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au:MACHADO, A. E. H.
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1.
Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of 8YSZ-ScCeSZ Ceramics
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The effects of small amounts (up to 5 wt.%) of scandia- and ceria-stabilized zirconia on the electrical conductivity, and the elastic modulus and hardness of yttria-stabilized zirconia were investigated by impedance spectroscopy and nanoindentation tests, respectively. The main purpose of this work was to obtain solid electrolyte compounds with improved properties compared to those of the base materials. Solid electrolytes compounds were prepared by solid-state reaction synthesis with sintering at 1450 ºC for 4 h. All prepared compounds exhibit a cubic fluorite-type structure. The microstructure of the compounds consists of polygonal grains with low (< 2%) porosity. The mean grain size estimated by the intercept method was 5 ± 1 μm. The electrical conductivity of the compound ceramics is lower than that of the base material. Addition of scandia-stabilized zirconia is found to exert a beneficial effect on the matrix by increasing the elastic modulus, achieving 221 MPa for 5 wt.% of the additive.
2.
Eugenia uniflora: a promising natural alternative against multidrug-resistant bacteria
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Ferreira, M. R. A.
; Lima, L. B.
; Santos, E. C. F.
; Machado, J. C. B.
; Silva, W. A. V.
; Paiva, P. M. G.
; Napoleão, T. H.
; Soares, L. A. L.
.
Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from crude extract and fractions from leaves of Eugenia uniflora Linn. The crude extract was obtained by turbo extraction and their fractions by partitioning. Chromatographic analysis were performed, and the antioxidant capacity was verified by two methods (DPPH• and ABTS•+). The Minimal Inhibitory/Bactericidal Concentration were conducted against twenty-two bacteria, selecting five strains susceptible to extract/fractions and resistant to the antibiotics tested. Ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were associated with Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EAF) against multidrug-resistant strains in modulatory and checkerboard tests. The chromatographic data showed gallic acid, ellagic acid, and myricitrin in crude extract, with enrichment in the EAF. The electron transfer activity demonstrated in the antioxidant tests is related to the presence of flavonoids. The Gram-positive strains were more susceptible to EAF, and their action spectra were improved by association, comprising Gram-negative bacilli. Synergisms were observed to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa colistin-resistant. The results demonstrate that the extract and enriched fraction obtained from the leaves of E. uniflora act as a promising natural alternative against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a composição química, as atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas do extrato bruto e frações de folhas de Eugenia uniflora Linn. O extrato bruto foi obtido por turbólise e suas frações por partição. Foram realizadas análises cromatográficas e a capacidade antioxidante foi verificada por dois métodos (DPPH• e ABTS•+). A Concentração Inibitória/Bactericida Mínima foi realizada contra vinte e duas bactérias, selecionando cinco cepas suscetíveis a extração/frações e resistentes aos antibióticos testados. Ampicilina, azitromicina, ciprofloxacina e gentamicina foram associados à Fração Acetato de Etila (FAE) contra cepas multirresistentes em testes modulatórios e de checkboard. Os dados cromatográficos mostraram ácido gálico, ácido elágico e miricitrina em extrato bruto, com enriquecimento na FAE. A atividade de transferência de elétrons demonstrada nos testes antioxidantes está relacionada com a presença de flavonoides. As cepas de Gram-positivas foram mais suscetíveis à FAE, e seus espectros de ação foram melhorados por associação, compreendendo bacilos Gram-negativos. Foram observados sinergismos de ciprofloxacina e gentamicina contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente à colistina. Os resultados demonstram que o extrato e a fração enriquecida obtida das folhas de E. uniflora atuam como uma alternativa natural promissora contra bactérias multirresistentes.
3.
16S metabarcoding analysis reveals the influence of organic and conventional farming practices on bacterial communities from the rhizospheric of Coffea arabica L.
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Andrade, P. H. M.
; Machado, P. C.
; Paula, A. F.
; Paganin, A. C. L.
; Rezende, G. S.
; Matheucci Jr., E.
; Carvalho, L. M.
; Freire, C. C. M.
; Cunha, A. F.
; Lacava, P. T.
.
