The use of natural products has definitely been the most successful strategy in the discovery of novel medicines. Secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine organisms have found considerable use in the treatment of numerous diseases and have been considered lead molecules both in their natural form and as templates for medicinal chemistry. This paper seeks to show the great value of secondary metabolites and emphasize the rich chemical diversity of Brazilian biodiversity. This natural chemical library remains understudied, but can be a useful source of new secondary metabolites with potential application as templates for drug discovery.

Chemical investigation of Hyptidendron canum stems resulted in the isolation of betulinic, ursolic and euscaphic acids. From the leaves were isolated 3β-O-β-galactopiranosilsitosterol, ursolic aldehyde, and mixtures of maslinic acid and 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, α and β-amyrin, uvaol and erythrodiol, sitosterol and stigmasterol, spathulenol and globulol. Hexane and chloroform leave fractions as well as ursolic and betulinic acids showed antifungal activities against the yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Chromatographic fractionation of the organic extract from leaves of Ouratea multiflora afforded the flavone dimers heveaflavone, amentoflavone-7<FONT FACE=Symbol>¢¢</FONT>,4<FONT FACE=Symbol>¢¢¢</FONT>-dimethyl eter, podocarpusflavone-A and amentoflavone. Their structures were elucidated from spectral data, including 2D-NMR experiments of the natural substances. Biological activities of all isolates were evaluated, using antimicrobial assay against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, cytotoxicity assay against mouse lymphoma (L5178) and KB cell lines, TLC screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antioxidant activity measured by DPPH test.

O fracionamento cromatográfico do extrato orgânico das folhas de Ouratea multiflora forneceu os flavonóides diméricos, heveaflavona, 7<FONT FACE=Symbol>¢¢</FONT>,4<FONT FACE=Symbol>¢¢¢</FONT>-dimetilamentoflavona, podocarpusflavona-A e amentoflavona. Suas estruturas foram elucidadas com base nos dados espectrais, incluindo experimentos bidimensionais de RMN, das substâncias naturais. A atividade antibiótica de todos os isolados foi avaliada, usando-se as bacterias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Teste de citotoxicidade nas linhagens de linfoma de ratos (L5178) e KB também foram conduzidos para avaliar os extratos e os flavonóides isolados. a triagem biológica para a avaliação de atividade antioxidante e inibidora de acetil colinesterase foram conduzidas pela técnica da bioautografia com DPPH e teste pelo teste de Ellman respectivamente.

Polymnia sonchifolia, conhecida como "Yacon", e originária da cordilheira dos Andes, sendo muito conhecida devido ao uso de seu tubérculo no controle da Diabetes melitus. Suas folhas podem conter compostos com atividade antifúngica e pesticida, pois não é necessário o uso destes produtos no seu cultivo. Neste trabalho descrevemos a identificação da estrutura química de dois flavonóides isolados das folhas de Polymnia sonchifolia: 3', 5, 7 trihydroxy-3, 4'-dimethoxyflavone (composto 1) e 3',4',5-trihidroxi-7-metoxiflavanona (composto 2) e de duas lactonas sesquiterpenicas: enidrina (composto 3) e uma mistura de enidrina e uvedalina (composto 4), bem como seus efeitos na produção de aflatoxinas por Aspergillus flavus. A identificação dos compostos foi realizada por RMN 13C e ¹H. Todos os compostos foram testados em diversas concentrações em cultura de Aspergillus flavus para avaliar o crescimento e a produção de aflatoxina. O composto 1 na concentração de 15 mig/mL inibiu 25% da produção de aflatoxina B1 (p<0,01). O composto 4 inibiu o crescimento do fungo e a produção da aflatoxina B1 em 34% e 76%, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade do uso de Polymnia sonchifolia no controle alternativo da producao de aflatoxina B1 pelo fungo Aspergillus flavus.

Polymnia sonchifolia, commonly known as ";yacon";, was originally cultivated at Andes moutains in South America. Recently, the specie attracted worldwide attention because of its wide range of uses, for example in the control of diabetes melitus, besides the antifungal and pesticidal compounds were found in the leaves. This study describes the identification of two flavonoids: 3', 5, 7 trihydroxy-3, 4'-dimethoxyflavone (compound 1) and 3', 4', 5- trihydroxy-7-methoxy flavanone (compound 2) and two sesquiterpenes lactones: enhydrin (compound 3) and a mixture of enhydrin and uvedalin (compound 4) isolated from Polymnia sonchifolia leaves and their effects on the aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. The identification of the compounds were achieved by ¹H and 13C NMR. All compounds were tested in different concentration, to evaluate the growth of Aspergillus flavus culture and the production of aflatoxin. The compound 1, at the concentration 15 mug/mL, inhibited 25% of the aflatoxin B1 production (p<0.01). The compound 4 inhibited 34% and 76% of the fungal growth and AFB1 production respectively. These results show that Polymnia sonchifolia can be used for the development of agents to control aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus.

The fractionation of the antioxidant ethyl acetate extract obtained from the dried leaves of Chrysophyllum marginatum afforded six substances identified as: alpha-amirin, gallic acid, myricitrin, quercitrin, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate. This study contributes to the knowledge of the secondary metabolites produced by one more species of the Brazilian Flora, until now not investigated. Moreover, this study allowed the identification of three substances with antioxidant activity previously detected in this species.

The bioactive compound trans-3'-methylsulphonylallyl trans-cinnamate (1) along with the inactives iryelliptin (2) and (7R,8S,1'S)-delta8'-3',5'-dimethoxy-1',4'-dihydro-4'-oxo-7.0.2',8.1'-neolignan (3) were isolated from the leaves of Cinnamomum australe. The structures of these compounds were assigned by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data and comparison with data registered in the literature for these compounds. The DNA-damaging activity of 1 is being described for the first time.

Isolou-se do extrato etanólico de galhos de Aristolochia chamissonis espatulenol, sitosterol, sitosterol-beta-D-glicosídeo, colavelool, 13-epi-2-oxo-colavelool, trans-N-p-coumaroiltiramina, alantoína, ácido aristolóquico I e aristolactama AII. As estruturas da aristolactama AII e da piperolactama A são revisadas com base em análises espectrométricas e derivatizações químicas.

From the ethanol extract of the stems of Aristolochia chamissonis, spathulenol, sitosterol, beta-sitosteryl-D-glucoside, kolavelool, 13-epi-2-oxo-kolavelool, trans-N-p-coumaroyltyramine, allantoin, aristolochic acid I, and aristolactam AII were isolated. The structures of aristolactam AII and piperolactam A have been revised by means of spectroscopic methods and chemical derivatizations.