ABSTRACT Objective To describe the technical specificities and feasibility of simulation of minimally invasive spine surgery in live pigs, as well as similarities and differences in comparison to surgery in humans. Methods A total of 22 Large White class swine models, weighing between 60 and 80kg, were submitted to surgical simulations, performed during theoretical-practical courses for training surgical techniques (microsurgical and endoscopic lumbar decompression; percutaneous pedicular instrumentation; lateral access to the thoracic spine, and anterior and retroperitoneal to the lumbar spine, and management of complications) by 86 spine surgeons. For each surgical technique, porcine anatomy (similarities and differences in relation to human anatomy), access route, and dimensions of the instruments and implants used were evaluated. Thus, the authors describe the feasibility of each operative simulation, as well as suggestions to optimize training. Study results are descriptive, with figures and drawings. Results Neural decompression surgeries (microsurgeries and endoscopic) and pedicular instrumentation presented higher similarities to surgery on humans. On the other hand, intradiscal procedures had limitations due to the narrow disc space in swines. We were able to simulate situations of surgical trauma in surgical complication scenarios, such as cerebrospinal fluid fistulas and excessive bleeding, with comparable realism to surgery on humans. Conclusion A porcine model for simulation of minimally invasive spinal surgical techniques had similarities with surgery on humans, and is therefore feasible for surgeon training.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Portal hypertension still represents an important health problem worldwide. In the search for knowledge regarding this syndrome, experimental studies with animal models have proven to be useful to point the direction to be taken in future randomized clinical trials. Purpose: To validate the experimental model of portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices in a medium-sized animal. Methods: This study included five minipigs br1. Midline laparotomy with dissection of the portal vein and production of a calibrated stenosis of this vein was performed. Measurement of pressure in the portal venous and digestive endoscopic were performed before and five weeks after the production of a stenosis. Results: All animals were 8 months old, average weight of 17 ± 2.5 kg. The mean pressure of the portal vein immediately before the partial ligation of the portal vein was 8.9 + 1.6 mm Hg, with 26.6 + 5.4 mm Hg in the second measurement five weeks later (p < 0.05). No gastroesophageal varices or hypertensive portal gastropathy were seen at endoscopy procedures in our sample at any time in the study. Conclusion: Portal vein ligation in minipigs has been validated in the production of portal hypertension, but not in the formation of esophageal varices.

Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of dextrose-prolotherapy with other substances for pain relief in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis. The literature screening was done in January 2021 through Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, and Database of the National Institute of Health based on the following criteria: randomized clinical trials that subjected patients with primary knee osteoarthritis who underwent treatment with dextrose-prolotherapy and other substances for pain relief. Paired reviewers independently identified 3381 articles and included 8 trials that met the eligibility criteria. According to the findings of this review, participants that underwent dextrose-prolotherapy showed improvements between baseline and posterior assessments and when compared to saline injections, but when compared to other substances, the results were not clear. Although dextrose-prolotherapy is a useful treatment method by itself, it is still not possible to clearly affirm that it is superior or inferior to its counterparts. There is an urgent need for further studies to bring more evidence to the field. HIGHLIGHTS Dextrose injections promote deposition of collagen into injured structures through growth factors and inflammatory cells. Dextrose-prolotherapy is a useful treatment method, but it is not superior or inferior to its counterparts.

Abstract Introduction: The increase in the incidence of pancreatic and biliary cancers has attracted the search for methods of early detection of diseases and biomarkers. The authors propose to analyze new findings on the association between microbiota and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) or Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Methods: This systematic review was carried out according to the items of Preferred Reports for Systematic Reviews and Protocol Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P). This study was registered by the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), identification code CRD42020192748 before the review was carried out. Articles were selected from the PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results: Most studies (86.67%) used 16s rRNA as a sequencing method. The main comorbidities found were diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Many studies were limited by the small number of participants, but the biases were mostly low. There was very little concordance about the composition of the microbiome of different sites, for both case and control groups when compared to other studies’ results. Bile sample analysis was the one with a greater agreement between studies, as three out of four studies found Escherichia in cases of CCA. Conclusion: There was great disagreement in the characterization of both the microbiota of cases and control groups. Studies are still scarce, making it difficult to adequately assess the data in this regard. It was not possible to specify any marker or to associate any genus of microbiota bacteria with PDAC or CCA.

