Abstract Soybean varieties with indeterminate growth habit are widely used in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and are characterized by not having well-defined phenological stages. Due to the importance of bee conservation, studies on the frequency and time of visitation in indeterminate soybean are needed. Samples were collected in a 4-ha plot of soybeans not treated with insecticides. Sampling was carried out at random spots, throughout the flowering period, starting at 08h:00min, during 15 min/hour, successively until 16h:00min. Generalized Linear Models were generated and the Poisson regression model provided the best fit, reflecting the significant differences revealed by the deviance analysis. The association between bees and climatic variables was tested with the Spearman’s correlation. The temporal pattern of bee visitation was independently influenced by flowering period and time of day. However climatic variables did not influence significantly bee visitation rate. In the first days of flowering, bees were more abundant, especially between 10h and 15h. These results have practical implications in the maintenance of this species during soybean management practices, contributing to a balanced coexistence between beekeepers and soybean growers, by avoiding applications of phytosanitary products during the periods of high bee visitation.

ABSTRACT Population dynamics of aphids have been studied in sole and intercropping systems. These studies have required the use of more precise analytical tools in order to better understand patterns in quantitative data. Mathematical models are among the most important tools to explain the dynamics of insect populations. This study investigated the population dynamics of aphids Aphis gossypii and Aphis craccivora over time, using mathematical models composed of a set of differential equations as a helpful analytical tool to understand the population dynamics of aphids in arrangements of cotton and cowpea. The treatments were sole cotton, sole cowpea, and three arrangements of cotton intercropped with cowpea (t1, t2 and t3). The plants were infested with two aphid species and were evaluated at 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days after the infestations. Mathematical models were used to fit the population dynamics of two aphid species. There were good fits for aphid dynamics by mathematical model over time. The highest population peak of both species A. gossypii and A. craccivora was found in the sole crops, and the lowest population peak was found in crop system t2. These results are important for integrated management programs of aphids in cotton and cowpea.

ABSTRACT The intercropping is an important cultural practice commonly used in pest management. It is based on the principle that increased plant diversity in the agro-ecosystem can lead to reductions of pest populations in the crop. The current study aimed to assess the impact the colored fiber cotton-cowpea intercropped systems on Aphis gossypii and Aphis craccivora and on their predator Cycloneda sanguinea and the losses and the dispersion behavior of these aphids and their predator in these cropping systems. The experiment had a randomized block experimental design with two bioassays and four treatments. The number of apterous and alate aphids (A. gossypii) per cotton plant was 1.46 and 1.73 or 1.97 and 2.19 times highest in the solid cotton system than that found in the cotton-cowpea intercropped systems (S1) and (S2), respectively. On the other hand, the cotton-cowpea intercropped systems (S1 and S2) reduced, respectively, in 43% and 31% the number of apterousA. gossypiiper cotton plant compared to the control. Implementing cotton-cowpea intercropped system in the S1 scheme reduced A. gossypii infestation, favored the multiplication of C. sanguinea, and allowed obtaining heavier open bolls.

ABSTRACT The host acceptance behavior and environmental factors as temperature affect the feeding behavior of Lepidoptera pests. Thus, they must be considered in studies about the risk potential of resistance evolution. The current study sets the differences in the feeding behavior of neonate Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae exposed to Bt and non-Bt cotton plants, under different temperatures and time gap after hatching. Two cotton cultivars were used: the Bt (DP 404 BG - bollgard) and the non-transformed isoline, DP 4049. We found that the feeding behavior of neonate A. argillacea is significantly different between Bt and non-Bt cotton. Based on the number of larvae with vegetal tissue in their gut found on the plant and in the organza as well as on the amount of vegetal tissue ingested by the larvae. A. argillacea shows feeding preference for non-Bt cotton plants, in comparison to that on the Bt. However, factors such as temperature and exposure time may affect detection capacity and plant abandonment by the larvae and it results in lower ingestion of vegetal tissue. Such results are relevant to handle the resistance of Bt cotton cultivars to A. argillacea and they also enable determining how the cotton seeds mix will be a feasible handling option to hold back resistance evolution in A. argillacea populations on Bt cotton, when it is compared to other refuge strategies. The results can also be useful to determine which refuge distribution of plants is more effective for handling Bt cotton resistance to A. argillacea.

