Abstract Statistics is one of the foundations of science, and its teaching in graduate programs has a direct influence on shaping the next generation of researchers. This study provides a general overview of statistics-related courses in stricto sensu graduate programs in Brazil, based on the analysis of the syllabi of 176,823 courses, of which 12,552 contained content related to statistics. Among the findings, it was observed that only a few programs have mandatory courses specifically related to statistics. The higher the concept of the graduate program according to Capes evaluation, the greater the average number of statistics-related courses offered. However, this relationship is not evident in the mandatory courses. Regarding the content of the courses, they can be divided into two main groups: one with a theoretical foundation in probability and statistics, and another focused on applications and the use of tools. There is a small third group of courses offered in the English language. Finally, the availability of courses related to advanced techniques (such as Machine Learning) is much smaller compared to the offering of statistics-related courses, and it is mainly concentrated in Engineering and Exact and Earth Sciences programs.

Resumo A estatística é uma das bases da ciência e seu ensino em programas de pós-graduação tem influência direta na formação da próxima geração de pesquisadores. Este trabalho traz um panorama geral das disciplinas relacionadas à estatística na pós-graduação stricto sensu no Brasil, a partir da análise das ementas das 176.823 disciplinas, sendo 12.552 com conteúdos relacionados à estatística. Dentre os fatos encontrados temos que poucos programas possuem disciplinas obrigatórias relacionadas à estatística. Quanto maior o conceito da pós-graduação na Capes, maior a quantidade média de disciplinas relacionadas à estatística ofertadas. Entretanto, essa relação não está presente nas disciplinas obrigatórias. Com relação ao conteúdo das disciplinas, elas se dividem em dois grandes grupos. Um grupo com base teórica em probabilidade e estatística, outro com foco em aplicações e utilização de ferramentas. Existe um pequeno terceiro grupo de disciplinas, ofertadas na língua inglesa. Por fim, a oferta de disciplinas relacionadas a técnicas avançadas (Machine Learning) é, se comparada à oferta das disciplinas relacionadas à estatística, muito pequena e se concentra, principalmente, nos programas de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas e da Terra.

ABSTRACT Background: The screening of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected blood donors using two serological techniques frequently leads to conflicting results. This fact prompted us to evaluate the diagnostic performance of four “in-house” immunodiagnostic tests and two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Material and Methods: One hundred and seventy-nine blood donors, whose screening for Chagas disease was doubtful, underwent three in-house ELISAs, one in-house immunoblotting test (TESA-blot), and two commercial ELISAs (bioMérieux and Wiener) in an attempt to define the presence or absence of infection. Simultaneously, 29 donors with previous positive results from three conventional serological tests and 30 donors with constant negative results were evaluated. Results: The ELISA-Wiener showed the highest rate in sensitivity (98.92%) and the ELISA-bioMérieux, the highest specificity (99.45%), followed by the TESA-blot, which showed superior performance, with lower false-negative (2.18%) and false-positive (1.12%) rates. In series, the combination composed of the TESA-blot and ELISA-bioMérieux showed slightly superior performance, with trifunctional protein deficiency (TFP) = 0.01%. Conclusion: Our study confirms the high sensitivity and specificity of commercial kits. To confirm the presence or absence of T. cruzi infection, the combination of TESA-blot and ELISA-bioMérieux may be suggested as the best alternative. Individually, the TESA-blot performed the closest to the gold standard; however, it is not commercially available.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo fornecer subsídios para que pesquisadores em terapia ocupacional possam realizar procedimentos de estatística básica de maneira mais flexível e independente, a partir do sistema R, um software livre e gratuito, cuja popularidade vem aumentando consideravelmente no âmbito acadêmico. Apresentar-se-á, assim, o passo a passo de como instalar e utilizar o programa na realização de leitura e sumarização de dados, bem como no cálculo de estatísticas básicas, nas representações gráficas de dados quantitativos e qualitativos, no cálculo do tamanho amostral e na efetuação de testes de hipóteses e de teste de correlação linear. O banco de dados utilizado nas demonstrações apresentadas é oriundo de uma pesquisa em terapia ocupacional e as análises aqui realizadas resultam de uma demanda compreendida no decorrer de uma disciplina obrigatória do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), por meio da qual foipossívellevantarosprincipaisprocedimentosestatísticosutilizadospelospesquisadoresemsuaspesquisas.

Abstract In this paper, it is presented a simple guide for researchers in occupational therapy to perform basic statistical analysis in a flexible and independent way, using the R software, that is a free open source software which its popularity has been increased considerably in many fields. We have presented a step-by-step guide about how to install such software, it is also discussed the necessary steps to include the data set and perform basic statistical analysis, such as the calculation of sample size, basic statistics, graphical presentation, hypothesis tests, and the linear correlation test. The dataset considered in this study comes from a research in occupational therapy and the topics considered are result of the common statistical procedures that were face in the course of the Post Graduation Program in Occupational Therapy at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), in which were possible to find the principal statistical procedures used by the researchers in applications.

OBJECTIVE: The frequent occurrence of inconclusive serology in blood banks and the absence of a gold standard test for Chagas'disease led us to examine the efficacy of the blood culture test and five commercial tests (ELISA, IIF, HAI, c-ELISA, rec-ELISA) used in screening blood donors for Chagas disease, as well as to investigate the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among donors with inconclusive serology screening in respect to some epidemiological variables. METHODS: To obtain estimates of interest we considered a Bayesian latent class model with inclusion of covariates from the logit link. RESULTS: A better performance was observed with some categories of epidemiological variables. In addition, all pairs of tests (excluding the blood culture test) presented as good alternatives for both screening (sensitivity > 99.96% in parallel testing) and for confirmation (specificity > 99.93% in serial testing) of Chagas disease. The prevalence of 13.30% observed in the stratum of donors with inconclusive serology, means that probably most of these are non-reactive serology. In addition, depending on the level of specific epidemiological variables, the absence of infection can be predicted with a probability of 100% in this group from the pairs of tests using parallel testing. CONCLUSION: The epidemiological variables can lead to improved test results and thus assist in the clarification of inconclusive serology screening results. Moreover, all combinations of pairs using the five commercial tests are good alternatives to confirm results.