Abstract In this paper, by applying the new and improved form of Hölder’s integral inequality called Hölder-Íşcan integral inequality three inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard and Hadamard integral type for (h, d)-convex functions have been established. Various special cases including classes for instance, h-convex, s-convex function of Breckner and Godunova-Levin-Dragomir and strong versions of the aforementioned types of convex functions have been identified. Some applications to error estimations of presented results have been analyzed. At the end, a briefly conclusion is given.

Abstract Background: Continuous use of commercial herbicides is posing a severe threat to environment and creating herbicide resistant weeds. Allelopathy offers a promising alternative to commercial herbicides for sustainable weed management. The farmers are highly concerned with maximum yield as well as cost of the weed control techniques. Objective: To investigate economic and weed control efficiency of allelopathic crop water leachates mixed with lower rates of herbicide. Methods: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) crop leachates (18 L ha-1 each) tank mixed with lower doses (25, 33 and 50% of recommended dose) of S-metolachlor+atrazine were sprayed as pre-emergence for horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.) management in maize (Zea mays L.). Label dose (1,080 g a.i. ha-1) of herbicide (S-metolachlor+atrazine) and a weedy check treatment were also maintained. Results: The results showed that rapeseed+sunflower+sorghum allelopathic leachates mixed with half dose (540 g a.i. ha-1) of S-metolachlor+atrazine was effective against horse purslane and increased maize yield (grain) by 45% and 5% as compared with control and label dose of herbicide, respectively. Likewise, economic analysis showed that the same treatment was most economical with 40% and 9% higher net benefits than control and label dose of herbicide, respectively and 2407% marginal rate of return. It also gave an additional benefit of US$ 24.07 for investment of every US$1. Conclusions: By using this technique, herbicides use can be minimized by 50% for sustainable weed management without compromising maize yield and net benefits.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by a low level of acetylcholine, beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and oxidative stress. Donepezil is the core medicine used for the treatment of AD. Various structural modifications of donepezil have been carried out. Benzylpiperidine part of donepezil has been replaced with benzylpyridine, pyridyl methylpiperidine, benzylpiperazine, pyrimidyl piperazine. These derived molecules showed promising activities as anti-Alzheimer agents. Replacement of indanone part by other heterocyclic rings such as pyridine resulted in the formation of compounds which exhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Propargylamine containing derivatives displayed AChE as well as MAO inhibition properties. Attachment of donepezil with natural compounds like ferulic acid, flavonoids, and curcumin showed antioxidant activities in addition to inhibition of the AChE. Benzylpiperidine and benzylpiperazine have also been combined with condensed heterocyclic rings and these compounds displayed promising anti-Alzheimer properties. This review highlights the important structural modifications of donepezil and their influence on biological activities as anti-Alzheimer agents.

ABSTRACT Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Its chemical name is azidothymidine (AZT). AZT use is associated with bone marrow toxicity. Shorter half-life and inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier are the pharmacokinetic problems of this important drug molecule. Various modifications have been carried out in the structure of AZT. These include modification of hydroxyl and azido group, thymidine ring, preparation of phosphate and phosphonate derivatives, attachment of polymers and synthesis of hybrid molecules. Some of these changes produced compounds with significantly increased activity and less toxicity. This review highlights the various structural modifications of AZT and their influence on biological activities and pharmacokinetic properties.

Alternaric acid is characterized as 1,4-diene, possessing (E)-1,2-disubstituted alkene known for nanomolar phytotoxic and antifungal activities. This article highlights the major synthetic approaches attempted towards the total synthesis of alternaric acid reported by three groups (Ichihara & coworkers, Trost & coworkers and Johnson and Slade) which involved novel pathways for the rapid construction of this functionalized natural molecule.