Abstract Coffea sp. is cultivated in many tropical countries. Brazil has always adopted intensive agricultural practices, but organic coffee farming is an alternative system based on the non-use of agrochemicals and the rational management of soils. Metabarcoding 16S analysis using next-generation sequencing has been developed to identify and compare the diversity of the Coffea arabica L. rhizospheric bacterial community in two farming areas in São Paulo, Brazil. Dourado uses conventional farming, while Ribeirão Corrente uses organic. We found broad taxonomic composition, with sequences from 24 phyla, 55 classes, 61 orders, 146 families, and 337genus. The three most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria (38.27%), Actinobacteria (15.56%), and Acidobacteria (16.10%). In organic farming, the top 3 were the family Sphingomonadaceae, order Rhizobiales, genus Nocardioides, and Gp6. The genus Gp2 and the phylum Candidatus Saccharibacteria were the most abundant OTUs exclusively present in conventional farming. In the organic farming practice, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were also present among the exclusive OTUs; we also found OTUs belonging to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia. Our study indicates a positive effect of organic farming on microbial communities. Fertilization may directly affect soil microbiota, suggesting that a large and active microbial community low in functional diversity might not adapt to new climatic conditions. A diverse community could provide better resilience to environmental changes, improving the productivity of this important crop.
Resumo Coffea sp. é cultivada em muitos países tropicais. O Brasil sempre adotou práticas agrícolas intensivas, mas a cafeicultura orgânica é um sistema alternativo baseado na não utilização de agrotóxicos e no manejo racional dos solos. A análise Metabarcode 16S utilizando o sequenciamento de última geração foi desenvolvida para identificar e comparar a diversidade da comunidade bacteriana rizosférica de Coffea arabica L. em duas áreas de cultivo em São Paulo, Brasil. Dourado usa agricultura convencional, enquanto Ribeirão Corrente usa agricultura orgânica. Encontramos ampla composição taxonômica, com sequências de 24 filos, 55 classes, 61 ordens, 146 famílias e 337 gêneros. Os três filos mais abundantes foram Proteobacteria (38,27%), Actinobacteria (15,56%) e Acidobacteria (16,10%). Na agricultura orgânica, os 3 primeiros foram a família Sphingomonadaceae, ordem Rhizobiales, gênero Nocardioides e Gp6. O gênero Gp2 e o filo Candidatus Saccaribacteria foram as OTUs mais abundantes exclusivamente presentes na agricultura convencional. Na prática da agricultura orgânica, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria e Acidobacteria também estiveram presentes entre as OTUs exclusivas; também encontramos OTUs pertencentes a Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Verrucomicrobia. Nosso estudo indica um efeito positivo da agricultura orgânica nas comunidades microbianas. A fertilização pode afetar diretamente a microbiota do solo, sugerindo que uma grande e ativa comunidade microbiana com baixa diversidade funcional pode não se adaptar às novas condições climáticas. Uma comunidade microbiana diversificada poderia proporcionar maior resiliência às mudanças ambientais, melhorando a produtividade desta importante cultura agrícola.
4.
Effect of time of hydrothermal heat treatment on mesoporous nano-TiO2 synthesis
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Abstract Mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method and using hydrothermal treatment at 200 ºC during different time intervals, which allowed the evaluation of the time or the treatment on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the oxides. TEM micrographs showed that the morphology of the materials was characterized by the presence of spherical clusters, while the crystalline phases of the anatase and brookite mixtures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. A type IV profile was identified from the results of specific surface area, which is characteristic of the mesoporous material with strong and weak affinity. The band gap in the range of 3.29 and 3.40 eV, estimated by the Kubelka-Munk function, showed a gradual increase as a result of oxide crystallization. It was found that 8 h of treatment in a hydrothermal system was sufficient to synthesize a photocatalyst with optimal photocatalytic performance. This efficiency was probably based on a good correlation between physical and chemical factors, such as high surface area and porosity, the improved capability of photon adsorption in the visible range, crystallinity, and a favorable content of brookite.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132021673843084
1 downloads
5.
Cross-cultural adaptation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form (IGDS9-SF) to the Brazilian context
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Donadon, Mariana F.
