BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Captive rearing of chicks can be crucial to the success of management plans for endangered species of birds. This study was conducted to document lesions of hornbill chicks to provide information for pathologists and clinicians to improve rearing success in captive hornbills METHODS: Clinical histories and post-mortem reports were evaluated for 40 hornbill chicks (< 3.5 months old), from three species submitted for pathological evaluation to the National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute between 2003 and 2017. The cause of death and histological features present were tabulated RESULTS: In this group of chicks, 12 (30%) were a week or younger at the time of death. Bacterial infections, especially of the lung and gastro-intestinal tract, were the most common cause of death (38%). Visceral gout, renal tubular degeneration or necrosis, bacterial ventriculitis and pulmonary congestion were the most often recorded lesions. Splenic, thymic and bursal lymphoid depletion and/or necrosis were common. Chicks of all ages commonly showed hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration; and hepatic, renal and splenic haematopoiesis of no pathological significance CONCLUSION: This long-term survey in captive hornbill chicks provides baseline information on lesions and conditions seen in these birds and facilitated the formulation of improved captive management manuals of hornbills. Additional detailed postmortem examinations following standardised protocols, including bacterial culture, of hornbill chicks would further improve our understanding of hornbill chick diseases

The Wang-Landau method is used to study thermodynamic properties of a three-dimensional flexible homopolymer chain with continuous monomer positions. Results describing the coil-globule and solid-liquid transitions are presented for chain lengths up to N = 100. In order to elucidate the thermodynamic behavior, finite chain length effects and the influence of the energy range over which the density of states is determined are carefully analyzed. Simulation efficiency is also studied and it is shown that setting the natural logarithm of the final modification factor equal to 10-6 is an appropriate choice for this model.

Large scale Monte Carlo simulations have been used to study long-time domain growth behavior in a compressible, two-dimensional Ising model undergoing phase separation. The system is quenched below the transition temperature from a random spin state, and we investigated the late-time domain size growth law, R(t) = A + Bt n. For "lattice mismatched" systems, we found n = 0.224 ± 0.004 which deviates significantly from the Lifshitz-Slyozov value of n = 1/3 for late-time growth . For a compressible model with no mismatch, we find only a slight deviation from n = 1/3. These results strongly suggest that we do not yet fully understand domain growth.

We present preliminary results for Monte Carlo simulations of a three dimensional semi-flexible polymer chain with continuous monomer positions. In these simulations, standard Metropolis Monte Carlo methods are used to examine the basic properties of the model, such as equilibration configurations, overall size, and transition temperatures.

Desconhece-se o ciclo de transmissão da encefalite eqüina tipo oeste (WEE) na América do Sul. Uma cepa do vírus foi isolada na Argentina, durante a epizootia de 1982-1983, a partir de Aedes albifasciatus. Sob o ponto de vista experimental, o Culex pipiens da Argentina revelou-se capaz de transmitir o vírus WEE, porém outros resultados têm indicado que o Cx. pipiens dos Estados Unidos é refratário a esse vírus. Assim, procurou-se determinar a suscetibilidade de cepas argentinas de Ae. albifasciatus e complexo Culex pipiens, à infecção do vírus WEE por via oral. As fêmeas adultas foram alimentadas em pintos infectados com cepa do vírus isolada na Província de Córdoba, Argentina, ou então alimentadas em suspensão do vírus e sangue. Cada mosquito ingeriu entre 10(1,6) e 10(6,4) unidades virais formadoras de placas de cultura de célula ("vero cell"). Cada um dos 28 Ae. albifasciatus mostrou-se a partir do quarto dia pós-prandial e houve evidência de replicação viral. Em contraposição, 0/44 Cx. p. quinquefasciatus e apenas 1/15 Cx. p. pipiens revelou-se positivo. Aedes albifasciatus é suscetível à infecção pelo vírus WEE e deveria ser considerado vetor potencial desse agente na Argentina. Ambas subespécies de Cx. pipiens são refratárias à infecção por via oral e provavelmente não desempenham papel do ciclo do vírus WEE na Argentina.

