Resumo Objetivo: descrever o processo de implantação subnacional da certificação da eliminação da transmissão vertical de HIV e/ou sífilis, suas principais barreiras, desafios e oportunidades. Métodos: em 2022, foram avaliados indicadores do último ano completo para meta de impacto, e dos dois últimos anos completos para metas de processo, disponíveis nos sistemas nacionais de informações; foram analisados relatórios descritivos e reconhecidas ações em quatro eixos temáticos, conforme recomendações da OPAS/OMS. Resultados: 43 municípios ≥ 100 mil habitantes foram certificados, abrangendo 24,6 milhões de habitantes; um município alcançou dupla eliminação (HIV-sífilis), 28 alcançaram eliminação para HIV e 10, selos prata; para sífilis, houve uma eliminação, 4 selos ouro, 13 prata e 4 bronze; identificou-se maior número de certificações nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Conclusão: barreiras e desafios do processo foram superados pela colaboração tripartite; a experiência proporcionou melhor integração da vigilância com a assistência e qualificação das ações para prevenção da transmissão vertical.

Resumen Objetivo: describir el proceso de implementación subnacional de la certificación de eliminación de la transmisión vertical (TV) de sífilis y/o VIH, barreras, oportunidades y desafíos. Métodos: en 2022, se evaluaron indicadores del último año completo para la meta de impacto y de los dos últimos años para las de proceso en los sistemas de información; se analizaron informes descriptivos y se reconocieron acciones de cuatro ejes, según las recomendaciones de la OPS/OMS. Resultados: se certificaron 43 municipios ≥ 100.000 mil habitantes, cubriendo 24,6 millones de habitantes; un municipio logró la doble eliminación (VIH-sífilis), 28 la eliminación del VIH y 10 sellos plata; para sífilis, hubo una eliminación, 4 sellos oro, 13 plata y 4 bronce; las regiones Sudeste y Sur obtuvieron más certificaciones. Conclusión: barreras y desafíos fueron superados mediante la colaboración tripartita; la experiencia permitió la integración de la vigilancia con la atención y la cualificación de acciones para la prevención de la TV.

Abstract Objective: to describe the subnational implementation process of the certification for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and/or syphilis, its main barriers, challenges and opportunities. Methods: in 2022, indicators from the last full year for impact targets and the last two full years for process targets, available in national information systems, were evaluated; descriptive reports were analyzed and actions were acknowledged within four thematic axes, according to PAHO/WHO recommendations. Results: 43 municipalities ≥ 100,000 inhabitants were certified, covering 24.6 million inhabitants; one municipality achieved dual elimination (HIV-syphilis), 28 municipalities achieved elimination of HIV and 10 received silver tiers; regarding syphilis, one elimination was observed, along with 4 gold tiers, 13 silver tiers and 4 bronze tiers; a higher number of certifications was identified in the Southeast and South regions. Conclusion: barriers and challenges of the process were overcome through tripartite collaboration; the experience provided better integration of surveillance with care and improved actions aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission.

Abstract Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) are useful to identify syphilis cases, particularly for hard-to-reach populations and if laboratory services are scarce. However, RDT performance may be suboptimal. We aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a syphilis RDT using well-characterized blood donors’ samples. We categorized samples from 811 blood donors into five groups: 1 - Samples with reactive Chemiluminescence (QML), FTA-Abs, and VDRL; 2 - Samples with reactive QML and FTA-Abs, and nonreactive VDRL; 3 - Samples with reactive QML, and nonreactive for other markers (false-positives); 4 - Controls with nonreactive QML; and 5 - Samples reactive for HIV, with nonreactive QML. Sensitivity was tested in groups 1 (overall and according to VDRL titers) and 2; specificity was tested in groups 3‒5. The RDT had high specificity, even in samples reactive for HIV. The sensitivity was high (91.9%) in samples with reactive VDRL but varied between 75.0%‒100% according to VDRL titers. The overall sensitivity was lower (81.3%) in samples with reactive FTA-Abs and nonreactive VDRL. The RDT is a useful tool to detect active syphilis but may be more limited for cases with very early or remote infection, or those with prior treatment. When higher sensitivity is needed, additional strategies including recurrent testing or laboratory-based tests may be required.

