Abstract Aims: The present study aimed to assess the effect of a 24-week intervention on the physical activity level among adults at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Methods: It was included 129 individuals of both sexes who underwent the Preventive Health Check-up at the Albert Einstein Israelita Hospital between January and August 2010 and who were at high and very high risk of developing DM2. The risk of developing DM2 was assessed according to the FINDRISC criteria. All participants were evaluated by the International Physical Activity Questioner (IPAQ). Subjects were followed-up for 24 weeks by a physical education professional through emails during a 6 month period. The IPAQ was sent by email after 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test with p<0.05 and the Yule Coefficient test. Results: At baseline of the follow-up period, 80.3% of individuals failed to comply with the recommended weekly physical activity. In the end, motivational intervention by e-mail encouraged 74.2% of individuals to comply with the weekly-recommended physical activity and only 1.5% were classified as sedentary. Conclusion: Therefore, the follow-up protocol conducted by periodic and personalized e-mails proved to be effective in promoting physical activity among people at risk of developing metabolic diseases.

O implante de tecido paratireoideano criopreservado após paratireoidectomia total é um procedimento bem estabelecido e, embora tenha sua eficácia comprovada, as taxas de sucesso variam de 10% a 83% na literatura. O tempo de criopreservação é um dos diversos fatores relacionados ao sucesso do implante. Alguns autores defendem que o tecido permanece viável até 24 meses de criopreservação, no entanto, não há consenso. Homem de 63 anos diagnosticado com neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo I e hiperparatireoidismo primário foi submetido a paratireoidectomia total e autoimplante em membro superior. O implante falhou e o paciente desenvolveu hipoparatireoidismo. Após 36 meses da paratireoidectomia total, foi realizado o implante de paratireoide criopreservada, com sucesso. O hipoparatireoidismo foi revertido e o paciente permanece sem suplementação de cálcio e PTH sistêmico de 36 pg/mL e cálcio total de 9,1 mg/dL. O caso apresentado mostra que o tecido paratireoideano criopreservado pode permanecer viável após 24 meses e há possibilidade de reverter o hipoparatireoidismo pós-cirúrgico. Isso traz evidência de que o tempo limite de criopreservação permanece incerto e que novas pesquisas seriam de grande valia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):313-6

After a total parathyroidectomy, well-established protocols for the cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue and for the delayed autograft of this tissue exist, especially in cases of secondary hiperparathyroidism (HPT) or familial or sporadic parathyroid hyperplasia. Although delayed autografts are effective, the published success rates vary from 10% to 83%. There are numerous factors that influence the viability, and therefore the success, of an autograft, including cryopreservation time. Certain authors believe that the tissue is only viable for 24 months, but there is no consensus on how long the parathyroid tissue can be preserved. A 63-year-old male who was diagnosed with sporadic multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and primary hyperparathyroidism, and was submitted to a total parathyroidectomy and an autograft in the forearm. The implant failed, and the patient developed severe hypoparathyroidism in the months following the surgery. Thirty-six months after the total parathyroidectomy, the cryopreserved autograft was successfully transplanted, and hypoparathyroidism was reversed (most recent systemic parathyroid hormone, PTH, of 36 pg/mL, and total calcium of 9.1 mg/dL; no oral calcium supplementation). The case presented here indicates that cryopreserved parathyroid tissue may remain viable after 24 months in storage, and may retain the capacity to reverse permanent postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. These data provide reasonable evidence that the time limit for cryopreservation remains undetermined and that additional research would be valuable. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):313-6

Primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) differs in many aspects from sporadic hyperparathyroidism, which is the most frequently occurring form of hyperparathyroidism. Bone mineral density has frequently been studied in sporadic hyperparathyroidism but it has very rarely been examined in cases of hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Cortical bone mineral density in hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 cases has only recently been examined, and early, severe and frequent bone mineral losses have been documented at this site. Early bone mineral losses are highly prevalent in the trabecular bone of patients with hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. In summary, bone mineral disease in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1related hyperparathyroidism is an early, frequent and severe disturbance, occurring in both the cortical and trabecular bones. In addition, renal complications secondary to sporadic hyperparathyroidism are often studied, but very little work has been done on this issue in hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. It has been recently verified that early, frequent, and severe renal lesions occur in patients with hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, which may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In this article we review the few available studies on bone mineral and renal disturbances in the setting of hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. We performed a meta-analysis of the available data on bone mineral and renal disease in cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-related hyperparathyroidism.