RESUMO: Entender a interferência de plantas daninhas com diferentes tempos de semeadura da cultura é inevitável para prever as perdas de rendimento decorrentes da sua infestação e projetar sistemas por meio do manejo sustentável delas. Um experimento de campo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de datas de semeadura (20 de novembro e 10 de dezembro) e diferentes níveis de infestação de sementes de alpiste (10, 20, 30 e 40 plantas m 2) sobre o crescimento e rendimento de trigo em condições semiáridas. Lotes com duas infestações naturais de plantas daninhas, incluindo LCG (semente de alpiste, na abreviação em inglês) [controle não capinado (UWC, na abreviação em inglês)] e excluindo LCG (UWC-LCG), foram mantidos para comparar sua interferência em estandes puros com determinadas densidades. Um tratamento sem plantas daninhas (WFC, na abreviação em inglês) também foi realizado durante toda a estação. Todos os níveis de infestação de plantas daninhas/LCG a partir de 10 plantas LCG m-2 reduziram consideravelmente o crescimento de trigo (índice de área foliar, taxa de crescimento da cultura e acúmulo de matéria seca total) e prejudicaram os fatores que contribuem para o rendimento nas duas datas de semeadura. A presença de LCG foi mais prejudicial para o crescimento do trigo semeado tardiamente (10 de dezembro). Portanto, 40 plantas LCG m-2 registraram mais reduções nos índices de crescimento de trigo até mesmo do que UWC. Na safra de semeadura tardia de trigo, as perdas de rendimento de grãos por 40 plantas LCG m-2 e UWC foram comparáveis. No entanto, essas perdas foram muito maiores do que em UWC-LCG. No ponto crucial, o atraso na semeadura de trigo não apenas reduziu o crescimento e o rendimento da cultura, como também aumentou a interferência de LCG/plantas daninhas. Além disso, uma maior capacidade competitiva da LCG, particularmente para o trigo semeado tardiamente, sugere que ela deve ser controlada de modo a proporcionar um ambiente saudável para as plantas cultivadas.

ABSTRACT: Understanding the weed interference with different sowing times of crop is inevitable for forecasting yield losses by weed infestation and designing sustainable weed management systems. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of sowing dates (20th November, 10th December) and various little seed canary grass (LCG) infestation levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 plant m-2) on growth and yield of wheat under semiarid conditions. Plots with two natural infestations of weeds including LCG (Unweeded control; UWC) and excluding LCG (UWC-LCG) were maintained for comparing its interference in pure stands with designated densities. A season-long weed-free (WFC) treatment was also run. All the weeds/LCG infestation levels starting from 10 LCG plants m-2 considerably reduced the wheat growth (leaf area index, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation) and hampered the yield contributing factors in both sowing dates. Presence of LCG was more detrimental for growth of late-sown wheat (10th Dec), therefore, 40 LCG plants m-2 recorded more reductions in growth indices of wheat even than UWC. In late sown wheat crop, the grain yield losses by 40 LCG plants m-2 and UWC were comparable, however, these losses were much greater than UWC LCG. In crux, delay in sowing of wheat not only reduced the crop growth and yield but also enhanced the LCG/weed interference. Furthermore, greater competitive ability of LCG particularly for late-sown wheat suggests that it should be controlled in order to provide healthy environment for crop plants.

Foram estudados os efeitos fitotóxicos da planta daninha invasora Parthenium hysterophorus, por meio de extratos aquosos de plantas integrais, folhas e raízes em concentrações de 0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10% (w/v), sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de trigo e canola. Foram realizados estudos tanto em placas de Petri com papel-filtro quanto em substrato colocado em condições controladas e vasos de plástico cheios de solo colocados em ambientes abertos. Variação pronunciada foi observada na atividade fitotóxica de diferentes partes da planta Parthenium, nas concentrações de extrato aquoso, na espécie de teste e nas técnicas de bioensaio. Extratos aquosos de Parthenium inibiram ou retardaram a germinação e o crescimento suprimido de plântulas das espécies de teste, em relação ao controle. Para ambas as espécies de teste, todos os atributos de germinação foram suprimidos em uma extensão maior em placas de Petri do que em vasos de plástico. Os extratos de folhas foram mais supressivos à germinação de espécies de teste do que as plantas integrais e os extratos de raízes. O aumento da concentração do extrato além de 2,5% causou redução significativa na biomassa seca de plântulas nas duas espécies de teste. O extrato aquoso de Parthenium diminuiu os teores de clorofila em trigo e canola em 32-63% e 29-69%, respectivamente. No entanto, aumentos de 9-172% e 22-60% em conteúdo fenólico de trigo e canola foram registrados. A canola pareceu ser mais suscetível do que o trigo a todas as concentrações do extrato. Concluiu-se que bioensaios realizados sob condições controladas, utilizando papel-filtro como substrato, podem ser enganosos devido à sobrestimação da resposta alelopática e variação no potencial das espécies receptoras e doadoras. Além disso, isso sugere que os limites de concentrações de aleloquímicos para as espécies de teste em placas de Petri raramente são atingidos em condições de campo.