RESUMO Racional: A incidência de hérnia abdominal em pacientes cirróticos é elevada, em torno de 20%. Em casos de ascite volumosa, a incidência atinge valores até 40%. Uma das principais e mais graves complicações no pós-operatório de correção de hérnias de pacientes cirróticos é a insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). Objetivo: Analisar a função renal de pacientes cirróticos submetidos a herniorrafias, comparando aqueles que apresentavam IRA pós-operatório com os demais, para determinar os fatores relacionados à sua ocorrência. Método: Seguimento de pacientes cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de hérnia entre 2001 e 2014 no Serviço de Transplante de Fígado. Foram coletados exames laboratoriais para avaliar a função renal no pós-operatório rotineiramente. A IRA foi definida com base no consenso do clube da ascite em 2015. Resultados: Dos 174 pacientes incluídos, ocorreu IRA em 58 pacientes (34,9%). Houve diferença entre grupos para as seguintes variáveis: MELD inicial, creatinina basal e creatinina, o grupo com IRA apresentou medias superiores ao grupo que não apresentou IRA. No grupo IRA PO, 74,1% das cirurgias, foram realizadas em caráter de emergência, enquanto que no grupo sem IRA no pós-operatório, 34,6%. No grupo IRA, 90,4% dos indivíduos apresentaram complicações no pós-operatório, enquanto no grupo sem IRA, 29,9%. As variáveis idade, MELD inicial, creatinina basal e creatinina no pós-operatório inicial foram estatisticamente significantes na análise de sobrevida. Conclusões: Existe uma associação entre IRA pós-operatória e cirurgia de emergência e IRA pós-operatóri e complicações pós-operatórias. Os fatores relacionados à maior ocorrência de IRA em pacientes cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de hérnia são o MELD inicial, creatinina basal, creatinina pós-operatória inicial. O preparo de pacientes cirróticos com hérnia abdominal antes de procedimentos cirúrgicos deve ocorrer sistematicamente, pois apresentam alta incidência de IRA pós-operatória.

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of abdominal hernia in cirrhotic patients is as higher as 20%; in cases of major ascites the incidence may increase up to 40%. One of the main and most serious complications in cirrhotic postoperative period (PO) is acute kidney injury (AKI). Aim: To analyze the renal function of cirrhotic patients undergoing to hernia surgery and evaluate the factors related to AKI. Methods: Follow-up of 174 cirrhotic patients who underwent hernia surgery. Laboratory tests including the renal function were collected in the PO.AKI was defined based on the consensus of the ascite´s club. They were divided into two groups: with (AKI PO) and without AKI . Results: All 174 patients were enrolled and AKI occurred in 58 (34.9%). In the AKI PO group, 74.1% had emergency surgery, whereas in the group without AKI PO it was only 34.6%.In the group with AKI PO, 90.4% presented complications, whereas in the group without AKI PO they occurred only in 29.9%. Variables age, baseline MELD, baseline creatinine, creatinine in immediate postoperative (POI), AKI and the presence of ascites were statistically significant for survival. Conclusions: There is association between AKI PO and emergency surgery and, also, between AKI PO and complications after surgery. The factors related to higher occurrence were initial MELD, basal Cr, Cr POI. The patients with postoperative AKI had a higher rate of complications and higher mortality.