Nós descrevemos a distribuição vertical e horizontal do pulgão do algodoeiro Aphis gossypii Glover dentro da planta de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus), em dois cultivares com fibras coloridas (BRS Safira and BRS Rubí) ao longo do seu desenvolvimento. Medidas de dinâmicas de populações e distribuição de A. gossypii nas plantas de algodão foram registradas em intervalos de sete dias. O número de afídeos ápteros ou alados e suas localizações específicas foram registrados, usando-se como ponto de referência a localização do nó no caule principal da planta e também aqueles presentes nas folhas de ramos e estruturas frutíferas. O número de afídeos ápteros encontrados na cultivar BRS Safira (56.515 afídeos) foi maior do que o encontrado na BRS Rubí (50.537 afídeos). Não houve diferença significativa entre o número de afídeos alados encontrados na BRS Safira (365 afídeos/planta) e na BRS Rubí (477 afídeos/planta). Ocorreram interações entre cultivar de algodão e idade da planta, entre região da planta e idade da planta e entre cultivar e região da planta para pulgões ápteros. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo são de grande importância na melhoria das estratégias de controle de A. gossypii nas cultivares de algodão com fibras coloridas BRS Safira e BRS Rubí.

We describe the vertical and horizontal distribution of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover within a cotton plant in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus) cultivars (BRS Safira and BRS Rubí) with colored fiber over the time. Measurements of aphid population dynamics and distribution in the cotton plants were recorded in intervals of seven days. The number of apterous or alate aphids and their specific locations were recorded, using as a reference point the location of nodes on the mainstem of the plant and also those on the leaves present on branches and fruit structures. The number of apterous aphids found on the cultivar BRS Safira (56,515 aphids) was greater than that found on BRS Rubí (50,537 aphids). There was no significant difference between the number of alate aphids found on the cultivars BRS Safira (365 aphids/plant) and BRS Rubí (477 aphids/plant). There were interactions between cotton cultivar and plant age, between plant region and plant age, and between cultivar and plant region for apterous aphids. The results of this study are of great importance in improving control strategies for A. gossypii in the naturally-colored cotton cultivars BRS Safira and BRS Rubí.

Se evaluó la infuencia de Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill y Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok en la supervivencia del depredador Euborellia annulipes Lucas (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Las concentraciones de los productos evaluados fueron 5,00x10(9); 7,50x10(9); 10,00x10(9); 12,50x10(9) conídios/L de aislamientos de B. bassiana y M. anisopliae, respectivamente, con los productos Metarril® y Boveril® y un control (0,0 conidios / L). Se registraron altas tasas de eclosión de ninfas de E. annulipes en especímenes que recibieron tratamientos con M. anisopliae. Se observó un efecto levemente perjudicial en todas las concentraciones de conidios de B. bassiana en posturas de E. annulipes, pues B. bassiana afectó negativamente la tasa de eclosión de ninfas de E. annulipes. La supervivencia fue del 100% en hembras de E. annulipes que recibieron todas las concentraciones probadas de M. anisopliae. Las hembras que recibieron aplicaciones tópicas de B. bassiana presentaron sobrevivencia entre 80,3 (12,50x10(9) conidios) y 100% (5,00x10(9) conidios). Los machos de E. annulipes presentaron una tasa de supervivencia con B. bassiana entre 95 (12,50x10(9) conidios) y 100% (5,00x10(9) conidios) y de 96,0 (12,50x10(9) conidios) a 100% (5,00x10(9) conidios) al recibir aplicaciones de M. anisopliae. Los hongos entomopatógenos B. bassiana y M. anisopliae no afectaron la mortalidad de ninfas y adultos de E. annulipes. Sin embargo, se deben adoptar medidas precisas en aplicaciones de B. bassiana directamente en posturas de E. annulipes.

To evaluate the infuence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok on the survival of the predator Euborellia annulipes Lucas (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) were used product concentrations 5.00x10(9); 7.50x10(9); 10.00x10(9); 12.50x10(9) conidia/L from isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae which were obtained, respectively, through products Boveril® and Metarril® and control (0.0 conidia/L). High rates of hatching nymphs of E. annulipes have been recorded in clutches that received applications of M. anisopliae. Moreover, B. bassiana has affected negatively the hatching rate of nymphs of E. annulipes. A slightly harmful effect has been observed in all concentrations of conidia B. bassiana in clutches of E. annulipes. The survival was 100% in all tested concentrations of M. anisopliae in females of E. annulipes. The females which received topical application of B. bassiana have shown a survival rate ranging from 80.30 (12.50x10(9) conidia) to 100% (5.00x10(9) conidia). In males of E. annulipes, the survival rate in insects treated with B. bassiana ranged from 95.00 (12.50x10(9) conidia) to 100% (5.00x10(9) conidia), while with M. anisopliae applications this rate was 96.02 (12.50x10(9) conidia) to 100% (5.00x10(9) conidia). The entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae did not affect the mortality of nymphs and adults of E. annulipes. However, careful measures should be adopted in applications of B. bassiana directly into clutches of E. annulipes.