We briefly review the surgical approaches to medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (medullary thyroid carcinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2). The recommended surgical approaches are usually based on the age of the affected carrier/patient, tumor staging and the specific rearranged during transfection codon mutation. We have focused mainly on young children with no apparent disease who are carrying a germline rearranged during transfection mutation. Successful management of medullary thyroid carcinoma in these cases depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Total thyroidectomy should be performed before 6 months of age in infants carrying the rearranged during transfection 918 codon mutation, by the age of 3 years in rearranged during transfection 634 mutation carriers, at 5 years of age in carriers with level 3 risk rearranged during transfection mutations, and by the age of 10 years in level 4 risk rearranged during transfection mutations. Patients with thyroid tumor >5 mm detected by ultrasound, and basal calcitonin levels >40 pg/ml, frequently have cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastasis. In the latter patients, total thyroidectomy should be complemented by extensive lymph node dissection. Also, we briefly review our data from a large familial medullary thyroid carcinoma genealogy harboring a germline rearranged during transfection Cys620Arg mutation. All 14 screened carriers of the rearranged during transfection Cys620Arg mutation who underwent total thyroidectomy before the age of 12 years presented persistently undetectable serum levels of calcitonin (<2 pg/ml) during the follow-up period of 2-6 years. Although it is recommended that preventive total thyroidectomy in rearranged during transfection codon 620 mutation carriers is performed before the age of 5 years, in this particular family the surgical intervention performed before the age of 12 years led to an apparent biochemical cure.

The bone mineral density increments in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy have been studied by several investigators, but few have investigated this topic in primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Further, as far as we know, only two studies have consistently evaluated bone mineral density values after parathyroidectomy in cases of primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Here we revised the impact of parathyroidectomy (particularly total parathyroidectomy followed by autologous parathyroid implant into the forearm) on bone mineral density values in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Significant increases in bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck values were found, although no short-term (15 months) improvement in bone mineral density at the proximal third of the distal radius was observed. Additionally, short-term and medium-term calcium and parathyroid hormone values after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are discussed. In most cases, this surgical approach was able to restore normal calcium/parathyroid hormone levels and ultimately lead to discontinuation of calcium and calcitriol supplementation.

OBJETIVO: A ocorrência de carcinoma papilífero da tireóide (CPT) em doentes com hiperparatireoidismo (HPT) suscita dúvidas quanto a ser apenas coincidência ou apresentar relação causal. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se a incidência de CPT em diferentes formas de HPT é semelhante entre si e à incidência de CPT em achados de necropsias, assim como em doentes submetidos à tireoidectomia na mesma região. MÉTODO: Os dados de 222 pacientes consecutivos tratados por HPT foram revistos e foi analisada a incidência de CPT. Os pacientes foram estratificados em HPT primário (107) e HPT secundário (115). Os laudos anatomopatológicos foram revistos, a incidência de CPT foi pesquisada e suas características nesses indivíduos foram estudadas. Esses dados foram comparados a dados encontrados em casos de necrópsia e em 89 casos de bócio compressivo/mergulhante. Empregou-se o teste exato de Fisher e o teste t não pareado. RESULTADOS: Os laudos foram passíveis de análise em 103 casos de HPT primário, com 10 pacientes com CPT (9,7%) e em 111 portadores de HPT secundário, com três CPT associados (2,7%). Houve diferença entre o HPT primário e HPT secundário (p=0,04). Essa diferença também foi significativa em relação aos 1% de CPT achados em necrópsia na região (p=0,0001). Não houve diferença com relação à incidência de 11,2% de CPT no grupo operado por compressão e também em relação às características dos tumores, apesar de haver 80% de multicentricidade no CPT de doentes com HPT primário. CONCLUSÕES: A ocorrência de CPT em HPT primário é maior que em HPT secundário e que em achados de necropsia.