ABSTRACT: Building Information Modeling (BIM), is a collaborative methodology that gathers all the information of a project in a single virtual prototype, which can then be studied throughout its life cycle. One of the main difficulties in its use is the limited training of professionals in its use and scope. Consequently, this research proposes a real-time work procedure where, by using the BIM methodology in the initial stages of the design process, this constitutes a support system for decision-making with respect to Building Sustainability. With this in mind, basic guidelines are set out to develop a pilot classroom experience that integrates the use of the BIM methodology, by making a Building Energy Model (BEM) of three commonly used social housing prototypes in San Juan, Argentina. The result is the BIM Execution Plan (BEP) for the first use of the BIM methodology in the Vertical Workshop on Environmental Architecture (TVAA) of the Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Design (FAUD) of the National University of San Juan (UNSJ).

RESUMEN: Building Information Modeling (BIM) es una metodología de trabajo colaborativo que concentra toda la información de un proyecto en un único prototipo virtual susceptible de ser estudiado a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. Una de las principales dificultades para su implementación es la escasa formación de profesionales en su uso y alcance. Por ello, esta investigación surge con el objetivo de proponer una mecánica de trabajo en tiempo real que, a partir del uso de la metodología BIM desde instancias iniciales del proceso de diseño, constituya un sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones en relación con la sustentabilidad edilicia. Con tales fines, se establecen lineamientos básicos para el desarrollo de una experiencia áulica piloto que integre el uso de la metodología BIM, a partir de la realización del Building Energy Model (BEM) de tres prototipos de vivienda social de uso generalizado en San Juan, Argentina. Como resultado, se obtiene el BIM Execution Plan (BEP) para la primera implementación de la metodología BIM en el Taller Vertical de Arquitectura Ambiental (TVAA) de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño (FAUD) de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ).

RESUMO Racional: A hernioplastia laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal (TEP) é procedimento tecnicamente exigente. Estudos recentes identificaram o IMC como um fator independente para a dificuldade técnica durante o período de aprendizagem. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do sobrepeso e da obesidade sobre as dificuldades técnicas na TEP. Método: Estudo prospectivo em pacientes submetidos à hernioplastia inguinal sintomática por meio da TEP. Foram analisados gênero, IMC, operação prévia, tipo de hérnia, tempo operatório e presença de complicações. A dificuldade técnica foi definida pelo tempo operatório, complicações maiores e recorrência. Os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos: 1) baixo peso, se menor que 18,5 kg/m²; 2) peso normal se IMC entre 18,5 e 24,9 kg/m²; 3) sobrepeso se IMC entre 25 e 29,9 kg/m²; e 4) obesos se IMC≥30 kg/m². Resultados: A coorte incluiu 190 pacientes, 185 homens e cinco mulheres. Os valores de IMC variaram de 16-36 kg/m² (média de 26 kg/m²). O tempo médio de operação foi de 55,4 min nas hérnias bilaterais (15-150) e 37,8 min nas unilaterais (13-150). O tempo cirúrgico foi estatisticamente correlacionado com o aumento do IMC nos primeiros 93 pacientes (p=0,049). Conclusão: IMC elevado e tempo operatório prolongado estão indubitavelmente correlacionados. No entanto, esta relação pode ser estatisticamente significativa apenas no período de aprendizagem. Embora várias características clínicas possam influenciar o tempo cirúrgico, ao chegar a um nível experiente, os cirurgiões parecem lidar facilmente com os desafios.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair is a technically demanding procedure. Recent studies have identified BMI as an independent factor for technical difficulty in the learning period. Aim: To analyze the effect of overweight and obesity on the technical difficulties of TEP. Method: Prospective study on patients who underwent a symptomatic inguinal hernia by means of the TEP technique. Were analyzed gender, BMI, previous surgery, hernia type, operative time and complications. Technical difficulty was defined by operative time, major complications and recurrence. Patients were classified into four groups: 1) underweight, if less than 18,5 kg/m²; 2) normal range if BMI between 18,5 and 24,9 kg/m²; 3) overweight if BMI between 25-29,9 kg/m²; and 4) obese if BMI≥30 kg/m². Results: The cohort had a total of 190 patients, 185 men and 5 women. BMI values ranged from 16-36 kg/m² (average 26 kg/m²). Average operating time was 55.4 min in bilateral hernia (15-150) and 37.8 min in unilateral (13-150). Time of surgery was statistically correlated with increased BMI in the first 93 patients (p=0.049). Conclusion: High BMI and prolonged operative time are undoubtedly correlated. However, this relationship may be statistically significant only in the learning period. Although several clinical features can influence surgical time, upon reaching an experienced level, surgeons appear to easily handle the challenges.

