacaína a 0,25% y ropivacaína a 0,2% asociada a anestesia general en pacientes sometidos a toracotomia. MÉTODO: Participaron de este estudio prospectivo, comparativo y aleatorio, cuarenta pacientes divididos en dos grupos de veinte. Cada grupo recibió un volumen de 10 ml de anestésico local, por vía peridural torácica. Grupo B (Bupivacaína 0,25%) y el Grupo R (Ropivacaína 0,2%). El bloqueo peridural fue realizado con los pacientes en decúbito lateral, punción paramediana y catéter para inyección de los fármacos A seguir, todos los pacientes recibieron anestesia general con IOT. Fueron analizados parámetros hemodinámicos y ventilatorios en 9 momentos. RESULTADOS: La presión arterial sistólica fue menor en el momento 5 y la presión arterial diastólica en los momentos 1 y 5, ambas en el grupo B. La necesidad de efedrina para corregir hipotensión arterial fue de 8/20 en el grupo B, contra 6/20 en el grupo R. La presión de pico en las vías aéreas superiores fue siempre mas elevada en el grupo R y los valores de la CAM del isoflurano fueron mas elevados en los momentos 5 y 6 también en el Grupo R. CONCLUSIONES: La técnica combinada peridural torácica y anestesia general se mostró eficaz y segura en los pacientes sometidos a toracotomia. Cuando se utilizó bupivacaína, la diminución de la presión arterial fue mayor y la presión máxima en las vías aéreas fue menor de que cuando fue utilizada ropivacaína.