The transmission cycle of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus in South America is unknown. A WEE virus strain was isolated from Aedes albifasciatus in Argentina during the WEE epizootic of 1982-83. Also, Culex pipiens from Argentina was reported to be able to transmit WEE virus experimentally, but other results indicate that Cx. pipiens from the USA is refractory to this virus. We determined the susceptibility of Argentina strains of Ae. albifasciatus and Culex pipiens complex mosquites to infection by WEE virus by the oral route. Adult females were fed on chicks infected with a WEE virus strain isolated in Cordoba Province, Argentina, or were fed on a blood/virus suspension. Each mosquito ingested between 10(1.6) to 10(6.4) vero cell plaque-forming units of virus. Each of 28 Ae. albifasciatus was positive for virus from the fourth day postfeeding, and there was evidence for virus replication. In contrast, 0/44 Cx. p. quinquefasciatus and only 1/15 Cx. p. pipiens was positive. Aedes albifasciatus is susceptible to infection by WEE virus and should be considered a potential vector of this virus in Argentina. Both subspecies of Cx. pipiens are refractory to peroral infection by WEE virus and probably do not play a role in the WEE virus cycle in Argentina.

Desconhece-se o ciclo de transmissão da encefalite eqüina tipo oeste (WEE) na América do Sul. Uma cepa do vírus foi isolada na Argentina, durante a epizootia de 1982-1983, a partir de Aedes albifasciatus. Sob o ponto de vista experimental, o Culex pipiens da Argentina revelou-se capaz de transmitir o vírus WEE, porém outros resultados têm indicado que o Cx. pipiens dos Estados Unidos é refratário a esse vírus. Assim, procurou-se determinar a suscetibilidade de cepas argentinas de Ae. albifasciatus e complexo Culex pipiens, à infecção do vírus WEE por via oral. As fêmeas adultas foram alimentadas em pintos infectados com cepa do vírus isolada na Província de Córdoba, Argentina, ou então alimentadas em suspensão do vírus e sangue. Cada mosquito ingeriu entre 10(1,6) e 10(6,4) unidades virais formadoras de placas de cultura de célula ("vero cell"). Cada um dos 28 Ae. albifasciatus mostrou-se a partir do quarto dia pós-prandial e houve evidência de replicação viral. Em contraposição, 0/44 Cx. p. quinquefasciatus e apenas 1/15 Cx. p. pipiens revelou-se positivo. Aedes albifasciatus é suscetível à infecção pelo vírus WEE e deveria ser considerado vetor potencial desse agente na Argentina. Ambas subespécies de Cx. pipiens são refratárias à infecção por via oral e provavelmente não desempenham papel do ciclo do vírus WEE na Argentina.

The transmission cycle of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus in South America is unknown. A WEE virus strain was isolated from Aedes albifasciatus in Argentina during the WEE epizootic of 1982-83. Also, Culex pipiens from Argentina was reported to be able to transmit WEE virus experimentally, but other results indicate that Cx. pipiens from the USA is refractory to this virus. We determined the susceptibility of Argentina strains of Ae. albifasciatus and Culex pipiens complex mosquites to infection by WEE virus by the oral route. Adult females were fed on chicks infected with a WEE virus strain isolated in Cordoba Province, Argentina, or were fed on a blood/virus suspension. Each mosquito ingested between 10(1.6) to 10(6.4) vero cell plaque-forming units of virus. Each of 28 Ae. albifasciatus was positive for virus from the fourth day postfeeding, and there was evidence for virus replication. In contrast, 0/44 Cx. p. quinquefasciatus and only 1/15 Cx. p. pipiens was positive. Aedes albifasciatus is susceptible to infection by WEE virus and should be considered a potential vector of this virus in Argentina. Both subspecies of Cx. pipiens are refractory to peroral infection by WEE virus and probably do not play a role in the WEE virus cycle in Argentina.