ABSTRACT Background: Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLWH) are more likely to be infected with the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). We assessed the prevalence of high-risk (HR) (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/82), probable high-risk (pHR) (26/53/66), and low-risk (LR) (6/11/40/42/43/44/54/61/70) HPV types and their associated risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study of WLWH aged 18-64 years included one laboratory and eight HIV-specialty healthcare facilities in the pilot network. Descriptive statistics were used to assess sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Adjusted analyses were conducted to evaluate risk factors associated with HR and/or pHR HPV infection in WLWH. Results: From May/2021 to May/2022, 1,914 (92.5%) WLWH participated in the pilot study and had valid HPV-DNA results of self-collected vaginal samples. The median age of the participants was 45 years, 60.1% had ≥ 9 years of schooling, 80.5% were ≤ 18 years at first sexual intercourse, and 51.7% had > 4 sexual partners throughout life. The prevalence of any HPV type, HR HPV, pHR HPV, and LR HPV was 65.8%, 49.6%, 16.7%, and 40.0%, respectively. Age was inversely associated with pHR and/or HR-HPV (p < 0.001), and education level was inversely associated with HR-HPV (p = 0.003) types. Any HR or pHR was associated with being single (p = 0.029) and exchanging sex for drugs (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV, especially HR HPV, among WLWH is high in Brazil, highlighting the need for HPV screening in this population. Self-collection of vaginal samples is an important strategy for increasing testing access.

ABSTRACT Background: Gonorrhea is not a notifiable disease in Brazil, and the national health information system does not collect data on reported cases or infection prevalence. Methods: We compiled published data on gonorrhea prevalence in Brazil from cross-sectional surveys and clinical trials between 2000 and 2020. The study entry criteria included a sample size of 50 or more, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection detected in urine, urethral, anal, or cervicovaginal specimens using either Nucleic Acid Amplification Test or culture. Gonorrhea prevalence trends between 2000 and 2020 were generated using Spectrum-STI, a statistical trend-fitting model. Results: Forty-five studies with 59 gonorrhea prevalence data points were identified. Fifty data points were for women and represented 21,815 individuals, eight for men encompassing a total of 4,587 individuals, and one for transgender people comprising 345 individuals. The Spectrum-STI estimate for the prevalence of urogenital infection with gonorrhea in women 15-49 in 2020 was 0.63% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-2.23) and was lower than the 1.05% estimated value for 2000 (95% CI: 0.36-2.79). The corresponding figures for men were 0.70% (95% CI: 0.16-2.44) and 1.14% (95% CI: 0.34-3.15). Anal prevalence estimates could not be generated because of insufficient data (three data points). Conclusions: These results suggest that the overall prevalence of genitourinary gonococcal infections in Brazil is less than 1%. Data on gonorrhea prevalence in men and in populations at increased STI vulnerability are limited.

Abstract Objective: to describe the subnational implementation process of the certification for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and/or syphilis, its main barriers, challenges and opportunities. Methods: in 2022, indicators from the last full year for impact targets and the last two full years for process targets, available in national information systems, were evaluated; descriptive reports were analyzed and actions were acknowledged within four thematic axes, according to PAHO/WHO recommendations. Results: 43 municipalities ≥ 100,000 inhabitants were certified, covering 24.6 million inhabitants; one municipality achieved dual elimination (HIV-syphilis), 28 municipalities achieved elimination of HIV and 10 received silver tiers; regarding syphilis, one elimination was observed, along with 4 gold tiers, 13 silver tiers and 4 bronze tiers; a higher number of certifications was identified in the Southeast and South regions. Conclusion: barriers and challenges of the process were overcome through tripartite collaboration; the experience provided better integration of surveillance with care and improved actions aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission.

