Além do impacto ambiental, a deriva de glyphosate pode causar danos sobre culturas sensíveis a esse herbicida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de adjuvantes e pontas de pulverização na deriva de glyphosate aplicado via terrestre. O estudo foi conduzido em campo, arranjado em esquema fatorial (3 x 9), sendo o primeiro fator constituído por três pontas de pulverização: uma de jato plano (Teejet XR 110.015) e duas de jato plano com indução de ar (Teejet AIXR 110.015 e Teejet TTI 110.015). O segundo fator foi composto por sete adjuvantes: Break Thru(r) (0,1% v.v.), Grap' Oil(r) (0,5% v.v.), Grap Super Gun(r) (0,03% v.v.), Iharol(r) (1% v.v.), NP-10(r) (0,075 L ha-1), Dash HC(r) (0,5% v.v.) e Emultec R(r) (0,05 L ha-1). Os adjuvantes foram adicionados à calda de aplicação juntamente com o herbicida Roundup Transorb R(r) na dose de 2,16 kg e.a. ha-1. Além desses, foram incluídos dois tratamentos testemunha: um sem aplicação e outro com aplicação de glyphosate sem adjuvante. As variáveis avaliadas foram a distância percorrida pelas gotas para fora do alvo, a fitotoxicidade causada pela deriva, o diâmetro mediano volumétrico, a densidade de gotas e o volume recuperado pela utilização de papéis hidrossensíveis. As pontas de pulverização TTI 110.015 e AIXR 110.015 proporcionaram menor deriva que a ponta XR 110.015. As pontas TTI e AIXR apresentaram menor densidade de gotas e maior diâmetro mediano volumétrico, quando comparadas à ponta XR. A utilização dos adjuvantes NP-10(r) e Emultec R(r) com a ponta de pulverização XR 110.015 aumentou a deriva quando comparada com a aplicação de glyphosate sem adjuvante, porém não diferiram dos demais adjuvantes. O adjuvante Emultec R(r) aumentou o DMV das gotas, quando geradas pela ponta XR 110.015. A utilização dos adjuvantes Grap' Oil(r), Grap Super Gun(r), Iharol(r) e Dash HC(r) diminuiu a densidade de gotas derivadas, quando geradas pela ponta XR 110.015.

Glyphosate drift can cause environmental impact and also affect crops that are sensitive to this herbicide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different adjuvants and different nozzles on glyphosate drift in terrestrial applications. The study was conducted in the field, arranged in a factorial design (3 x 9): factor A consisted of three different spray nozzles: one flat spray nozzle (Teejet = XR 110.015) and two air induction flat spray nozzles (Teejet AIXR 110.015 and Teejet TTI 110.015). Factor B was composed of seven adjuvants: Break Thru(r) (0.1% v.v.), Grap' Oil(r) (0.5% v.v.), Grap Super Gun(r) (0.03% v.v.), Iharol(r) (1% v.v.), NP-10(r) (0.075 L ha-1), Dash HC(r) (0.5% v.v.) and Emultec R(r) (0.05 L ha-1). The adjuvants were added to Roundup Transorb R(r) herbicide at 2.16 a.i. ha-1. Moreover, there were two control treatments, one untreated check and another one with application of glyphosate without adjuvant. The distance of droplets off-target, injury caused by drift, volumetric median diameter (VMD), droplet density and volume were evaluated by water sensitive paper cards. The TTI 110.015 spray nozzle resulted in lesser drift when compared to the AIXR 110.015 and XR 110.015 nozzles. The TTI and AIXR nozzles showed lower droplet density and greater VMD compared with the XR nozzle. The use of NP-10(r) and Emultec R(r) adjuvants with spray nozzle XR 110.015 increases drift. Adjuvant Emultec R(r) increases VMD droplets when used with the XR 110.015 nozzle. The use of adjuvants Grap' Oil(r), Grap Super Gun(r), Iharol(r) and Dash HC(r) decrease density derived droplets when generated with the XR 110.015 nozzle.

O cultivo de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul caracteriza-se pela permanência de lâmina de irrigação sobre o solo, o que ocasiona perdas de agrotóxicos na ocorrência de chuvas; portanto, o adequado manejo de irrigação pode influenciar na redução do transporte destes para o ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos de irrigação no extravasamento da água e no transporte e persistência de clomazone, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, trifloxystrobin e propiconazol em lavoura de arroz irrigado. Os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial consistiram nos manejos de irrigação por inundação contínua, intermitente e por banhos (fator A) e pelos agrotóxicos mencionados (fator B). Determinou-se o volume total de água extravasada e a taxa de dissipação e transporte desses agrotóxicos. Devido ao maior armazenamento de água da chuva, quando comparadas com a irrigação contínua, as irrigações intermitente e por banhos proporcionaram diminuição de 53 e 95% do volume de água perdida, resultando, respectivamente, em redução de 49 e 64% na massa total de agrotóxicos transportados para o ambiente, em relação ao total aplicado na lavoura. A massa de agrotóxico transportada não ultrapassou 3% do total aplicado, e as maiores concentrações de agrotóxicos em água ocorreram próximo à sua aplicação. Com base nesses resultados, salienta-se que os manejos de irrigação intermitente e por banhos minimizam o transporte de agrotóxicos para o ambiente.