Phytotoxic effects of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus were studied by using whole plant, leaf and root aqueous extracts at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% (w/v) concentrations against germination and early seedling growth of wheat and canola. Studies were carried out both in Petri plates with filter paper as substratum placed in controlled conditions and soil-filled plastic pots placed in open environments. Pronounced variation was noted for phytotoxic activity of different plant parts of parthenium, aqueous extract concentrations, test species, and bioassay techniques. Aqueous parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species over control. For both test species, all the germination attributes were suppressed to a greater extent in Petri plates than in plastic pots. Leaf extracts were more suppressive to germination of test species than whole plant and root extracts. Increasing extract concentration beyond 2.5% caused significant reduction in seedling dry biomass of both test species. Aqueous parthenium extract diminished chlorophyll contents of wheat and canola by 32-63% and 29 69%, respectively. Nevertheless, an increase of 9-172% and 22-60% in phenolic contents of wheat and canola was recorded. Canola appeared to be more susceptible than wheat at all extract concentrations. Present study concluded that bioassays conducted under controlled condition using filter paper as substratum may be misleading due to over estimation of allelopathic response and variation in potential of receiver and donor species. Furthermore, it implies that threshold concentrations of allelochemicals for test species in Petri plates are rarely reached under field conditions.

As crescentes preocupações sobre toxicidade e desenvolvimento de resistência a herbicidas sintéticos exigiram a busca por abordagens alternativas no manejo de plantas daninhas. Alelopatia obteve apoio e potencial suficientes para o manejo sustentável de plantas daninhas. Extratos aquosos de seis espécies vegetais (girassol, arroz, amora, milho, colza ou couve-nabiça e sorgo) em diferentes combinações, isoladamente ou em mistura com 75% de redução da dose de herbicidas, foram avaliados por dois anos consecutivos em condições de campo. Uma verificação de plantas daninhas e S-metolachlor com atrazina (pré-emergência) e apenas atrazina (pós-emergência) nas doses recomendadas foi incluída para comparação. Dinâmica de plantas daninhas, índices de crescimento do milho e estimativa de rendimento foram realizados seguindo procedimentos padrão. Todas as combinações de extrato vegetal aquoso suprimiram crescimento e biomassa de ervas daninhas. Além disso, o efeito supressor foi mais pronunciado quando extractos de plantas aquosas foram suplementados com doses reduzidas de herbicidas. A combinação de colza ou couve-nabiça-girassol-sorgo suprimiu plantas daninhas em 74 - 80%, 78 - 70%, 65 - 68% durante os dois anos de estudo que foram semelhantes com S-metolachlor juntamente com meia dose de atrazina e uma dose completa apenas de atrazine. A taxa de crescimento da cultura e o acúmulo de matéria seca atingiram valores máximos de 32.68 e 1.502 g m-2 d-1 para a combinação de colza ou couve-nabiça-girassol-sorgo em 60 e 75 dias após a semeadura. Regressão de ajuste de curva para as características de crescimento e produção previu uma forte correlação positiva com o rendimento dos grãos e uma correlação negativa para biomassa seca de plantas daninhas em manejo alelopático de plantas daninhas na cultura de milho.

