Abstract Microgrids (MGs) have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, government officials, and electricity companies for the values and services they can add to the grid. They can operate independently as a single controllable unit in a coordinated way while connected or islanded, which make them suitable to integrate the growing amount of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the distribution network (DN). An active distribution network with high penetration of DERs could be redefined into a collection of microgrids in different layers, pooling their resources together to enhance the grid’s performance in the sense of electricity as a service. However, enabling a microgrid-based power system infrastructure poses challenges concerning operation and control. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of research topics regarding microgrid operation are shown in a hierarchical or stratified manner, looking for a holistic vision of a microgrid-based distribution system. First, multi-objective optimization within one microgrid is formulated aiming to minimize costs and maximize battery life is presented. Second, the interaction among MGs, DERs and the DN was modeled using the OPF technique to represent the operation of the grid as a whole. Following, a methodology for collaborative optimization of multiple MGs operating together is presented and at last a theoretical framework for MG operation through decentralized energy markets is discussed. As a result, this paper aims to contribute to a broad vision of the distribution system based on microgrid operation in all its levels.

ABSTRACT The psittacine Pyrrhura griseipectus is a threatened species currently only found in Ceará State, Brazil. A microbiological survey was conducted to determine the composition of the enteric microbiota of this species, as well as the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility presented by the isolates. Cloacal swabs were collected from individual birds and submitted to microbiological processing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Proteus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Hafnia, Enterobacter, and Serratia were isolated. The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, corresponding to 36.1%, 26.4%, and 8.3%, respectively. Isolates were more frequently resistant to azithromycin and tetracycline, while Escherichia coli was the main species presenting multidrug resistance. In conclusion, free-living grey-breasted parakeets may harbor enterobacteria with high antimicrobial resistance rates.

This study aimed at evaluating bacterial shedding, as detected in swabs, feces, and eggs of quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting and experimentally infected with a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strain. In the experiment, 84 40-week-old Italian female quails were distributed in the following groups: FI (quails induced to molt by fasting and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis - SE); CI (quails fed with a laying diet and inoculated with SE); FNI (quails induced to molt by fasting and not inoculated with SE); and CNI (quails fed with a laying feed and not inoculated with SE). Feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs were collected on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-inoculation (dpi) and submitted to bacteriological analyses. All samples obtained from cloacal swabs were negative for SE. None of the quails of the non-inoculated groups (FNI and CNI) were positive for SE in the fecal samples. Among the inoculated quails, the FI group presented significantly higher (p< 0.05) SE shedding in the feces on 1 dpi than the CI group. On 4 dpi, no significant difference was observed (p< 0.05) in SE shedding between the inoculated quail groups. On 7 dpi, only the FI group shed SE in the feces, whereas on 14 dpi, none of the groups shed SE. According to the results, we concluded that quails submitted to molting by fasting have higher possibility of shedding SE in the feces.

O decanoato de nandrolona (DN), um estimulante do sistema hematopoético, caracteriza-se por ser um medicamento acessível aos proprietários de animais com escassos recursos econômicos. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses do DN no hemograma e na quantificação e a viabilidade das células mononucleares (CM) da medula óssea (MO), juntamente com a marcação das células hematopoéticas CD34+ de ratos Wistar saudáveis. Para isso, 48 animais foram separados em seis tratamentos, de forma aleatória, com oito animais cada. Os grupos foram constituídos por: G1 - controle (solução fisiológica); G2 - controle diluente (somente veículo oleoso de origem vegetal); G3 - 0,42mg kg-1 de DN; G4 - 1,8mg kg-1 de DN; G5 - 4,6mg kg-1 de DN; e G6 - 10,0mg kg-1 de DN. O fármaco foi aplicado semanalmente por três semanas. Os parâmetros hematológicos e medulares avaliados não tiveram diferença significativa entre os grupos, o que pode ter sido influenciado pela condição da MO ou pelo intervalo entre as doses. De acordo com os resultados obtidos e nas condições em que esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida, pode-se concluir que o DN não altera o hemograma, a quantificação e a viabilidade das CM e a marcação de CD34+ em ratos wistar saudáveis.

Nandrolone Decanoate (ND), a hematopoietic system stimulant, is characterized as an accessible medicament for low-income pet owners. The aim of this research is to study the effect of different ND doses in the blood cytological parameters and the quantification and viability of the bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MC), together with the labeling of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells of healthy Wistar rats. Forty eight animals were randomly separated into six different groups of treatment, each composed of eight animals. These groups were divided in: G1 - control group (physiologic solution); G2 - diluent control (only vegetal oily vehicle); G3 - ND 0.42mg kg-1; G4 - ND 1.8mg kg-1; G5 - ND 4.6mg kg-1 and G6 - ND 10.0mg kg-1. The drug was weekly applied for three weeks. The hematologic and medullar analyzed parameters showed no significant difference between the groups, which may have been influenced by the BM conditions or by the applications frequency. According to the results obtained and according to the conditions under which this research was developed, it can be concluded that ND did not affect the blood cytological parameters, quantification and viability of MC and CD34+ labeling in healthy Wistar rats.