Rice crop in the state of Rio Grande do Sul is characterized by the presence of water layer on the soil, which can cause pesticide runoff during the occurrence of rainfall. Thus, proper irrigation management can reduce pesticide transport into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation managements on water runoff, transport and dissipation of clomazone, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, trifloxystrobin, and propiconazol. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme and consisted of continuous flooding, intermittent flooding, and flushing irrigation (factor A) and by the application of the pesticides listed above (factor B). Total water runoff, and pesticide transport and dissipation rate were evaluated. Due to the larger rainfall storage, compared with continuous flooding, intermittent flooding and flushing irrigation provided a reduction of 53 and 95% of water runoff, resulting, respectively, in a reduction of 49 and 64% of the total mass transported into the environment in relation to the total applied in the field. The pesticide mass transported was lower than 3% of the total amount applied. Based on these results, it could be concluded that intermittent flooding and flushing irrigation minimize pesticide transport into the environment.Since the highest pesticide concentrations occur close to application time, it is of fundamental importance to conduct proper irrigation management providing maximum permanence in the environment.

Os herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de arroz irrigado são persistentes e móveis no solo, portanto práticas de manejo podem influenciar na sua dinâmica no ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de três manejos de irrigação da cultura do arroz na lixiviação da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic, em solo de várzea. O experimento consistiu de um ensaio de campo seguido de um bioensaio. As coletas de amostras de solo foram feitas por meio da retirada de monolitos em áreas submetidas aos diferentes manejos de irrigação do experimento de campo. As amostras foram seccionadas em intervalos de 5 cm, até a profundidade de 30 cm. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos manejos de irrigação por inundação contínua, intermitente e por banhos (fator A) e pelas profundidades do solo de 0 a 30 cm (fator B). Foi efetuada a comparação do crescimento de plantas de arroz não tolerantes aos herbicidas, cultivadas em solo submetido aos manejos de irrigação, com o crescimento das plantas em solo com quantidade conhecida dos herbicidas. A irrigação promoveu movimento vertical do herbicida, porém a diferença entre os manejos de irrigação apenas foi observada na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm), com menores concentrações na irrigação por banhos. A mistura formulada do herbicida concentrou-se na camada de 5-20 cm de profundidade aos 134 dias após a aplicação.

The herbicides used in ClearfieldTM rice technology are persistent and mobile in soil, and thus, management practices can affect its dynamics. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different rice irrigation managements on leaching of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in lowland soil. This study consisted of a field experiment followed by bioassay. The bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Department of Biology of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2009. Soil samples were collected from a field experiment submitted to different rice irrigation managements. These samples were sliced at 5 cm intervals up to 30 cm in depth. The treatments included three irrigation managements: continuous flooding, intermittent flooding and flush (factor A) and soil depth of 5 cm intervals, from 0 to 30 cm (factor B). The bioassay compared the growth of non-tolerant rice plants grown in soil subjected to the treatments described above, with the plants grown in soil with a known amount of herbicides. Irrigation promotes vertical movement of the herbicide, but the difference between irrigation management is only observed in the topsoil (0-5 cm), with flush being the treatment with the lower amounts of herbicide at this depth. The herbicide is concentrated at 5-20 cm depth, 134 days after the product is applied in lowland soil.

Dietary calcium lowers the risk of nephrolithiasis due to a decreased absorption of dietary oxalate that is bound by intestinal calcium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate oxaluria in normocalciuric and hypercalciuric lithiasic patients under different calcium intake. Fifty patients (26 females and 24 males, 41 ± 10 years old), whose 4-day dietary records revealed a regular low calcium intake (<=500 mg/day), received an oral calcium load (1 g/day) for 7 days. A 24-h urine was obtained before and after load and according to the calciuria under both diets, patients were considered as normocalciuric (NC, N = 15), diet-dependent hypercalciuric (DDHC, N = 9) or diet-independent hypercalciuric (DIHC, N = 26). On regular diet, mean oxaluria was 30 ± 14 mg/24 h for all patients. The 7-day calcium load induced a significant decrease in mean oxaluria compared to the regular diet in NC and DIHC (20 ± 12 vs 26 ± 7 and 27 ± 18 vs 32 ± 15 mg/24 h, respectively, P<0.05) but not in DDHC patients (22 ± 10 vs 23 ± 5 mg/24 h). The lack of an oxalate decrease among DDHC patients after the calcium load might have been due to higher calcium absorption under higher calcium supply, with a consequent lower amount of calcium left in the intestine to bind with oxalate. These data suggest that a long-lasting regular calcium consumption <500 mg was not associated with high oxaluria and that a subpopulation of hypercalciuric patients who presented a higher intestinal calcium absorption (DDHC) tended to hyperabsorb oxalate as well, so that oxaluria did not change under different calcium intake.