; Chagas, Marcos H. N.
; Apolinário-da-Silva, Thiago D.
; Okino, Erika T. K.
; Hallak, Jaime E. C.
; Nicoletti, Êdela A.
; Pereira-Lima, Karina
; Degan, Edson A.
; Santos, Rafael G.
; Machado-de-Sousa, João Paulo
; Simei, João L. Q.
; Oliveira, Lucas M.
; Pontes, Halley M.
; Osório, Flávia L.
.
Abstract Introduction The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form (IGDS9-SF) assesses the severity, harmful effects and/or consequences of excessive online and offline gaming. Its conciseness and theoretical foundations on current diagnostic criteria of gaming disorders make it a useful resource for clinical and screening settings. Objective To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the IGDS9-SF to the Brazilian context. Methods The cross-cultural adaptation involved the steps of independent translation of the instrument, synthesis version, back-translation, pre-test and elaboration of the final version. Content validity assessment was conducted by a multidisciplinary committee of experts and consisted of both a quantitative analysis (calculation of content validity coefficients – CVC) and a qualitative analysis (assessment of the experts’ comments and suggestions). The pre-test sample consisted of 30 gamers with variable sociodemographic characteristics. Results The cross-cultural adaptation of the scale followed the proposed protocol, and the CVC was satisfactory (≥ 0.83) for all the structures and equivalences assessed. Most of the suggestions made by the experts were accepted (mainly adjustments and language standardization). The gamers who participated in the pre-test judged the scale easy to understand and did not suggest changes. Discussion The Brazilian version of the IGDS9-SF showed adequate content validity and is available for researchers and clinicians, as well as for the investigation of additional psychometric characteristics.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0032
505 downloads
6.
Ancoragem da prata em substratos cerâmicos para tratamento de água de consumo
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Rosário, J. A. do
; Machado, G. R.
; Silva, J. M. M.
; Souza, H. J. de
; Hotza, D.
; Boschi, A. O.
.
Resumo A fabricação de vasos cerâmicos impregnados com prata possibilita o acesso à água potável de uma forma barata e com fabricação relativamente simples. Este estudo teve como objetivo promover a modificação superficial de filtros cerâmicos utilizando APTES e EDTA como agentes ancoradores para melhorar a impregnação da prata e a eficiência e durabilidade dos filtros, avaliando-se diferentes rotas de modificação superficial. A ancoragem e adsorção da prata foram analisadas por espectroscopia FTIR e absorção atômica, e a água filtrada foi analisada quanto à presença de Escherichia coli. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a ancoragem melhorou a captura da prata pela cerâmica, em especial com o EDTA, não importando a ordem nas etapas de impregnação. Todos os substratos impregnados com prata, ancorados ou não, apresentaram ausência de E. coli, demonstrando que o procedimento de impregnação atingiu o efeito bactericida esperado e que a ancoragem não interferiu na atuação microbiológica dos filtros.
Abstract The manufacture of ceramic vessels impregnated with silver enables access to drinking water in an inexpensive and relatively simple way. This study aimed to promote the surface modification of ceramic filters using APTES and EDTA as anchoring agents to improve the impregnation of silver and the efficiency and durability of the filters, evaluating different routes of surface modification. Silver anchoring and adsorption were analyzed by FTIR and atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the filtered water was analyzed for the presence of Escherichia coli. The results showed that the anchoring improved the silver capture by the ceramic, especially with the EDTA, regardless of the order in the impregnation steps. All substrates impregnated with silver, anchored or not, showed the absence of E. coli, demonstrating that the impregnation procedure reached the expected bactericidal effect and that the anchorage did not interfere in the microbiological performance of the filters.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132019653762709
882 downloads
7.
Chitosan Imparts Better Biological Properties for Poly(ε-caprolactone) Electrospun Membranes than Dexamethasone
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Machado, Bruno R.
; Roberto, Sharise B.
; Bonafé, Elton G.
; Camargo, Samira E. A.
; Camargo, Carlos H. R.
; Popat, Ketul C.
; Kipper, Matt J.
