Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic disease with complex transmission cycle. Some environmental and socioeconomic factors are known to be the major determinants of the transmission process, which are involved in configuring the spatiotemporal patterns and thus can be delimiting. However, the relevance of these socioeconomic and environmental determinants is still not well understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the major environmental and socioeconomic determinants of CL in Brazil by articulating a systematic literature review of studies that are based on this subject. The methodology included a search for studies according to a structured protocol using the scientific platforms, such as Scielo and PubMed. The references of each identified article were who referred to CL determinants were further screened, and so on. We extracted information from 41 articles and the determinants were grouped accordingly. Two measures were evaluated as follows: a) the frequency of citations of the determinants; and b) the proportion of determinants identified as having "significant association in analytical studies" with respect to the total number of determinants analyzed in other analytical studies using the same concept. The analyzed articles covered most of the regions of Brazil and 7 other countries bordering Brazil. We found 43 concepts of determinants. However, the final selection resulted in the identification of 14 major determinants. These results therefore contribute in the identification of major CL determinants and this information can be used to establish strategies for identifying risk prone areas for disease surveillance.

BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health challenge in South America, and dogs are its main urban reservoir. OBJECTIVE Validation of the canine Dual-path Platform immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis (DPP® CVL) for a sample set composed of 1446 dogs from different Brazilian endemic areas. METHODS A well-defined reference standard by means of parasitological culture, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology was used. Animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or symptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed as a single set and in clinical groups. A reproducibility assessment of the tests was conducted using the Kappa (κ) index at three different laboratories (A, B, and C). FINDINGS Overall, 89% sensitivity and 70% specificity were obtained for the entire sample set. Analysis of the clinical groups showed a gradual decrease in the sensitivity and an increase in the specificity with the reduction of clinical signs in the dogs that were assessed, reaching a sensitivity of 75% (42.8-94.5%) among asymptomatic dogs and lower specificity of 56% (46.2-66.3%) among symptomatic dogs. Inter-laboratory agreement was substantial (κAB= 0.778; κAC= 0.645; κCB= 0.711). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The test performance is somewhat dependent on canine symptomatology, but such influence was less evident than in previous studies. Favourable results for sensitivity and specificity can be obtained even in asymptomatic animals; however, caution is needed in these evaluations, and the results suggest that the immunochromatographic test may be further improved for better investigation in asymptomatic dogs. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of DPP® CVL for application in serological surveys.

A urbanização da leishmaniose visceral tem sido relacionada a modificações ambientais causadas por ações antrópicas, pelo rápido processo migratório, pela interação e mobilização de reservatórios silvestres e cães infectados para áreas sem transmissão, e pela adaptação do vetor Lutzomiya longipalpis ao peridomicílio. Entre 1980 e 2005, o Brasil registrou 59.129 casos de leishmaniose visceral, sendo 82,5% na Região Nordeste. Gradativamente, a leishmaniose visceral expandiu-se para as regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Sudeste, passando de 15% dos casos em 1998 para 44% em 2005. Entre 1998 e 2005 foram registrados casos autóctones em 1.904 (34,2%) diferentes municípios brasileiros. O controle vetorial e de reservatórios representam os maiores desafios para o controle da doença, dado a necessidade de melhor conhecer o comportamento do vetor no ambiente urbano, as dificuldades operacionais e o alto custo de execução. Nos últimos anos, o Ministério da Saúde tem investido em pesquisas sobre diagnóstico laboratorial humano e canino, tratamento dos pacientes, avaliação da efetividade das estratégias de controle, bem como de novas tecnologias que possam contribuir na implementação das ações de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil.

The urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been related to environmental changes, migration, interaction and spread of sylvatic reservoirs and infected dogs to areas with no transmission, and adaptation of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to the peridomiciliary environment. From 1980 to 2005, Brazil recorded 59,129 cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 82.5% of which in the Northeast region. Visceral leishmaniasis gradually spread to other regions of the country: in 1998 these other regions reported 15% of all cases, but by 2005 this proportion had increased to 44%. From 1998 to 2005, indigenous cases were reported in 1,904 different municipalities of the country (34.2%). Reservoir and vector control pose major challenges for disease control, since there is a need for better knowledge of vector behavior in urban areas, and control activities involve high operational costs. In recent years the Brazilian Ministry of Health has supported research on the laboratory diagnosis of infection and disease in humans and dogs, treatment of patients, evaluation of the effectiveness of control strategies, and development of new technologies that could contribute to the surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis in the country.