Growing concerns about toxicity and development of resistance against synthetic herbicides have demanded looking for alternative weed management approaches. Allelopathy has gained sufficient support and potential for sustainable weed management. Aqueous extracts of six plant species (sunflower, rice, mulberry, maize, brassica and sorghum) in different combinations alone or in mixture with 75% reduced dose of herbicides were evaluated for two consecutive years under field conditions. A weedy check and S-metolachlor with atrazine (pre emergence) and atrazine alone (post emergence) at recommended rates was included for comparison. Weed dynamics, maize growth indices and yield estimation were done by following standard procedures. All aqueous plant extract combinations suppressed weed growth and biomass. Moreover, the suppressive effect was more pronounced when aqueous plant extracts were supplemented with reduced doses of herbicides. Brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination suppressed weeds by 74-80, 78-70, 65-68% during both years of study that was similar with S-metolachlor along half dose of atrazine and full dose of atrazine alone. Crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation attained peak values of 32.68 and 1,502 g m-2 d-1 for brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination at 60 and 75 days after sowing. Curve fitting regression for growth and yield traits predicted strong positive correlation to grain yield and negative correlation to weed dry biomass under allelopathic weed management in maize crop.

O potencial herbicida dos extratos aquosos de diferentes plantas foi avaliado por meio do crescimento inicial de plântulas de plantas daninhas do arroz em bioensaios. Extratos aquosos de folhas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), girassol (Helianthus annuus), brássicas (Brassica compestris), amoreira (Morris alba), eucalipto (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) e cereja-de-inverno (Withania somnifera) foram aplicados num volume de calda de 18 L ha-1, na fase de 2-4 folhas, sobre as seguintes espécies de plantas daninhas do arroz: beldroega-cavalo (Trianthema portulacastrum) [folhas largas]; arroz-selva (Echinochloa colona) e capim (E. cruss-galli) [gramíneas]; e tiririca-roxa (Cyperus rotundus) e tiririca-arroz-plana (C. iria) [ciperáceas]. Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos na interação entre os extratos aquosos das plantas testadas e as diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas no que diz respeito ao crescimento das plântulas, o que demonstra que a inibição alelopática foi específica. O efeito dos diferentes extratos nas espécies estudadas manifestou-se na redução do comprimento das raízes, na propagação lateral/vegetativa das plantas, na acumulação de biomassa foliar e no teor de clorofila. O estudo sugere o potencial inibitório dos extratos aquosos de plantas alelopáticas no controle de plantas daninhas do arroz e salienta a possibilidade de seu uso como ferramenta para manejo dessas plantas em campo.

Herbicidal potential of different plant aqueous extracts was evaluated against early seedling growth of rice weeds in pot studies. Plant aqueous extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), brassica (Brassica compestris), mulberry (Morris alba), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldunensis), and winter cherry (Withania somnifera) at a spray volume of 18 L ha-1 each at the 2-4 leaf stage of rice weeds viz horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) [broad-leaf], jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), and E. crus-galli (barnyard grass) [grasses] and purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus) and rice flat sedge (C. iria) [sedges]. The results showed significant interactive effects between plant aqueous extracts and the tested weed species for seedling growth attributes depicting that allelopathic inhibition was species-specific. Shoot and root length, lateral plant spread, biomass accumulation, and leaf chlorophyll contents in test species were all reduced by different extracts. The study suggested the suppressive potential of allelopathic plant aqueous extracts against rice weeds, and offered promise for their usefulness as a tool for weed management under field conditions.

