Abstract Purpose: To create a checklist to evaluate the performance and systematize the gastroenterostomy simulated training. Methods: Experimental longitudinal study of a quantitative character. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents. The training was divided into 5 sessions and consisted of participation in 20 gastroenterostomys in synthetic organs. The training was accompanied by an experienced surgeon who was responsible for the feedback and the anastomoses evaluation. The anastomoses evaluated were the first, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth. A 10 item checklist and the time to evaluate performance were used. Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The correlation index of 0.545 and 0,295 showed a high linear correlation between time variables and Checklist. The average Checklist score went from 6.8 to 9 points. Conclusion: The proposed checklist can be used to evaluate the performance and systematization of a simulated training aimed at configuring a gastroenterostomy.

Abstract Purpose: To discuss the use of models of hepatic retraction by laparoscopy, to present a new Hepatic Retractor (HR) and to evaluate its practicality, efficacy and safety in Esophageal Hiatus Exposure (EHE). Methods: Experimental cross - sectional study with a quantitative character. It was carried out in the Laboratory of Health Training of Christus University Center. The sample consisted of 12 livers of adult pigs weighing between 30 and 45 kg. A circular-shaped HR, 5 cm diameter and deformable materials was developed with a polypropylene cloth, metallic guide wire, epidural needle plastic guide and nylon string. The practicality of HR management was measured by the time required to use the instrument, efficacy by exposure to the operative field and safety by macroscopic assessment of liver damage. Results: The average time to complete the procedure was 3.24 minutes and reached less than 2 minutes after 12 repetitions. In eight experiments the maximum degree of EHE was obtained. No macroscopic lesions were observed. Conclusion: The use of HR described can broaden the operative field, without causing macroscopic liver lesions and prolonging the surgical time.

Abstract Purpose: To develop a model and curriculum for simulated training of an effective and well accepted laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). Methods: Experimental longitudinal study of quantitative character. The sample consisted of 12 general surgery residents and 6 urology residents (R3). The training consisted of making twelve VUAs on synthetic organs. The training was divided into four sessions and accompanied by an instructor who performed positive feedback. The evaluation of the anastomoses considered the time and the analysis of the operative technique through the global evaluation scale Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The best-rated items were the facilitator positive feedback and the fact that the training was carried out at the teaching hospital premises. Conclusions: The proposed training model was well accepted and proved to be effective in reducing operative time and improving laparoscopic skills. The training should be fractionated (4 sessions in 3 weeks), repetitive (12 anastomoses) and have positive feedback.

RESUMO Introdução: Os programas de simulação permitem um ambiente seguro e eficiente para a aquisição de habilidades cirúrgicas, e o currículo estruturado para realizar um treinamento simulado de uma anastomose intestinal é um exercício educacional valioso para residentes do segundo ano.No momento, inexiste um currículo de treinamento padronizado que possa ser utilizado no ensino da cirurgia laparoscópica básica e avançada por meio da confecção de uma gastroenteroanastomose. Objetivo: Desenvolver um currículo sistematizado para treinamento por simulação de uma anastomose cirúrgica laparoscópica. Métodos: Estudo experimental longitudinal e de caráter quantitativo. A amostra foi de 12 residentes de Cirurgia Geraloriundos de quatro hospitais. O treinamento consistiu na confecção de dez anastomoses, divididas igualmente em cinco sessões e ocorridasnum período de seis semanas. A anastomose entre um estômago e um intestino sintéticos por laparoscopia foi realizada numa caixa preta com fios de seda. No final do treinamento, os residentes utilizaram um questionário com a escala de Likert para avaliar o currículo de treinamento proposto. Resultados: Os participantes do treinamento pontuaram muito bem o currículo de treinamento proposto, tendo como itens mais bem avaliados a necessidade de ter o treinamento inserido no hospital de ensino e fazer parte da carga horária obrigatória. Os quesitos com pior avaliação foram as pinças e fios utilizados. Houve redução do tempo operatório, que se aproximou daquele dos experts. Conclusão: Um currículo estruturado para a simulação de uma anastomose gastrojejunal laparoscópica pode ter em sua programação a participação em 20 anastomoses, sendo dez como cirurgião principal e dez como cirurgião assistente. A distribuição dos procedimentos deve ocorrer em cinco sessões, com intervalo aproximado de uma semana e duração de seis semanas. O treinamento com órgãos sintéticos e uma caixa preta deve ser obrigatório, acessível e acompanhado por um cirurgião experiente que forneça um feedback individualizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Simulation programs allow a safe and efficient environment for acquiring surgical skills, and astructured curriculum for simulated bowel anastomosis training provides a valuable educational exercise for second year medical residents. Presently, there is no standardized training curriculum which can be used to teach basic and advanced laparoscopic surgery through the preparation of a gastroenteroanastomose. Objective: To develop a systematized curriculum for training by simulation of a laparoscopic surgical anastomosis. Methods: A longitudinal and quantitative experimental study. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents from four hospitals. The training consisted of proceeding ten anastomoses divided equally into five sessions and it took place over a six-week period. Laparoscopy-assisted anastomosis between asynthetic stomach and synthetic bowel was performed in a black box with silk threads. At the end of the training, a Likert scale-based questionnaire was answered by the residents to evaluate the proposed training curriculum. Results: The training participants scored the proposed training curriculum very well. The items that recorded the highest evaluation were the need for the training to be offered at the teaching hospital and for it to be a compulsory element of the work. The lowest scoring items were the tweezers and wires used. A reduction in the operation time was observed, taking it close to that achieved by specialist surgeons. Conclusion: A structured curriculum for the simulation of a laparoscopic gastrojejunal anastomosis should foresee participation in 20 anastomoses, 10 as the main surgeon and 10 as the assistant surgeon. The procedures should be distributed over 5 sessions, with an approximate interval of 1 week and over the course of a 6-week period. Training using synthetic organs and a black box should be mandatory, accessible and accompanied by an experienced surgeon who provides individualized feedback.