Among the innovations for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, islet transplantation is a less invasive method of treatment, although it is still in development. One of the greatest barriers to this technique is the low number of pancreas donors and the low number of pancreases that are available for transplantation. Rodent models have been chosen in most studies of islet rejection and type 1 diabetes prevention to evaluate the quality and function of isolated human islets and to identify alternative solutions to the problem of islet scarcity. The purpose of this study is to conduct a review of islet xenotransplantation experiments from humans to rodents, to organize and analyze the parameters of these experiments, to describe trends in experimental modeling and to assess the viability of this procedure. In this study, we reviewed recently published research regarding islet xenotransplantation from humans to rodents, and we summarized the findings and organized the relevant data. The included studies were recent reports that involved xenotransplantation using human islets in a rodent model. We excluded the studies that related to isotransplantation, autotransplantation and allotransplantation. A total of 34 studies that related to xenotransplantation were selected for review based on their relevance and current data. Advances in the use of different graft sites may overcome autoimmunity and rejection after transplantation, which may solve the problem of the scarcity of islet donors in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Myxofibrosarcoma is recognized as a malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic origin with increased prevalence in the elderly, presenting as nodules or tumors that may extend to the dermis and skeletal muscle, preferably in the lower limbs. Histologically it is characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells in a myxoid stroma. Myxofibrosarcoma has a high potential for local recurrence and metastasis, mainly when it presents a high or intermediate histological grade. We report the case of an eighty-four year old patient with a difficult diagnosis of a highly aggressive tumor.

RACIONAL: Dentre as correções endoscópicas das hérnias, as abordagens totalmente extraperitoneal (TEP) e transabdominal pré-peritoneal (TAPP) são amplamente aceitas como alternativas à operação aberta, fornecendo menos dor no período pós-operatório, menor tempo de permanência hospitalar e retorno precoce ao trabalho. A técnica TEP clássica requer três incisões na pele para a colocação de três trocárteres na linha média ou em triangulação. OBJETIVO: Descrever uma técnica utilizando apenas dois trocárteres para hernioplastia laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal (TEP). MÉTODO: Acesso extraperitoneal: são inseridos dois trocárteres sobre a linha média; um de 10 mm é inserido no subcutâneo em direção horizontal após incisão infra-umbilical transversal e, em seguida, elevado ao ângulo de 60°; outro de 5 mm é inserido ao nível do pubis com visão direta. Tempos operatórios: 1) dissecção do espaço preperitoneal: introdução da ótica laparoscópica de 0º através da incisão infra-umbilical para visualização e dissecção pré-peritoneal; pressão de insuflação inferior a 12 mmHg; 2) Dissecção de alguns reparos anatômicos: pubis, linha arqueada e vasos epigástricos inferiores; 3) reconhecimento do "triângulo da dor" e "triângulo do desastre"; 4) Inserção através do trocáter de 10 mm de tela de polipropileno de 10x15 cm para cobrir o sitio da hérnia; 5) Reposicionamento do peritônio e da borda dorsal da tela para evitar dobras ou deslocamento da tela. Não é necessária a drenagem. RESULTADOS: Esta técnica foi utilizada em nove pacientes e apresentou bom resultado sem necessidade de um cirurgião auxiliar para executá-la, apenas dois trocáteres, menos material de sutura e de curativos. Além disso, exigiu apenas duas incisões, o que proporcionou melhor resultado estético e menor dor no período pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica proposta utilizando dois trocárteres é uma alternativa viável, com melhora dos resultados cosméticos e financeiros.