; Martins, Alessandro F.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
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Poly(ε-caprolactone), an aliphatic polyester with biodegradability and cytocompatibility, has been used to create scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes. However, the hydrophobicity and low water absorptivity of poly(ε-caprolactone) reduce cell anchorage on their membranes. Here, poly(ε-caprolactone)-based scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning of poly(ε-caprolactone)-chitosan blend, and poly(ε-caprolactone)-dexamethasone solution. Chitosan and dexamethasone play an essential role to increase the scaffolding performance of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based electrospun membranes. A poly(ε-caprolactone) membrane without chitosan and dexamethasone did not provide satisfactory results to promote cell culture of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs). Compared to the poly(ε-caprolactone)-dexamethasone surface, poly(ε-caprolactone)-chitosan membrane imparts better cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell spreading, increasing the strength of cell attachment. Also, poly(ε-caprolactone)-chitosan composite provides strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ca. 90% inhibition). Therefore, the poly(ε-caprolactone)-chitosan composite is a better alternative to treat skin diseases and promote skin regeneration than conventional approaches based on dexamethasone.
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20190077
612 downloads
8.
Desenvolvimento fenológico de frutos de lichia (Litchi chinensis) em diferentes regiões
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Ferreira, Rafael B.
; Souza, Bianca S. de
; Souza, Paulo S. de
; Aparecido, Lucas E. O.
; Nadaleti, Denis H. S.
; Machado, Bianca A.
.
Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento fenológico de frutos da lichieira em duas regiões diferentes do Brasil, sendo uma em Casa Branca-SP e outra em Monte Belo-MG. As avaliações foram realizadas quinzenalmente, tendo início a partir do vingamento dos frutos e seguindo até o ponto de maturação fisiológica dos respectivos locais. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: número de frutos por inflorescência, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, matéria fresca e seca dos frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável dos frutos. A abscisão dos frutos em Casa Branca foi constante até 28 dias do vingamento, com perda de aproximadamente 46% dos frutos. Em Monte Belo a perda foi constante durante todo o período de avaliação, sem que houvesse estabilização deste parâmetro. A acumulação de matéria seca no início das avaliações foi lenta em ambos os locais, passando a acelerar respectivamente após os 28 e 27 dias do vingamento. No ponto de maturação fisiológica, as plantas de Casa Branca apresentaram um número médio de 10 frutos por inflorescência a mais do que as plantas de Monte Belo. Em ambos os locais, os frutos levaram cerca de 12 semanas após o vingamento para chegarem ao estádio de maturação fisiológica.
It was evaluated the phenological development of litchi fruit in two different climatic conditions in Brazil, one in the Casa Branca- SP and another in Monte Belo-MG. Evaluations were made fortnightly, starting from the fruit set and continuing until the physiological maturity of the respective sites. The following evaluations were assessed: number of fruits per inflorescence, the longitudinal and transversal diameter, fresh and dry fruits, total soluble solids and titratable acidity of the fruit. The abscission of fruits in the Casa Branca was constant up to 28 days of fixation, with a loss of approximately 46% of the fruit. Monte Belo loss was constant throughout the period of evaluation, without stabilization of this parameter. The dry matter accumulation at the beginning of the evaluations was slow in both places, accelerating respectively after 28 and 27 days of fixation. At physiological maturity, Casa Branca plants had an average of 10 fruits per inflorescence more than Monte Belo plants. In both locations, the fruits took about 12 weeks after fruit set to reach the physiological maturity.
https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA16035
1020 downloads
9.