Identification of weed species with allelopathic potential and characterization of their adverse effects against associated crops is required for better understanding of weed-crop interactions. Phytotoxic activity of Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. on germination and seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated under controlled conditions. Two separate studies were done with each of four organic solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, 1-butanol) and crude aqueous (1:10 and 1:20) whole plant fractions of E. dracunculoides using distilled water and 0.05% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as control. Different aqueous and organic fractions of E. dracunculoides had a significant bearing on germination attributes and seedling growth that varied among tested species. The final germination percentage of wheat remained unaffected; nevertheless, root and shoot elongation and biomass accumulation in these parts were significantly retarded. Aqueous fractions appeared more phytotoxic than organic fractions and suppressed chickpea germination by 35-53%. These aqueous fractions also reduced root (64-75% and 33-34%) and shoot (18-62% and 21%) length and root (32-33% and 42-46%) and shoot (7-32% and 80-84%) dry weight of wheat and chickpea, respectively. Among organic fractions, n-hexane was more suppressive to test species. Chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of four phytotoxins, furoic, p-coumaric, syringic, and caffeic acids, in aqueous whole plant (1:10) fractions. This study determined the phytotoxic allelopathic activity of E. dracunculoides against wheat and chickpea.

Se requiere la identificación de especies de malezas con potencial alelopático y la caracterización de sus efectos adversos en contra de los cultivos asociados para una mejor comprensión de las interacciones cultivos-malezas. Se investigó la actividad fitotóxica de Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. en la germinación y crecimiento de plántulas de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) y trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) bajo condiciones controladas. Dos estudios separados se realizaron con cada una de las cuatro fracciones de disolventes orgánicos (n-hexano, cloroformo, acetato de etilo, 1-butanol) y extracto acuoso (1:10 y 1:20) de fracciones enteras de plantas de E. dracunculoides usando agua destilada y 0,05% (v/v) dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) como control. Diferentes fracciones acuosas y orgánicas de E. dracunculoides tuvieron una incidencia significativa en los atributos de germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas de las especies evaluadas. El porcentaje de germinación final de trigo no se vio afectado, sin embargo, la elongación de raíces y brotes y la acumulación de biomasa en estas partes fueron significativamente retrasadas. La fracción acuosa fue más itotóxica que las fracciones orgánicas y disminuyó la germinación de garbanzo en 53% y 35% para 1:10 y 1:20, respectivamente. Estas fracciones acuosas, 1:10 y 1:20, también redujeron la longitud de raíces (75-64% y 33-34%) y brotes (62-18% y 21-21%) y el peso seco de raíces (32-33% y 42-46%) y brotes (32-7% y 8480%) para trigo y garbanzo, respectivamente. Entre las fracciones orgánicas, n-hexano fue la más supresora de las especies ensayadas. El análisis cromatográico detectó la presencia de cuatro itotoxinas en la fracción acuosa (1:10) de la planta: ácido furoico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido cafeico, y ácido siríngico. El estudio determinó que E. dracunculoides es alelopática sobre el trigo y el garbanzo.

Weed control program should be environmentally benign and cost-effective so that reduced herbicide use can help meet these goals. Field trials were conducted to assess the bio-economic and qualitative impact of reduced doses (25 and 50% of label dose) of a postemergence pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicide (bispyribac-sodium) applied alone or in combination with multipurpose tree (eucalyptus Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., mango Mangifera indica L., and mulberry Morus alba L.) water extracts in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. The label dose of bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam along with weed control were included for comparison. Tank mixing of multipurpose tree water extracts with reduced herbicide doses accounted for > 55% suppression in weed density and > 75% in dry weight; they were quite higher than those recorded for the same herbicide doses used alone. A combination of these extracts with 50% reduced dose of bispyribac-sodium improved rice yield and quality attributes similar to the label dose of this herbicide. Despite the higher net benefits associated with label herbicide dose, the maximum marginal rate of return was achieved with a tank mix of 25% label herbicide dose with multipurpose tree water extracts.