BACKGROUND: Among endoscopic hernioplasties, totally extraperitoneal (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach are widely accepted alternatives to open surgery, both providing less postoperative pain, hospital length of stay and early return to work. Classical TEP technique requires three skin incisions for placement of three trocars in the midline or in triangulation. AIM: To describe a technique using only two trocars for laparoscopic total extraperitoneal for inguinal hernia repair. METHOD: Extraperitoneal access: place two regular trocars on the midline. The 10 mm is inserted into the subcutaneous in horizontal direction after a transverse infra-umbilical incision and then elevated at 60º angle. The 5 mm trocar is inserted at the same level of the pubis with direct vision. Preperitoneal space dissection: introduction 0º optical laparoscope through the infra-umbilical incision for visualization and preperitoneal dissection; insufflation pressure must be below 12 mmHg. Dissection of some anatomical landmarks: pubic bone, arcuate line and inferior epigastric vessels. Exposure of "triangle of pain" and "triangle of doom". Insertion through the 10 mm trocar polypropylene mesh of 10x15 cm to cover the hernia sites. Peritoneal sac and the dorsal edge of the mesh are repositioned in order to avoid bending or mesh displacement. It is also important to remember that the drainage is not necessary. RESULTS: The 2-port TEP required less financial costs than usual because it is not necessary an auxiliary surgeon to perform the technique. Trocars, suturing material and wound dressing were spared in comparison to the classical technique. Besides, there were only two incisions, which provides a better plastic result and less postoperative pain. CONCLUSION: The TEP technique using two trocars is an alternative technique which improves cosmetic and financial outcomes.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A autoimunidade e a rejeição após o transplante ainda precisam ser superadas no desenvolvimento técnico de transplante de ilhotas para o tratamento de diabetes tipo 1. Inibir a rejeição de enxertos de ilhotas, mantendo a capacidade do enxerto para segregar insulina é uma estratégia essencial. O uso de agentes imunossupressores reduz a taxa de rejeição aguda em transplantados, mas os efeitos colaterais a longo prazo deve ser evitados. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo do presente estudo é o de organizar e analisar os parâmetros de imunossupressão envolvidos em tentativas experimentais de alotransplante em roedores. METODOLOGIA: Esta avaliação foi realizada utilizando o banco de dados PUBMED para pesquisar artigos publicados que contenham a palavra-chave "o transplante de ilhotas de roedores". Os critérios de inclusão envolveram alotransplante com ilhotas de roedores e as listas de referências das publicações recuperadas que eram elegíveis. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram isotransplante, autotransplante, e xenotransplante definido como o transplante para outras espécies. RESULTADOS: Vinte estudos relacionados ao alotransplante foram selecionados para esta revisão sistemática baseada em imunossupressão. CONCLUSÃO: Novas drogas imunossupressoras aumentaram as taxas de sobrevivência de alotransplante em roedores, reduzindo os efeitos colaterais. Os avanços na imunossupressão levantam a possibilidade de superar a autoimunidade e rejeição após alotransplante.

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmunity and rejection after transplantation must still be overcome in the technical development of islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is therefore necessary to inhibit rejection of islet grafts while maintaining the graft's ability to secrete insulin. Although the use of immunosuppressants reduces the acute rejection rate in transplant patients, long-term side effects must be prevented. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to organize and analyze the parameters of immunosuppression involved in experimental attempts of allotransplantation in rodents. METHODOLOGY: This review was performed using the Pubmed database to search for published articles containing the keywords "rodent islet transplantation". The inclusion criteria involved allotransplantation with rodents' islets and the reference lists of the publications retrieved that were eligible. The exclusion criteria involved isotransplantation, autotransplantation, and xenotransplantation such as transplantation in other species. RESULTS: Twenty studies related to allotransplantation were selected for this systematic review based on immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: New immunosuppressive drugs increased the survival rates of allotransplantation in rodents by reducing the side effects. The advances in immunosuppression raise the possibility of overcoming autoimmunity and rejection after allotransplantation.