Resumen Objetivo: describir el proceso de implementación subnacional de la certificación de eliminación de la transmisión vertical (TV) de sífilis y/o VIH, barreras, oportunidades y desafíos. Métodos: en 2022, se evaluaron indicadores del último año completo para la meta de impacto y de los dos últimos años para las de proceso en los sistemas de información; se analizaron informes descriptivos y se reconocieron acciones de cuatro ejes, según las recomendaciones de la OPS/OMS. Resultados: se certificaron 43 municipios ≥ 100.000 mil habitantes, cubriendo 24,6 millones de habitantes; un municipio logró la doble eliminación (VIH-sífilis), 28 la eliminación del VIH y 10 sellos plata; para sífilis, hubo una eliminación, 4 sellos oro, 13 plata y 4 bronce; las regiones Sudeste y Sur obtuvieron más certificaciones. Conclusión: barreras y desafíos fueron superados mediante la colaboración tripartita; la experiencia permitió la integración de la vigilancia con la atención y la cualificación de acciones para la prevención de la TV.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever o processo de implantação subnacional da certificação da eliminação da transmissão vertical de HIV e/ou sífilis, suas principais barreiras, desafios e oportunidades. Métodos: em 2022, foram avaliados indicadores do último ano completo para meta de impacto, e dos dois últimos anos completos para metas de processo, disponíveis nos sistemas nacionais de informações; foram analisados relatórios descritivos e reconhecidas ações em quatro eixos temáticos, conforme recomendações da OPAS/OMS. Resultados: 43 municípios ≥ 100 mil habitantes foram certificados, abrangendo 24,6 milhões de habitantes; um município alcançou dupla eliminação (HIV-sífilis), 28 alcançaram eliminação para HIV e 10, selos prata; para sífilis, houve uma eliminação, 4 selos ouro, 13 prata e 4 bronze; identificou-se maior número de certificações nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Conclusão: barreiras e desafios do processo foram superados pela colaboração tripartite; a experiência proporcionou melhor integração da vigilância com a assistência e qualificação das ações para prevenção da transmissão vertical.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To estimate the prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated against women by their intimate partner (IP) in Quilombola communities located in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. METHODS The data is from a population-based cross-sectional study of Quilombola women conducted from 2017 to 2018. In-person interviews collected information on women’s sociodemographic characteristics, behaviors, and their experience of violence perpetrated by their IP. The analysis used chi-square test and hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS 219 women (94.8% of the invited ones) agreed to participate in the study. 59.0% (95%CI: 5.25–65.5) reported psychological violence; 41% (95%CI: 34.5–47.5) physical violence; and 8.2% (95%CI: 4.6–11.8) sexual violence. Psychological violence was associated with having three or more sexual partners in life, when compared to those who had up to two partners (p = 0,009), and previous violence involving other people outside of family increased the chance of suffering psychological violence by an IP more than nine times (p ≤ 0.001). Regarding physical violence, the association with use of barrier contraception (p = 0.031) and having a partner with other sexual partners (p = 0.024) were protective factors for IP violence. Having 3 or more sexual partners in the last 12 months (p = 0.006), partner using illicit drugs (p = 0,006), and alcoholism in the family (p = 0,001), increased the chance of suffer physical violence by the partner. Sexual violence perpetrated by the IP was associated with miscarriage (p = 0.016), partner using drugs (p = 0.020), and gynecological symptoms (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS These results showed the high frequency of intimate partner violence in Quilombola women and highlight the importance of reducing social and race inequities for interrupting the culture of violence against women.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To estimate the prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated against women by their intimate partner (IP) in Quilombola communities located in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. METHODS The data is from a population-based cross-sectional study of Quilombola women conducted from 2017 to 2018. In-person interviews collected information on women’s sociodemographic characteristics, behaviors, and their experience of violence perpetrated by their IP. The analysis used chi-square test and hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS 219 women (94.8% of the invited ones) agreed to participate in the study. 59.0% (95%CI: 5.25–65.5) reported psychological violence; 41% (95%CI: 34.5–47.5) physical violence; and 8.2% (95%CI: 4.6–11.8) sexual violence. Psychological violence was associated with having three or more sexual partners in life, when compared to those who had up to two partners (p = 0,009), and previous violence involving other people outside of family increased the chance of suffering psychological violence by an IP more than nine times (p ≤ 0.001). Regarding physical violence, the association with use of barrier contraception (p = 0.031) and having a partner with other sexual partners (p = 0.024) were protective factors for IP violence. Having 3 or more sexual partners in the last 12 months (p = 0.006), partner using illicit drugs (p = 0,006), and alcoholism in the family (p = 0,001), increased the chance of suffer physical violence by the partner. Sexual violence perpetrated by the IP was associated with miscarriage (p = 0.016), partner using drugs (p = 0.020), and gynecological symptoms (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS These results showed the high frequency of intimate partner violence in Quilombola women and highlight the importance of reducing social and race inequities for interrupting the culture of violence against women.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever características epidemiológicas e clínicas da monkeypox (MPX) no Brasil desde a identificação do primeiro caso, em 7 de junho de 2022, até a semana epidemiológica (SE) 39, encerrada em 1º de outubro de 2022. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos notificados ao Ministério da Saúde; as tendências foram analisadas sobre o número de casos confirmados e prováveis, por SE; os casos foram descritos segundo variáveis demográficas e variáveis clínicas. Resultados: das 33.513 notificações, 23,8% foram confirmadas, 91,8% eram do sexo masculino e 70,6% de homens cis com idade mediana de 32 anos; febre (58,0%), adenomegalia (42,4%), cefaleia (39,9%) e erupções (37,0%) foram os sintomas mais frequentes; 27,5% declararam ser imunossuprimidos, 34,6% viviam com HIV e 10,5% possuíam infecção sexualmente transmissível; três óbitos foram registrados. Conclusão: o perfil de casos de MPX foi semelhante ao de outros países; ações de vigilância devem ser reforçadas para o controle do surto.