Los programas de control de malezas deben ser respetuosos del medio ambiente y rentables, y la reducción del uso de herbicidas puede ayudar a cumplir estas metas. Los ensayos de campo se llevaron a cabo para evaluar el impacto bioeconómico y cualitativo de dosis reducidas (25 y 50% de la dosis etiqueta) de un herbicida de post-emergencia pirimidiniloxi benzoico (bispiribac-sodio) aplicado solo o en combinación con extractos acuosos de árboles multipropósito eucalipto (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), morera (Morus alba L.) en campos de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de siembra directa. Se incluyó dosis recomendada en la etiqueta de bispiribac-sodio y penoxsulam y un control de malezas para comparación. Mezcla de estanque de los extractos acuosos de árboles multipropósito con dosis de herbicida reducida causó supresión de > 55% en densidad de malezas y > 75% en peso seco, lo que fue superior cuando estas dosis de herbicida se utilizaron solas. La combinación de estos extractos con un 50% de reducción de la dosis de bispiribac-sodio registró granos por panícula, peso 1000 granos y rendimiento de grano similar a la dosis de etiqueta del herbicida superiores a la aplicación de dosis reducida de este herbicida. Este tratamiento también mejoró los atributos de calidad del grano sobre el control similar a la dosis de etiqueta del herbicida. A pesar de los mayores beneficios netos de la dosis de etiqueta del herbicida, la tasa máxima marginal de retorno se obtuvo con mezcla de estanque de 25% de la dosis herbicida sugerida con extractos acuosos vegetales multipropósito.

A ação tóxica de extratos aquosos da palha de trigo (Triticum aestivum) foi investigada na germinação, no crescimento inicial da plántula, em alguns atributos bioquímicos e nas enzimas antioxidantes de beldroegas-cavalo (Thianthema portulacastrum). Extratos aquosos de palha de trigo foram preparados pela imersão deste em água destilada na proporção de 01:10 m/v e diluidos para obtenção de cinco concentrações (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%). Estes foram usados como pré e pós-emergência em ensaios de laboratório e casa de vegetação. Os extratos aquosos de trigo exibiram toxicidade às beldroegas-cavalo, inibindo e retardando a sua germinação e suprimindo o crescimento das plántulas. Toxinas no extrato aquoso de trigo suprimiram o teor de clorofila e proteína solúvel, aumentaram os fenóis solúveis e a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes como catalase, peroxidase e superóxido dismutase em plántulas de beldroega-cavalo comparado ao controle. Acreditase que essa atividade inibitória origina-se da exposição das beldroegas-cavalo às toxinas presentes no extrato aquoso de palha de trigo. Efeitos supressivos da palha de trigo precisam ser investigados em condições de campo.

The toxic action of aqueous wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw extracts was investigated on germination, early seedling growth, some biochemical attributes and the antioxidant enzymes of horse purslane (Trianthemaportulacastrum). Aqueous extracts of wheat straw were prepared by soaking the wheat straw in distilled water in 1:10 w/v ratio and diluted to obtain the concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. These were used as pre and post emergence in laboratory and screen house trials. Wheat aqueous extracts exhibited phytotoxicity to horse purslane by inhibiting and delaying its germination and suppressing seedling growth. Wheat phytotoxins in its aqueous extracts suppressed the chlorophyll content and soluble protein, and enhanced soluble phenolics and the activity of antioxidant enzymes as catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the seedlings of horse purslane compared with the control. Such inhibitory activity is believed to originate from exposure to wheat phytotoxins that are present in its aqueous straw extract. The suppressive effects of wheat straw need to be investigated further under field conditions.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de utilizar resíduos agrícolas com potencial alelopático para reduzir o uso de herbicidas sintéticos em fava (Vicia faba). Resíduos de girassol (600 e 1,400 g m-2) e Treflan (50, 75 e 100% da dose recomendada) foram incorporados ao solo isoladamente ou em combinação uns com os outros. Parcelas não tratadas foram mantidas como controle. A aplicação de herbicidas nas parcelas com resíduo de girassol, foi melhor do que o herbicida usado sozinho. A integração da dose recomendada de Treflan com resíduo de girassol em 1,400 g m-2, para a produção de biomassa aérea da fava, foi 74 e 36% maior que o controle e a dose recomendada do herbicida aplicado isoladamente, respectivamente. Combinação de herbicida e resíduos de girassol são superiores no aumento do número de vagens e produtividade de fava, quando comparado ao herbicida isolado. Aplicação de 50% da dose Treflan em parcelas com resíduo de girassol resultou em maior rendimento de grãos, semelhantemente a dose% de herbicida. Análise cromatográfica do solo com o residuo de girassol indicou a presença de diversos compostos fitotóxicos de natureza fenólica. A supressão máxima da densidade e massa seca das plantas daninhas foram sincronizados com os valores de pico de fitotoxinas observados 4 semanas após a incorporação dos resíduos de girassol. A integração de resíduos de girassol com menores taxas de herbicida Treflan, pode suprimir plantas daninhas de forma mais eficaz, sem comprometer o rendimento da cultura da fava, como uma abordagem viável e ambientalmente racional.