A urbanização da leishmaniose visceral tem sido relacionada a modificações ambientais causadas por ações antrópicas, pelo rápido processo migratório, pela interação e mobilização de reservatórios silvestres e cães infectados para áreas sem transmissão, e pela adaptação do vetor Lutzomiya longipalpis ao peridomicílio. Entre 1980 e 2005, o Brasil registrou 59.129 casos de leishmaniose visceral, sendo 82,5% na Região Nordeste. Gradativamente, a leishmaniose visceral expandiu-se para as regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Sudeste, passando de 15% dos casos em 1998 para 44% em 2005. Entre 1998 e 2005 foram registrados casos autóctones em 1.904 (34,2%) diferentes municípios brasileiros. O controle vetorial e de reservatórios representam os maiores desafios para o controle da doença, dado a necessidade de melhor conhecer o comportamento do vetor no ambiente urbano, as dificuldades operacionais e o alto custo de execução. Nos últimos anos, o Ministério da Saúde tem investido em pesquisas sobre diagnóstico laboratorial humano e canino, tratamento dos pacientes, avaliação da efetividade das estratégias de controle, bem como de novas tecnologias que possam contribuir na implementação das ações de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil.

The urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been related to environmental changes, migration, interaction and spread of sylvatic reservoirs and infected dogs to areas with no transmission, and adaptation of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to the peridomiciliary environment. From 1980 to 2005, Brazil recorded 59,129 cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 82.5% of which in the Northeast region. Visceral leishmaniasis gradually spread to other regions of the country: in 1998 these other regions reported 15% of all cases, but by 2005 this proportion had increased to 44%. From 1998 to 2005, indigenous cases were reported in 1,904 different municipalities of the country (34.2%). Reservoir and vector control pose major challenges for disease control, since there is a need for better knowledge of vector behavior in urban areas, and control activities involve high operational costs. In recent years the Brazilian Ministry of Health has supported research on the laboratory diagnosis of infection and disease in humans and dogs, treatment of patients, evaluation of the effectiveness of control strategies, and development of new technologies that could contribute to the surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis in the country.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o número de casos, óbitos, incidência e letalidade e estimar a subnotificação da leishmaniose visceral, bem como a cobertura dos sistemas nacionais de informações. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados casos confirmados de leishmaniose visceral com base nos sistemas: Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH), nos anos de 2002 e 2003. As variáveis utilizadas no relacionamento para identificação dos pares foram: nome do paciente, nome da mãe, data de nascimento, sexo, município de residência e endereço. Para cálculo das estimativas aplicou-se a metodologia de captura-recaptura, utilizando a fórmula de Chapman. RESULTADOS: A subnotificação estimada para casos de leishmaniose visceral no Sinan, em relação ao SIH e SIM, foi 42,2% e 45,0%, respectivamente. A subnotificação estimada de óbitos no SIM foi 53,0% e 46,5%, quando comparada com Sinan-óbitos e SIH-óbitos, respectivamente. Comparando o Sinan e o SIH, a incidência estimada foi de 2,9 por 100.000 habitantes, 70,5% mais alta que a encontrada utilizando somente os dados do Sinan. Da comparação dos dados do SIM e Sinan-óbitos a letalidade estimada de 8%, representou um incremento de 16% da inicialmente registrada no Sinan-óbitos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram elevada subnotificação estimada de casos e óbitos de leishmaniose visceral no Brasil. O relacionamento dos sistemas de informações e aplicação do método captura-recaptura permitiram conhecer e melhorar as estimativas epidemiológicas, sendo factível sua utilização nos serviços de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the number of cases, deaths, incidence and fatality rate due to visceral leishmaniasis, and to estimate its underreporting, as well as the coverage of the national information systems. METHODS: Confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed, based on the following systems: the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System on Disease Notification), the Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM - Mortality Information System) and the Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH - Hospital Information System), between 2002 and 2003. The variables utilized in relationship for pair identification were: patient's name, mother's name, date of birth, gender, city of residence, and mailing address. The capture-recapture method was applied to calculate the estimates, by means of the Chapman formula. RESULTS: The estimated underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis in the SINAN, in relation to the SIH and the SIM, was 42.2% and 45.0% respectively. The estimated underreporting of deaths was 53% and 46.5%, when compared to SINAN-deaths and SIH-deaths respectively. The estimated incidence was 2.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, from the comparison between the SINAN and the SIH, 70.5% higher than the one found when SINAN's data were the only ones utilized. Furthermore, when comparing data from SIM and SINAN-deaths, an estimated fatality rate of 8% was observed, representing an increase in 16% from the one initially registered in the SINAN-deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The results show high estimated underreporting of cases and deaths due to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. The relationship between information systems and the capture-recapture method application enabled to know and improve the epidemiological estimates, making its utilization in health services feasible.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o número de casos, óbitos, incidência e letalidade e estimar a subnotificação da leishmaniose visceral, bem como a cobertura dos sistemas nacionais de informações. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados casos confirmados de leishmaniose visceral com base nos sistemas: Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH), nos anos de 2002 e 2003. As variáveis utilizadas no relacionamento para identificação dos pares foram: nome do paciente, nome da mãe, data de nascimento, sexo, município de residência e endereço. Para cálculo das estimativas aplicou-se a metodologia de captura-recaptura, utilizando a fórmula de Chapman. RESULTADOS: A subnotificação estimada para casos de leishmaniose visceral no Sinan, em relação ao SIH e SIM, foi 42,2% e 45,0%, respectivamente. A subnotificação estimada de óbitos no SIM foi 53,0% e 46,5%, quando comparada com Sinan-óbitos e SIH-óbitos, respectivamente. Comparando o Sinan e o SIH, a incidência estimada foi de 2,9 por 100.000 habitantes, 70,5% mais alta que a encontrada utilizando somente os dados do Sinan. Da comparação dos dados do SIM e Sinan-óbitos a letalidade estimada de 8%, representou um incremento de 16% da inicialmente registrada no Sinan-óbitos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram elevada subnotificação estimada de casos e óbitos de leishmaniose visceral no Brasil. O relacionamento dos sistemas de informações e aplicação do método captura-recaptura permitiram conhecer e melhorar as estimativas epidemiológicas, sendo factível sua utilização nos serviços de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the number of cases, deaths, incidence and fatality rate due to visceral leishmaniasis, and to estimate its underreporting, as well as the coverage of the national information systems. METHODS: Confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed, based on the following systems: the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System on Disease Notification), the Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM - Mortality Information System) and the Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH - Hospital Information System), between 2002 and 2003. The variables utilized in relationship for pair identification were: patient's name, mother's name, date of birth, gender, city of residence, and mailing address. The capture-recapture method was applied to calculate the estimates, by means of the Chapman formula. RESULTS: The estimated underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis in the SINAN, in relation to the SIH and the SIM, was 42.2% and 45.0% respectively. The estimated underreporting of deaths was 53% and 46.5%, when compared to SINAN-deaths and SIH-deaths respectively. The estimated incidence was 2.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, from the comparison between the SINAN and the SIH, 70.5% higher than the one found when SINAN's data were the only ones utilized. Furthermore, when comparing data from SIM and SINAN-deaths, an estimated fatality rate of 8% was observed, representing an increase in 16% from the one initially registered in the SINAN-deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The results show high estimated underreporting of cases and deaths due to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. The relationship between information systems and the capture-recapture method application enabled to know and improve the epidemiological estimates, making its utilization in health services feasible.