BACKGROUND: Association of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has not been clearly defined. The incidence of PTC in different types of HPT and necropsy or patients submitted to thyroidectomy in the same region is analyzed to verify if this association is casual or not. METHODS: Data of 222 consecutive patients operated for HPT were reviewed and incidence of PTC was defined. Patients were analyzed as primary HPT (107) and secondary (115). The incidence of PTC was compared to that found in necropsy and to that observed in 89 patients with compressive multinodular goiter submitted to thyroidectomy. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test and Student's t test. RESULTS: Pathology reports were available in 103 cases of primary HPT, and in 10 patients PTC was detected (9.7%). In 111 secondary HPT patients, PTC was found in three (2.7%), with statistical significant difference between primary and secondary HPT (p=0.04). This difference was also significant of the 1% incidence of PTC found in necropsy in the same area (p=0.0001). No difference was observed in relation to the incidence of 11.2% of PTC found in patients operated for compressive goiter. Tumor characteristics were not statistically different, although multicentricity was detected in 80% of PTC of patients with primary HPT. CONCLUSION: The incidence of PTC was elevated in patients with primary HPT, in relation to necropsy or secondary HPT cases.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em solo aluvial do semi-árido de Pernambuco, suscetível à salinização, visando a orientar agricultores de assentamento para instalar, avaliar e manejar racionalmente sistemas de irrigação por microaspersão, para atender ao plantio da cultivar de repolho Midori. Adotando-se percentagem de área molhada igual a 100%, foram avaliados nos setores da unidade operacional a variação de vazão e pressão, os coeficientes de uniformidade (CU) e a eficiência de aplicação (EA). A uniformidade da irrigação apresentou valores elevados, superiores a 93%. A eficiência de aplicação foi boa, com valores maiores que 80%. O sistema foi então utilizado na irrigação, utilizando como controle o tanque "Classe A", durante um período de 75 dias, e conduzido por um agricultor local. Considerando os riscos de salinização na área, promoveu-se lavagem contínua do solo. Foi adotado um coeficiente de lixiviação médio de 1,21, com desvio-padrão de 0,45, para o período sem precipitação. Praticamente em todo o experimento, o sentido do gradiente de potencial total da água do solo foi ascendente, com média de 1,14 e 0,21 de desvio-padrão. Preveniu-se com isso a ocorrência de ascensões capilares, estabelecendo-se um perfil drenante, bem como se manteve a condutividade elétrica da zona saturada em equilíbrio. Não foi observada a saturação do solo na zona radicular.

This study has been carried out in alluvial area in the semi-arid zone of Pernambuco State, Brazil, subject to salinisation, aiming to guide local farmers to install, evaluate and to manage micro sprinkler irrigation systems, raising Midori cabbage cultivar. Adopting the area percentage of wetted soli 100% the sub units have been evaluated regarding the discharge and pressure variation, and also coefficients of uniformity (CU) and efficiency of application coefficient (EA). The irrigation uniformity was high, greater than 93%. The efficiency of application coefficient could be classified as good, exhibiting values greater than 80%. The system was then used to local scale irrigation, adopting a "Class A" tank as a management control, during a 75 days period and conducted by a local farmer. Continuous leaching has been implemented throughout the study, for salinity control. Average leaching coefficient equal to 1,21 with standard deviation of 0,45 has been adopted, for the period with no rainfall. Upward gradients have prevailed, with average of 1,14 and 0,21 standard deviation, preventing capillary flow to occur. A stable electrical conductivity in the saturated zone has been observed. Soil saturation has not been recorded in the root zone.