Field trial was conducted with the aim of utilizing allelopathic crop residues to reduce the use of synthetic herbicides in broad bean (Vicia faba) fields. Sunflower residue at 600 and 1,400 g m-2 and Treflan (trifluralin) at 50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose were incorporated into the soil alone or in combination with each other. Untreated plots were maintained as a control. Herbicide application in plots amended with sunflower residue had the least total weed count and biomass, which was even better than herbicide used alone. Integration of recommended dose of Treflan with sunflower residue at 1,400 g m-² produced maximum (987.5 g m-2) aboveground biomass of broad bean, which was 74 and 36% higher than control and recommended herbicide dose applied alone, respectively. Combination of herbicide and sunflower residue appeared to better enhance pod number and yield per unit area than herbicide alone. Application of 50% dose of Treflan in plots amended with sunflower residue resulted in similar yield advantage as was noticed with 100% herbicide dose. Chromatographic analysis of residue-infested field soil indicated the presence of several phytotoxic compounds of phenolic nature. Periodic data revealed that maximum suppression in weed density and dry weight synchronized with peak values of phytotoxins observed 4 weeks after incorporation of sunflower residues. Integration of sunflower residues with lower herbicide rates can produce effective weed suppression without compromising yield as a feasible and environmentally sound approach in broad bean fields.

Restos culturais de trigo (Triticum aestivum) em decomposição e o solo da rizosfera foram avaliados quanto à supressão da atividade contra Trianthema portulacastrum, uma planta daninha de verão comum no Paquistão. Dois estudos independentes foram realizados em vasos. Palha de trigo foi incorporada ao solo em taxas de 4, 6 e 8 g kg-1, cinco dias antes da semeadura de P. trianthema. Vasos sem incorporação de palha foram mantidas como testemunha. No segundo estudo, o solo foi coletado das profundidades de 15 e 30 cm de profundidade de um campo recentemente cultivado com trigo imediatamente após a sua colheita e foi usado como meio de cultura. Solo de uma área intencionalmente não cultivada do mesmo campo foi utilizado como controle. A atividade supressora foi medida em termos de dinâmica de germinação, crescimento de plântulas, e atributos bioquímicos como o conteúdo de clorofila, fenólicos totais solúveis, proteínas solúveis e enzimas antioxidantes. Germinação, crescimento, teores de clorofila e proteína solúvel de P. trianthema foram todos influenciados negativamente. Teores mais altos de fenólicos e maiores atividades de enzimas antioxidantes foram observadas em resposta à incorporação de resíduos de trigo e seu solo rizosférico. Ambos os estudos estabeleceram influência fitotóxica de palha de trigo e do solo da rizosfera de trigo sobre P. trianthema, o que pode ser explorado no futuro para o manejo desta espécie com uma abordagem sustentável.