Dispersão e consolidação de zircônia dopada com WOx a partir do tungstato de zircônio e trietanolamina em meio aquoso
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Resumo Em estudos recentes, verificou-se ser possível produzir, em meio aquoso, nanopartículas de zircônia hidratada (cristalitos inferiores a 2 nm) a partir de um precursor não usual, o tungstato de zircônio (ZrW2O8), óxido bimetálico de tamanho micrométrico (1,7 µm) e insolúvel em água. Essas nanopartículas de zircônia são capazes de formar aglomerados policristalinos transparentes à luz visível. No entanto, a produção controlada de sólidos de zircônia transparentes a partir da consolidação por centrifugação de suspensões estáveis dessas nanopartículas, desaglomeradas no momento da síntese, ainda não havia sido explorada. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a dispersão e a consolidação de nanopartículas de zircônia hidratada produzidas a partir do ZrW2O8 em meio aquoso e utilizando-se a trietanolamina (TEOA) como surfactante, e compreender o efeito dos parâmetros experimentais empregados na dispersão sobre o teor de tungstênio remanescente nos sólidos consolidados. A síntese e dispersão foram realizadas em meio aquoso, a 80 °C, com o uso de NaOH e TEOA; em seguida, as soluções coloidais foram dialisadas, seus valores de pH foram ajustados para 6, e foram ultracentrifugadas a 28000 rpm por 24 h. Verificou-se que a utilização da TEOA na síntese permitiu a obtenção de soluções coloidais estáveis de nanopartículas de zircônia que, após centrifugação, originaram sólidos transparentes e amarelados que foram caracterizados por meio de diversas técnicas (microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman e de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, além de análise térmica simultânea). Apesar de a TEOA auxiliar na dispersão das nanopartículas, ao mesmo tempo interferiu no mecanismo de síntese, levando à obtenção de zircônia dopada com WOx com quantidades de tungstênio que variaram dependendo das condições experimentais empregadas.
Abstract In recent studies, it was possible to produce hydrous zirconia nanoparticles with crystallite sizes as small as 2 nm from ZrW2O8 powder with initial particle size of 1.7 µm in an aqueous medium. The zirconia nanoparticles formed transparent polycrystalline aggregates. However, the controlled production of transparent zirconia solids by centrifugation of stable suspensions, deagglomerated in the moment of the synthesis, has not been explored yet. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the dispersion and consolidation of hydrous zirconia nanoparticles produced from ZrW2O8, in aqueous medium and using triethanolamine (TEOA) as surfactant, and to understand the effect of experimental conditions on the tungsten content in the consolidated solids. The synthesis and dispersion were carried out in aqueous medium at 80 °C with the use of NaOH and TEOA; the colloidal solutions were dialyzed, their pH values were adjusted to 6, and then ultracentrifuged at 28000 rpm for 24 h. It has been found that the use of TEOA in the synthesis allowed obtaining stable sols of zirconia nanoparticles which, after centrifugation, originated transparent and yellowish solids that were characterized using various techniques (scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and simultaneous thermal analysis). Although TEOA assists in the dispersion of nanoparticles, it interfered in the synthesis mechanism, leading to the production of zirconia doped with WOx, with tungsten concentrations that varied depending on the experimental conditions employed.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132017633652051
972 downloads
10.
Efficient Mineralization of Paracetamol Using the Nanocomposite TiO2/Zn(II) Phthalocyanine as Photocatalyst
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França, Marcela D.
; Santos, Lidiaine M.
; Silva, Tatiana A.
; Borges, Karen A.
; Silva, Valdislaine M.
; Patrocinio, Antonio O. T.
; Trovó, Alam G.
; Machado, Antonio E. H.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
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The photocatalytic performance of a composite based on the association of TiO2 and 2.5 wt.% of zinc(II) phthalocyanine (TiO2/ZnPc) was evaluated towards the mineralization of paracetamol and compared to that observed for the bare oxide in different pH and H2O2 concentrations. The results show that the photocatalytic performances were influenced by the pH, with maximum efficiency around the isoelectric point. Mineralization efficiencies between 86-91% was obtained using TiO2/ZnPc in pH 5.5-6.8, with 33 mg L-1 of H2O2, ca. 15% higher than that observed with TiO2. The mineralization efficiencies using bare TiO2 and TiO2/ZnPc were respectively 112 and 18% lower in the absence of H2O2. The better performance of TiO2/ZnPc is related to its extended light absorption and non-uniform coating of the TiO2 surface by ZnPc aggregates. Above pH 6.8, the mineralization efficiencies decrease for both photocatalysts, although the consumption of H2O2 remains above 90%, due to its decomposition in alkaline pH.
https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20160007
1142 downloads
11.