Abstract Objective: to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox (MPX) in Brazil, from the identification of the first case, on June 7, 2022, to Epidemiological Week (EW) 39, ending on October 1, 2022. Methods: this was a descriptive study of cases notified to the Ministry of Health; trends were analyzed based on the number of confirmed and probable cases per EW; the cases were also described according to demographic and clinical variables. Results: out of 31,513 notifications, 23.8% were confirmed; 91.8% were male; 70.6% were cis men; and median age was 32 years. Fever (58.0%), adenomegaly (42.4%), headache (39.9%) and rash (37.0%) were the most frequent symptoms; 27.5% reported being immunosuppressed, 34.6% were living with HIV and 10.5% had a sexually transmitted infection; three deaths were recorded. Conclusion: the MPX case profile was similar to that of other countries; surveillance actions must be strengthened to control the outbreak.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la viruela del mono (MPX) en Brasil, desde la identificación del primer caso, el 7 de junio de 2022, hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 39, finalizando el 1° de octubre de 2022. Métodos: Las tendencias de los casos notificados al Ministerio de Salud se analizaron como el número de casos notificados confirmados y probables, por SE. Los casos se describieron según variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados: se confirmaron 33.513 notificaciones un 23,8%; 91,8% del sexo masculino; un 70,6% de hombres cis; con edad promedio de 32 años. Fiebre (58,0%), adenomegalia (42,4%), cefalea (39,9%) y exantema (37,0%) fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. Un 27,5% declaró estar inmunodeprimido, 34,6% vivía con VIH y 10,5% tenía alguna infección de transmisión sexual. Se registraron 3 muertes. Conclusión: El perfil de los casos MPX fue similar al de otros países. Se deben reforzar las acciones de vigilancia para controlar el brote.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever características epidemiológicas e clínicas da monkeypox (MPX) no Brasil desde a identificação do primeiro caso, em 7 de junho de 2022, até a semana epidemiológica (SE) 39, encerrada em 1º de outubro de 2022. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos notificados ao Ministério da Saúde; as tendências foram analisadas sobre o número de casos confirmados e prováveis, por SE; os casos foram descritos segundo variáveis demográficas e variáveis clínicas. Resultados: das 33.513 notificações, 23,8% foram confirmadas, 91,8% eram do sexo masculino e 70,6% de homens cis com idade mediana de 32 anos; febre (58,0%), adenomegalia (42,4%), cefaleia (39,9%) e erupções (37,0%) foram os sintomas mais frequentes; 27,5% declararam ser imunossuprimidos, 34,6% viviam com HIV e 10,5% possuíam infecção sexualmente transmissível; três óbitos foram registrados. Conclusão: o perfil de casos de MPX foi semelhante ao de outros países; ações de vigilância devem ser reforçadas para o controle do surto.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la viruela del mono (MPX) en Brasil, desde la identificación del primer caso, el 7 de junio de 2022, hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 39, finalizando el 1° de octubre de 2022. Métodos: Las tendencias de los casos notificados al Ministerio de Salud se analizaron como el número de casos notificados confirmados y probables, por SE. Los casos se describieron según variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados: se confirmaron 33.513 notificaciones un 23,8%; 91,8% del sexo masculino; un 70,6% de hombres cis; con edad promedio de 32 años. Fiebre (58,0%), adenomegalia (42,4%), cefalea (39,9%) y exantema (37,0%) fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. Un 27,5% declaró estar inmunodeprimido, 34,6% vivía con VIH y 10,5% tenía alguna infección de transmisión sexual. Se registraron 3 muertes. Conclusión: El perfil de los casos MPX fue similar al de otros países. Se deben reforzar las acciones de vigilancia para controlar el brote.

Abstract Objective: to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox (MPX) in Brazil, from the identification of the first case, on June 7, 2022, to Epidemiological Week (EW) 39, ending on October 1, 2022. Methods: this was a descriptive study of cases notified to the Ministry of Health; trends were analyzed based on the number of confirmed and probable cases per EW; the cases were also described according to demographic and clinical variables. Results: out of 31,513 notifications, 23.8% were confirmed; 91.8% were male; 70.6% were cis men; and median age was 32 years. Fever (58.0%), adenomegaly (42.4%), headache (39.9%) and rash (37.0%) were the most frequent symptoms; 27.5% reported being immunosuppressed, 34.6% were living with HIV and 10.5% had a sexually transmitted infection; three deaths were recorded. Conclusion: the MPX case profile was similar to that of other countries; surveillance actions must be strengthened to control the outbreak.