RACIONAL: Várias técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido desenvolvidas ao longo dos últimos anos, e a correção de hérnia inguinal pré-peritoneal totalmente extraperitoneal e transabdominal são as técnicas endoscópicas que são mais comumente utilizadas. OBJETIVOS: Descrever e discutir a técnica de Dulucq e as modificações do uso da tela 3-D na correção de hérnia inguinal totalmente extraperitoneal. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos prospectivamente neste estudo pacientes submetidos à correção de hérnia inguinal eletiva. Foram estudados os aspectos operatórios e pós-operatórios. RESULTADOS: Um total de 261 correções herniárias foram incluídas neste estudo. Elas foram realizadas pela técnica totalmente extraperitoneal; duas (0,75%) foram convertidos para técnica anterior de Liechtenstein. O tempo operatório médio foi de 43,38 min em hérnia unilateral e 53,36 min em hérnia bilateral. A maioria dos pacientes (95%) teve alta no mesmo dia da operação. A taxa de morbidade pós-operatória foi de 5,7%. A incidência de recidiva foi de 0,0% em média de 26 meses. CONCLUSÃO: Hernioplastia totalmente extraperitoneal é procedimento eficaz e seguro nas mãos de cirurgiões experientes e com formação específica. É uma opção interessante para hérnia bilateral e recidivante, uma vez que obtém resultados satisfatórios em termos de dor pós-operatória e morbidade.

BACKGROUND: Several surgical techniques have been developed over the past years, and total extraperitoneal and transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair are the endoscopic techniques that are most commonly used. AIM: To describe and discuss Dulucq's technique and the modifications of using 3-D mesh in total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Patients who underwent an elective inguinal hernia repair were enrolled prospectively in this study. Operative and postoperative course were studied. RESULTS: A total of 261 hernia repairs were included in the study. The hernias were repaired by total extraperitoneal technique; two hernias (0.75%) were converted to open anterior Liechtenstein technique. Mean operative time was 43.38 min in unilateral hernia and 53.36 min in bilateral hernia. Most of the patients (95%) were discharged at the same day of the surgery. The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 5.7%. The incidence of recurrence rate was 0.0% in median follow-up period of 26 months. CONCLUSION: Total extraperitoneal hernioplasty is a very effective and safe procedure in the hands of experienced surgeons with specific training. It is an interesting option in bilateral and recurrent hernia as it obtains satisfactory results in terms of postoperative pain and morbidity.

INTRODUÇÃO: A reparação da hérnia inguinal tem sido área controversa na prática cirúrgica, desde que desde que ela foi concebida. O fato de que inúmeros procedimentos diferentes estão em uso reflete a complexidade de hérnia inguinal e seu reparo. OBJETIVO: Descrever a técnica de Dulucq e as modificações do uso da tela 3-D na correção de hérnia inguinal laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal. MÉTODOS: A técnica da correção da hérnia laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal é detalhada no texto. CONCLUSÃO: Correção laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal é preferível à correção de hérnias transabdominais pré-peritoneais porque o peritônio não é violado. A dissecção deve ser sempre realizada nos mesmos passos, sem utilizar cautério monopolar e o paciente em leve posição de Trendelemburg. Com estas recomendações, a hernioplastia laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal é factível com poucas complicações intra-abdominais.

INTRODUCTION: The inguinal hernia repair has been a controversial area in the surgical practice ever since it has been conceived. The fact that numerous different procedures are in use reflects the complexity of inguinal hernia and its repair. AIM: The purposes of this study were to describe Dulucq's technique and the modifications of using 3-D mesh in laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Surgical technique of laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernia repair is detailed on the text. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal is preferred over transabdominal preperitoneal hernia as the peritoneum is not violated. The dissection must always be done with the same stages, without monopolar diathermy and the patient in a slight Trendelenburg position. Following these recommendations, the laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty is feasible with fewer intra-abdominal complications.