Estimating the opportunity costs of environmental conservation in the Feijão River watershed (São Carlos-SP, Brazil)
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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi inferir o custo de oportunidade do uso do solo da bacia hidrográfica do manancial do Ribeirão do Feijão, São Carlos – SP, a fim de estimar o valor necessário para ressarcir os proprietários de terras dispostos a converter suas áreas produtivas para áreas de proteção ambiental. Os valores líquidos foram estimados pelo cálculo do Valor Anual e o Valor Presente Líquido de cada tipo de atividade. A área ocupada foi estimada utilizando o mapa de cobertura de solo. Foram analisadas quatro áreas produtivas, das quais: reflorestamento, pecuária, cana-de-açúcar e laranja, que juntas representam 66% da área total da bacia, que totaliza 223 km2. Os valores líquidos anuais, referentes ao ano de 2011 e considerando um cenário de total adesão dos proprietários, foram estimados em R$ 13,4 milhões: R$ 2,2 milhões (eucalipto), R$ 1,9 milhão (pecuária), R$ 1,1 milhão (cana-de-açúcar) e R$ 8,2 milhões (laranja). Este montante seria o valor necessário estimado para fins de ressarcimento pela prestação dos serviços ambientais da bacia.
Abstract The objective of this study was to infer the opportunity cost of land use of the Feijão River watershed (São Carlos-SP, Brazil), in order to estimate the financial resources necessary to compensate landowners willing to convert their production areas into areas of environmental preservation. Net values were estimated by calculating the Annual Value and the Net Present Value of each activity. The area used for agricultural production was estimated using the Land Cover Map of the watershed. The study involved four production areas: forestry, livestock, sugarcane and orange, accounting for 66% of the watershed area of 22,300 hectares. Considering a scenario of total consent from landowners, the 2011 net annual values were estimated at R$ 13.4 million: R$ 2.2 million (eucalyptus), R$ 1.9 million (livestock), R$ 1.1 million (sugarcane) and R$ 8.2 million (orange). This amount would be used as payment for ecosystem services.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.08614
2824 downloads
12.
Structural and functional neuroimaging findings associated with the use of clozapine in schizophrenia: a systematic review
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Garcia, Giovana J.
; Chagas, Marcos H.
; Silva, Carlos H.
; Machado-de-Sousa, João P.
; Crippa, José A.
; Hallak, Jaime E.
.
Objective: Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders, and its current treatment relies on antipsychotic medications with only partial effectiveness. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic with a specific profile of action indicated for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies assessing the effects of clozapine could help shed light on the neural underpinnings of the effects of this drug in the brain. The objective of this study was to review the available literature on the structural and functional neuroimaging findings associated with use of clozapine. Method: We conducted a systematic review of the indexed literature using the PubMed, BIREME, and ISI Web of Knowledge search engines and the following keywords: clozapine, neuroimaging, computed tomography, MRI, functional magnetic resonance, PET, SPECT, and DTI. Results: A total of 23 articles were included in the review. In structural studies, the use of clozapine was associated with volume reductions in the basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus, where functional neuroimaging studies also found decreased perfusion. In the frontal lobe, clozapine treatment was associated with increased gray matter volume and reduced perfusion. Conclusion: The results of the studies reviewed suggest that the use of clozapine is associated with distinctive structural and functional neuroimaging findings that are not shared with other antipsychotics.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1387
5010 downloads
13.
Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil
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Zappi, Daniela C.
; Filardi, Fabiana L. Ranzato
; Leitman, Paula
; Souza, Vinícius C.
; Walter, Bruno M.T.
; Pirani, José R.
; Morim, Marli P.
; Queiroz, Luciano P.
; Cavalcanti, Taciana B.
; Mansano, Vidal F.
; Forzza, Rafaela C.
; Abreu, Maria C.
; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro
; Agra, Maria F.
; Almeida Jr., Eduardo B.
; Almeida, Gracineide S.S.
; Almeida, Rafael F.
; Alves, Flávio M.
; Alves, Marccus
; Alves-Araujo, Anderson
; Amaral, Maria C.E.
; Amorim, André M.