Relata-se a ocorrência de um surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no ano de 2002, no Município de Mariluz, mesorregião noroeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Das 38 pessoas investigadas, quatro tinham lesões cicatrizadas, 10 em cicatrização e 24 tinham lesões ativas. Dos 126 cães investigados, 20 (15,9%) tinham lesões sugestivas e 24 (19%) tiveram sorologia positiva. Os parasitos isolados de dois pacientes e de três cães foram identificados como Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis serodema I. Os flebotomíneos coletados foram identificados como Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai e Migonemyia migonei. Considerando que a área onde ocorreram os casos é semelhante a outras de colonização antiga no Estado do Paraná, acredita-se que as alterações ambientais e as matas remanescentes propiciam a manutenção do ciclo enzoótico do parasito e a transmissão para o homem e para os animais domésticos, mantendo o caráter endêmico da leishmaniose tegumentar americana.

An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported in 2002 in Mariluz, northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. Of 38 humans who were investigated, four had healed lesions, ten showed lesions in the healing process, and 24 had active lesions. Of the 126 dogs, 20 (15.9%) presented suggestive lesions and 24 (19%) had positive serology. Parasites isolated from two patients and three dogs were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis serodeme I. The captured sand flies were identified as Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai, and Migonemyia migonei. Considering that the region where the cases occurred is similar to other old human settlements in Paraná State, the environmental alterations and remaining forests facilitate the maintenance of the parasite's enzootic cycle and transmission to humans and domestic animals, thereby maintaining the endemicity of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Relata-se a ocorrência de um surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no ano de 2002, no Município de Mariluz, mesorregião noroeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Das 38 pessoas investigadas, quatro tinham lesões cicatrizadas, 10 em cicatrização e 24 tinham lesões ativas. Dos 126 cães investigados, 20 (15,9%) tinham lesões sugestivas e 24 (19%) tiveram sorologia positiva. Os parasitos isolados de dois pacientes e de três cães foram identificados como Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis serodema I. Os flebotomíneos coletados foram identificados como Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai e Migonemyia migonei. Considerando que a área onde ocorreram os casos é semelhante a outras de colonização antiga no Estado do Paraná, acredita-se que as alterações ambientais e as matas remanescentes propiciam a manutenção do ciclo enzoótico do parasito e a transmissão para o homem e para os animais domésticos, mantendo o caráter endêmico da leishmaniose tegumentar americana.

An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported in 2002 in Mariluz, northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. Of 38 humans who were investigated, four had healed lesions, ten showed lesions in the healing process, and 24 had active lesions. Of the 126 dogs, 20 (15.9%) presented suggestive lesions and 24 (19%) had positive serology. Parasites isolated from two patients and three dogs were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis serodeme I. The captured sand flies were identified as Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai, and Migonemyia migonei. Considering that the region where the cases occurred is similar to other old human settlements in Paraná State, the environmental alterations and remaining forests facilitate the maintenance of the parasite's enzootic cycle and transmission to humans and domestic animals, thereby maintaining the endemicity of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.