RESUMO Introdução O apoio matricial (AM) em saúde da mulher é um processo normativo de trabalho que visa qualificar e aumentar a resolubilidade dos profissionais inseridos no contexto da assistência pré-natal na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do AM sobre os desfechos perinatais adversos mais prevalentes em uma capital da região Sudeste do Brasil. Método Estudo de coorte que avalia prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e mortalidade neonatal precoce em filhos de mulheres acompanhadas nos serviços de APS do município de Vitória, de 2013 a 2014. Resultados O modelo final de análise hierarquizada, que incluiu 443 recém-nascidos, inferiu que a chance de uma gravidez evoluir para um desfecho perinatal adverso aumenta quanto maior o número de gestações anteriores (OR 4,39; IC: 1,93-10,0) e menor o número de consultas pré-natais realizadas (OR 4,99; IC: 2,18-11,42). Não foi observado efeito do AM sobre os desfechos. Conclusão O modelo hierárquico proposto não demonstrou influência do AM nos desfechos perinatais adversos estudados.

ABSTRACT Background Matrix support (MS) in women's health is a normative work process that aims to qualify and increase the resolvability of professionals working in prenatal care in Primary Health Care (PHC). Objective To evaluate the effect of MS on the most prevalent adverse perinatal outcomes in a state capital city in the Southeast region of Brazil. Method A cohort study evaluating prematurity, low birth weight, and early neonatal mortality in infants of women followed up in PHC services in the city of Vitória from 2013 to 2014. Results The final hierarchical analysis model, which included 443 newborns, showed that the larger the number of previous pregnancies (OR 4.39, CI 1.93-10.0) and the smaller the number of prenatal consultations (OR 4.99, CI 2.18-11.42), the greater the chances of a pregnancy progressing to an adverse perinatal outcome. No effect of MS on outcomes was observed. Conclusion The proposed hierarchical model demonstrated that MS has no influence on the adverse perinatal outcomes studied.

Resumo Este artigo aborda as transmissões vetorial, sexual e vertical do vírus Zika, tema contemplado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. Embora no Brasil o vírus Zika seja predominantemente veiculado pelo Aedes aegypti, as vias vertical e sexual de transmissão apresentam expressiva importância para a saúde reprodutiva. A transmissão sexual demanda o uso de intervenções profiláticas específicas, incluindo o uso do preservativo masculino ou feminino, principalmente entre casais que planejam gravidez. A transmissão vertical é ligada a graves anormalidades estruturais do sistema nervoso central e ainda não há vacina e nem recursos farmacológicos conhecidos que possam preveni-la. Como a doença é predominantemente assintomática, o não cumprimento dos princípios básicos de cuidados e orientações relacionadas à dispersão da infecção transcende a gravidade dos sintomas da doença.

Abstract This article addresses vector, sexual and vertical transmission of Zika virus, a topic covered in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Although in Brazil Zika virus is transmitted most predominantly by Aedes aegypti, the vertical and sexual transmission routes are of significant importance for reproductive health. Sexual transmission demands the use of specific prophylactic interventions, including the use of male or female condoms, especially among couples planning pregnancy. Vertical transmission is linked to severe structural abnormalities of the central nervous system and there is still no vaccine or known pharmacological resources that can prevent it. As the disease is predominantly asymptomatic, failure to comply with basic principles of care and guidelines related to the spread of infection transcends the severity of the symptoms of the disease.

Resumen Este artículo aborda la transmisión vectorial, sexual y vertical del virus Zika, tema tratado en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. Aunque en Brasil el virus Zika sea principalmente transmitido por Aedes aegypti, las vías vertical y sexual de transmisión son de gran importancia para la salud reproductiva. La transmisión sexual exige el uso de intervenciones profilácticas específicas, incluido el uso de preservativos masculinos o femeninos, especialmente entre las parejas que planean un embarazo. La transmisión vertical está ligada a graves anomalías estructurales del sistema nervioso central y todavía no existe una vacuna o recursos farmacológicos conocidos que puedan prevenirla. Como la enfermedad es predominantemente asintomática, el incumplimiento de los principios básicos de atención y las pautas relacionadas con la propagación de la infección trasciende la gravedad de los síntomas de la enfermedad.