Decomposing wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw and rhizosphere-infested soil were evaluated for their suppressive activity against horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum), a noxious summer weed in Pakistan. Two separate pot studies were carried out. Wheat straw was incorporated at 4, 6 and 8 g kg-1 soil five days before the sowing of horse purslane. Pots without straw incorporation were maintained as control. In a second study, soil was taken from 15 and 30 cm depths from a previously cropped wheat field immediately after its harvest and was used as growing medium. Soil from an intentionally uncropped area of the same field was used as control. Suppressive activity was measured in terms of germination dynamics, seedling growth, and biochemical attributes such as chlorophyll contents, total soluble phenolics, soluble protein and antioxidant enzymes. Germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll contents and soluble protein of horse purslane were all negatively influenced. Higher phenolics and enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes were noticed in response to wheat residues incorporation and its rhizosphere soil. Both studies established that the phytotoxic influence of wheat straw and wheat-infested rhizosphere soil on horse purslane can further be exploited for horse purslane management as a sustainable approach.

Weed suppression is one of the several benefits achieved by soil incorporation of crop residues and such suppression is believed to be allelopathic in nature. The allelopathic potential of different crop residues: viz. sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), brassica (Brassica campestris L.) was evaluated in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and jungle rice (Echinochloa colona [L.] Link). Chopped crop residues were soil-incorporated alone and mixed at 6 g kg-1 soil (12 t ha-1) and compared with a control without residues. Soil incorporation of residues substantially delayed germination of jungle rice. The time to start germination, time to 50% emergence, mean emergence time, emergence index, and final germination percentage were all depressed by residue incorporation. Final germination of rice and jungle rice dropped by 11 to 15% and 11 to 27% with residue application alone and by 18 to 22% and 8 to 34% with a combination of crop residues, respectively. Residues were more suppressive to germination dynamics of jungle rice than rice. Crop residues exerted a pronounced negative influence on the shoot (25 to 100% and 14 to 44%) and root lengths (22 to 100% and 10 to 43%) of rice and jungle rice, respectively. Shoot and root dry weight of both rice and jungle rice also decreased significantly. An appreciable quantity of phenolics was recorded in soil amended with sorghum+sunflower+brassica residues. Since soil incorporation of allelopathic crop residues was detrimental to both rice germination and seedling growth, it is suggested that the time of residue application for jungle rice suppression and rice seeding time need to be adjusted so as to minimize rice crop damage.

La represión de malezas es uno de los beneficios logrados por la incorporación de residuos de cosecha al suelo y se cree que es de naturaleza alelopática. Se evaluó el potencial alelopático de diversos residuos de cultivos: sorgo (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) y coles (Brassica Compestris L.) en arroz (Oryza sativa L.) y pasto arroz o pasto Shama (Echinochloa colona [L.] Link). Los residuos de cosecha picados se incorporaron solos y en mezcla a 6 g kg-1 de suelo (12 t ha-1) y se compararon con un testigo sin residuos. La incorporación de los residuos al suelo retrasó sustancialmente la germinación del pasto arroz o pasto Shama. El tiempo para empezar la germinación, el tiempo a 50% de emergencia, el tiempo medio de emergencia, el índice de emergencia, y el porcentaje de germinación final fueron influidos negativamente por la incorporación de residuos. La germinación final del arroz y del pasto arroz o pasto Shama se redujo en 11 a 15% y 11 a 27% con el uso exclusivo de residuos, y en 18 a 22% y 8 a 34% con la combinación de los residuos de cultivos, respectivamente. Los residuos de cultivos ejercieron una marcada influencia negativa en la longitud de brotes (25-100% y 14-44%) y la longitud de raíces (22-100% y 10-43%) de arroz y de pasto arroz o pasto Shama, respectivamente. Peso seco de brotes y raíces de arroz y pasto del arroz o pasto Shama también decrecieron significativamente. Una apreciable cantidad de fenoles fue registrada en el suelo enmendado con residuos de sorgo+girasol+coles. Desde que los residuos alelopáticos de cultivos se incorporaron al suelo también fueron perjudiciales para la germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas de arroz, así se sugiere que el momento de la aplicación de los residuos para la supresión de arroz de la selva y el tiempo de la siembra del arroz deben ser ajustados para reducir al mínimo el daño del cultivo de arroz.