; Amorim, Bruno
; Andrade, Ivanilza M.
; Andreata, Regina H.P.
; Andrino, Caroline O.
; Anunciação, Elisete A.
; Aona, Lidyanne Y.S.
; Aranguren, Yani
; Aranha Filho, João L.M.
; Araújo, Andrea O.
; Araújo, Ariclenes A.M.
; Araújo, Diogo
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.
Resumo Um levantamento atualizado das plantas com sementes e análises relevantes acerca desta biodiversidade são apresentados. Este trabalho se iniciou em 2010 com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos e, desde então vem sendo atualizado por mais de 430 especialistas trabalhando online. O Brasil abriga atualmente 32.086 espécies nativas de Angiospermas e 23 espécies nativas de Gimnospermas e estes novos dados mostram um aumento de 3% da riqueza em relação a 2010. A Amazônia é o Domínio Fitogeográfico com o maior número de espécies de Gimnospermas, enquanto que a Floresta Atlântica possui a maior riqueza de Angiospermas. Houve um crescimento considerável no número de espécies e nas taxas de endemismo para a maioria dos Domínios (Caatinga, Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal), com exceção da Amazônia que apresentou uma diminuição de 2,5% de endemicidade. Entretanto, a maior parte das plantas com sementes que ocorrem no Brasil (57,4%) é endêmica deste território. A proporção de formas de vida varia de acordo com os diferentes Domínios: árvores são mais expressivas na Amazônia e Floresta Atlântica do que nos outros biomas, ervas são dominantes no Pampa e as lianas apresentam riqueza expressiva na Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. Este trabalho não só quantifica a biodiversidade brasileira, mas também indica as lacunas de conhecimento e o desafio a ser enfrentado para a conservação desta flora.
Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
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14.
Photolytic degradation of chloramphenicol in different aqueous matrices using artificial and solar radiation: reaction kinetics and initial transformation products
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Trovó, Alam G.
; Paiva, Vinicius A. B.
; Costa Filho, Batuira M.
; Machado, Antonio E. H.
; Oliveira, Carlos A.
; Santos, Renata O.
; Daniel, Daniela
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Journal Metrics
A fotodegradação de cloranfenicol (CAP) em água ultrapura (UW), água superficial não tratada (USW), e efluente tratado de estação de tratamento de esgoto (TESTP) em escala de laboratório e planta piloto, foi avaliada usando radiação artificial e solar. Os resultados mostram, em todos os casos, que a degradação de CAP ocorre segundo uma cinética de pseudo-primeira ordem, com as constantes de velocidade de degradação aparente (k app) seguindo a ordem UW ≡ USW > TESTP. A k app e o tempo de meia-vida foram influenciados pela fonte de radiação. Produtos de transformação mono e di-hidroxilados foram identificados em UW após 40 min de irradiação solar, enquanto toxicidade aguda para Artemia salina aumentou de 35% para 100%, respectivamente após 180 e 1440 min, sob irradiação artificial e solar (94 e 132 kJ L-1), quando houve 99,2% e 97,7% de degradação de CAP. Os produtos de transformação não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana.
The photodegradation of cloramphenicol (CAP) in ultrapure water (UW), untreated surface water (USW), and treated effluent from sewage treatment plant (TESTP) in laboratory scale and pilot scale, was evaluated using solar and artificial radiation. The results show, in all cases, that the CAP degradation occurs according to pseudo-first order kinetics, with the apparent degradation rate constants (k app) following the order UW ≡ USW > TESTP. The k app and half-life were strongly influenced by the radiation source. Mono- and di-hydroxyl transformation products were identified in UW after 40 min of solar irradiation, while the acute toxicity to Artemia salina increased from 35% to 100%, respectively after 180 and 1440 min of artificial and solar irradiation (94 and 132 kJ L-1), when 99.2 and 97.7% of CAP degradation occurred. The transformation products did not present antimicrobial activity.
https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140185
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15.
Cultivares e portaenxertos sobre o vigor de plantas de pereira europeias
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Machado, Bruno Dalazen
; Rufato, Leo
; Bogo, Amauri
; Kretzschmar, Aike Anneliese
; Mario, André Emmel
.