RESUMO Introdução: Os programas de simulação permitem um ambiente seguro e eficiente para a aquisição de habilidades cirúrgicas, e o currículo estruturado para realizar um treinamento simulado de uma anastomose intestinal é um exercício educacional valioso para residentes do segundo ano. No momento, inexiste um currículo de treinamento padronizado que possa ser utilizado no ensino da cirurgia laparoscópica básica e avançada por meio da confecção de uma gastroenteroanastomose. Objetivo: Desenvolver um currículo sistematizado para treinamento por simulação de uma anastomose cirúrgica laparoscópica. Métodos: Estudo experimental longitudinal e de caráter quantitativo. A amostra foi de 12 residentes de Cirurgia Geral oriundos de quatro hospitais. O treinamento consistiu na confecção de dez anastomoses, divididas igualmente em cinco sessões e ocorridas num período de seis semanas. A anastomose entre um estômago e um intestino sintéticos por laparoscopia foi realizada numa caixa preta com fios de seda. No final do treinamento, os residentes utilizaram um questionário com a escala de Likert para avaliar o currículo de treinamento proposto. Resultados: Os participantes do treinamento pontuaram muito bem o currículo de treinamento proposto, tendo como itens mais bem avaliados a necessidade de ter o treinamento inserido no hospital de ensino e fazer parte da carga horária obrigatória. Os quesitos com pior avaliação foram as pinças e fios utilizados. Houve redução do tempo operatório, que se aproximou daquele dos experts. Conclusão: Um currículo estruturado para a simulação de uma anastomose gastrojejunal laparoscópica pode ter em sua programação a participação em 20 anastomoses, sendo dez como cirurgião principal e dez como cirurgião assistente. A distribuição dos procedimentos deve ocorrer em cinco sessões, com intervalo aproximado de uma semana e duração de seis semanas. O treinamento com órgãos sintéticos e uma caixa preta deve ser obrigatório, acessível e acompanhado por um cirurgião experiente que forneça um feedback individualizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Simulation programs allow a safe and efficient environment for acquiring surgical skills, and astructured curriculum for simulated bowel anastomosis training provides a valuable educational exercise for second year medical residents. Presently, there is no standardized training curriculum which can be used to teach basic and advanced laparoscopic surgery through the preparation of a gastroenteroanastomose. Objective: To develop a systematized curriculum for training by simulation of a laparoscopic surgical anastomosis. Methods: A longitudinal and quantitative experimental study. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents from four hospitals. The training consisted of proceeding ten anastomoses divided equally into five sessions and it took place over a six-week period. Laparoscopy-assisted anastomosis between asynthetic stomach and synthetic bowel was performed in a black box with silk threads. At the end of the training, a Likert scale-basedquestionnaire was answered by the residents to evaluate the proposed training curriculum. Results: The training participants scored the proposed training curriculum very well. The items that recorded the highest evaluation were the need for the training to be offered at the teaching hospital and for it to be a compulsory element of the work. The lowest scoring items were the tweezers and wires used. A reduction in the operation time was observed, taking it close to that achieved by specialist surgeons. Conclusion: A structured curriculum for the simulation of a laparoscopic gastrojejunal anastomosis should foresee participation in 20 anastomoses, 10 as the main surgeon and 10 as the assistant surgeon. The procedures should be distributed over 5 sessions, with an approximate interval of 1 week and over the course of a 6-week period. Training using synthetic organs and a black box should be mandatory, accessible and accompanied by an experienced surgeon who provides individualized feedback.

Abstract Purpose: To develop a model of gastroenterostomy and to analyze the acquisition of skills after training by simulation. Methods: Experimental longitudinal study and of a quantitative character. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents from four hospitals. The training consisted of making ten anastomoses divided equally into five sessions and it took place over a period of six weeks. The evaluation of the anastomoses considered the time and the analysis of the operative technique through the global evaluation scale Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The correlation index of 0.545 and 0.497 showed a high linear correlation between time variables and OSATS. Conclusion: The preparation of ten gastroenterostomies is an exercise capable of transferring basic and advanced skills in laparoscopy through a standardized training using synthetic organs and a simulator.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of propranolol on capsular architecture around silicone implants by measuring the inflammation, capsular thickness, and collagen fiber density, using a guinea pig experimental model.METHODS:Thirty six adult male guinea pigs randomly divided into two groups (n=18) were used. Each one received a silicone implant with textured-surface. The capsular tissue around implants from untreated or treated animals with the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg, dissolved in daily water) were analyzed for inflammation by histological scoring, capsular thickness by computerized histometry, and collagen fibers type I and Type III density by picrosirius polarization at different time points (7, 14 or 21 days after silicone implantation).RESULTS: Propranolol treatment reduced inflammation and impaired capsular thickness and delayed collagen maturation around the textured implant.CONCLUSION:Propranolol reduces the risk of developing capsular contracture around silicone implants with textured surface.