Estudamos os efeitos da temperatura na reprodução de Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, ectoparasitóide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, em câmaras climatizadas, em temperaturas constantes de 20, 25 and 30ºC, umidade relativa do ar de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 h. As fêmeas do parasitóide produziram mais ovos a 25ºC (124,65 ovos) do que aquelas expostas a 20 (43,40 ovos) e a 30ºC (49,60 ovos). O número médio de larvas parasitadas por fêmea de B. vulgaris a 25ºC(71,75 larvas) foi maior do que a 20ºC (31,40 larvas) e 30ºC (25,15 larvas). As taxas diárias de aumento (r m) foram -0,007 a 20ºC, 0,07 a 25ºC e 0,03 a 30ºC, indicando que a temperatura de 25ºC produziu aumento de 1100 e 133% no valor de r m em relação às temperaturas de 20 e 30ºC, respectivamente. Nos programas de controle biológico do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, usando liberações inoculativas deve-se utilizar fêmeas adultasde B. vulgaris com aproximadamente 5 dias (a 25 ou 30ºC) ou 20 dias de idade (a 20ºC); quando usando liberações inundativas, utilizar fêmeas adultas de B. vulgaris , com idade entre 11 e 31 dias (a 20ºC); 9 e 29 dias (a 25ºC) ou 3 e 14 dias (a 30ºC).

This research studied the effect of temperature on the reproduction of Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, an ectoparasitoid of cotton boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman) at constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and a photophase of 14 h. Females of the parasitoid produced a greater number of eggs when exposed to 25ºC (124.65 eggs) in relation to those exposed to 20 (43.40 eggs) and 30ºC (49.60 eggs). The number of parasitized larvae per female of B. vulgaris at 25ºC (71.75) was greater than at 20ºC (31.40) and 30ºC (25.15). The daily intrinsic rates of increase (r m) were - 0.007 at 20ºC, 0.07 at 25ºC and 0.03 at 30ºC, revealing that the temperature of 25ºC produced increases of 1,100 and 133% in the value r m in relation to temperatures of 20 and 30ºC, respectively. In programs of biological control of the boll weevil using innoculative releases, adult females of B. vulgaris with approximately five (at 25 or 30ºC) or 20 day old (at 20ºC) should be used; when using innundative releases, adult females of B. vulgaris , with ages between 11 and 31; 9 and 29 or 3 and 14 days, respectively, at 20, 25 or 30ºC should be used.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo segundo duas metodologias de abordagem na entrevista. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em amostra de 309 mães de crianças de 0 a 6 meses, com idade mediana de 11 dias, atendidas no Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira entre novembro e dezembro de 2009. Foram testadas duas abordagens na entrevista: na primeira, questionou-se se a mãe ofereceu outros alimentos nas 24 horas anteriores à entrevista; em seguida, se em algum momento da vida da criança foram oferecidos outros alimentos. Utilizou-se o teste de homogeneidade marginal, adotando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: De acordo com o recordatório de 24 horas, a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo correspondeu a 78,0%. Em relação ao recordatório mais abrangente, foi de 59,2% (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo é superestimada no recordatório de 24 horas, quando comparada à obtida com recordatório mais abrangente.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding using two different interview approaches. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 309 mothers of children aged 0 to 6 months, with a median age of 11 days. Mothers were interviewed at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira during November and December of 2009. Two approaches to the interview were tested: firstly, the mother was asked if complementary foods had been given during the preceding 24 hours. Secondly, they were asked if at any point during the child’s life any other foods had been given. The marginal homogeneity test was applied and the significance level was 5%. RESULTS: According to the 24-hour recall, the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding was 78.0%. According to the wider-ranging recall period, the frequency was 59.2% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of the exclusive breastfeeding is overestimated using the 24-hour recall compared with the whole-life recall.