A cultura da pereira (Pyrus communis) possui grande potencial de expansão no sul do Brasil devido às condições climáticas e solo. A carência de informações a respeito da(s) melhor(es) combinação(ões) de cultivares copa de pereira europeia e portaenxertos, quanto ao aspecto vegetativo e potencial produtivo, tem limitado o cultivo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de cultivares copa de pereira europeia e portaenxertos de marmeleiro (Cydonia oblonga) sobre o vigor e variáveis de plantas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em pomares comerciais da cidade de Fraiburgo, Estado de Santa Catarina, durante os ciclos de cultivo 2008/09, 09/10 e 10/11. As cultivares avaliadas foram 'Packham's Triumph', 'Santa Maria', 'Rocha' e 'Abbè Fetel' e os portaenxertos de marmeleiro EMC e Adams. O espaçamento de plantio foi de 0,3m entre plantas e 4m entre linhas. As variáveis analisadas foram: a. incremento de altura de plantas (m); b. incremento de volume de copa (m³); c. incremento de diâmetro do tronco da cv. 'copa' (mm); d. incremento de diâmetro do tronco do portaenxerto (mm); e. diferença de diâmetro do tronco entre a cultivar copa e o portaenxerto (mm); f. índice de fertilidade (no de gemas cm-1); g. massa fresca média total acumulada do material vegetativo das três podas de inverno (kg); h. diferença cumulativa entre a massa fresca e a massa seca dos ramos podados (kg). As diferentes combinações de cultivares e portaenxertos interferiram nas diferentes variáveis analisadas. As combinações Abbè Fetel e Rocha sobre marmelo Adams, foram significativamente mais vigorosas em termos de incremento de diâmetro do tronco da cultivar copa, incremento de altura de plantas, incremento de volume de copa e massa fresca média total acumulada do material vegetativo das podas de inverno dos três anos. A combinação Santa Maria sobre marmelo Adams apresentou vigor intermediário significativo de plantas de acordo com o incremento em volume de copa, diferença de diâmetro do tronco entre a cultivar copa e do portaenxerto, sendo mais indicada para uso comercial, devido ao maior equilíbrio proporcionado entre parte vegetativa e produtiva da planta, nas condições edafoclimáticas experimentais do Sul do Brasil.
The pear (Pyrus communis) culture offers a great expansive market opportunity in southern Brazil, according to climatic conditions and soil. However, there are still some barriers that prevent satisfactory economic production, such as lack of knowledge about the best combinations of cultivars and rootstocks. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of European pear cultivars and quince (Cydonia oblonga) rootstocks on the plants vigor variables. The experiments were carried out in commercials orchards in Fraiburgo Municipality, Santa Catarina state, during the crop season of 2008/09, 09/10 and 10/11. The cultivars evaluated were 'Packham's Triumph', 'Santa Maria', 'Rocha' and 'Abbè Fetel' and the quince rootstocks EMC and Adams. The cultivars and rootstocks combinations were conducted in a spacing of 0.3mx4m between plants and rows, respectively. The vigor variables evaluated were, a. plants height increment (m); b. canopy volume increment (m³); c. truck diameter increment of the cultivars canopy (mm); d. truck diameter increment of rootstocks (mm); e. difference between the trunk diameter of cultivars canopy and rootstock (mm); f. fertility index (buds cm-1); g. total cumulative average of fresh weight of pruned branches (kg); and h. cumulative difference between the fresh and dry weight of pruned branches (kg). All combinations evaluated affected the vegetative parameters of the European pear cultivars. The combinations Abbè Fetel and Rocha grafted on Adams quince rootstocks are significant more vigorous according to increment of cultivars canopy truck diameter, plant height increment, cultivars canopy volume increment and cumulative average weight of pruned branches, when compared with others combinations. The combination Santa Maria grafted on Adams quince rootstock showed significant intermediate vigor according to cultivar canopy volume increment, truck diameter of cultivar canopy and, truck diameter of rootstock. This combination presented a better proportion amongst the vigor variables and can be indicated for commercial production according to the experimental edafoclimatic conditions of southern Brazil.
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