Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar as percepções dos estudantes de cinesiologia com relação às fortalezas e debilidades nas aprendizagens associadas ao raciocínio profissional. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo com amostragem não probabilística, no início do primeiro e segundo semestre acadêmico de 2020, abrangendo do primeiro ao quarto ano de formação dos alunos da Escola de Cinesiologia da Universidade Católica de Maule. O instrumento Q-Sort com 14 afirmações foi usado para a coleta de dados, a pontuação foi atribuída de acordo com a posição de cada afirmação. Resultados:Obteve-se a participação de 273 alunos, o que corresponde a 78,7% do total. Os estudantes em um nível inicial para o desenvolvimento da competência diagnóstica apresentam suas maiores fortalezas nas áreas atitudinais e de comunicação, enquanto os alunos que estão cursando o nível intermediário na competência diagnóstica apresentam as principais fortalezas concentradas nas áreas procedimentais e de comunicação.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes de kinesiología respecto de las fortalezas y debilidades en los aprendizajes asociados al razonamiento profesional. Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con un muestreo no probabilístico, al inicio del primer y segundo semestre lectivo del año 2020, abarcando del primer al cuarto año de formación en los estudiantes de la Escuela de Kinesiología de la Universidad Católica del Maule. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el instrumento Q-Sort con 14 enunciados, el puntaje se asignó según la posición de cada enunciado. Resultados: Se obtuvo una participación de 273 estudiantes correspondientes al 78.7 % del total. Los estudiantes en un nivel inicial para el desarrollo de la competencia diagnóstico presentan sus mayores fortalezas en áreas actitudinales y de comunicación, mientras que aquellos estudiantes que están cursando el nivel intermedio en la competencia diagnóstico, las principales fortalezas están enfocadas en áreas procedimentales y de comunicación.

Abstract: Objective: This study aims to analyze the perceptions of kinesiology students regarding the strengths and weaknesses in their learning associated with professional reasoning. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, employing non-probabilistic sampling, at the beginning of the first and second academic semesters of the year 2020, encompassing students from the first to the fourth year of training at the School of Kinesiology at the Universidad Católica del Maule. Data were collected using the Q-Sort instrument, which consisted of 14 statements, with scores assigned based on the position of each statement. Results: A total of 273 students, accounting for 78.7% of the total, participated in the study. Students at the initial level of diagnostic competence development exhibited their strongest attributes in attitudinal and communication areas. In contrast, students at the intermediate level of diagnostic competence showcased their primary strengths in procedural and communication areas.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta un sistema experto piloto difuso como una medida alterna complementaria, con el objetivo de diagnosticar de una manera expedita el estado de salud de un paciente que pueda tener o desarrollar complicaciones asociadas al Covid-19. Para el caso de esta investigación, se utilizó una metodología descriptiva mixta. En primera instancia, se desarrolló un Sistema Experto (SE) para recopilar información del Covid-19, posteriormente mediante una red semántica se visualizó el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad para que, a partir de la declaración de conocimientos al lenguaje natural, definir las variables y realizar un proceso de parametrización para la creación del Sistema Difuso (SD). Para el diseño de los ítems del cuestionario, se consultó a un médico especialista y se aplicó a una población aleatoria de 72 pacientes que habían presentado los síntomas del Covid-19. Los resultados obtenidos al aplicar el SE arrojaron una eficiencia del 86% en el diagnóstico realizado a la muestra poblacional, justificando la hipótesis supuesta de un diagnóstico mayor del 80%. Se concluye que al ser el Covid-19 una enfermedad pandémica con variantes y manifestación de múltiples síntomas en los pacientes que la han adquirido, la generación de nuevas metodologías de diagnóstico como la que aquí se presenta, posibilitan un rápido diagnóstico ante la alta demanda de atención médica. Esta modalidad de diagnóstico a través de un SE, en la medida que se siga retroalimentando y se aplique a un mayor número de pacientes, ayudará a detectar con mayor eficiencia y en tiempo si el paciente presenta o no Covid-19.

Abstract This article presents a fuzzy pilot expert system as a complementary alternative measure with the objetive to quickly diagnose the health status of a patient who may have or develop complications associated with Covid-19. For the case of this research, a mixed descriptive methodology was used. In the first instance, an Expert System (ES) was developed to collect information on Covid-19, later, through a semantic network, the knowledge about this disease was visualized so that, from the declaration of knowledge to natural language, define the variables and perform a parameterization process for the creation of the Fuzzy System (FS). For the design of the questionnaire items, a medical specialist was consulted and the instrument was applied through a Google form to a random population of 72 patients who had presented the symptoms of Covid-19. The results obtained by applying the ES showed an efficiency of 86% in the diagnosis made to the population sample, justifying the supposed hypothesis of a diagnosis greater than 80%. It is concluded that since Covid-19 is a pandemic disease with variants and manifestation of multiple symptoms in patients who have acquired it, the generation of new diagnostic methodologies such as the one presented here, allow a rapid diagnosis in the face of the high demand for medical care. This diagnostic modality through an ES, to the extent that feedback continues and is applied to a greater number of patients, will help to detect more efficiently and in time whether or not the patient has Covid-19.

Resumo Neste artigo, é apresentado um sistema pericial piloto fuzzy como medida complementar alternativa, com o objetivo de diagnosticar de forma expedita o estado de saúde de um paciente que possa ter ou desenvolver complicações associadas à Covid-19. No caso desta pesquisa, foi utilizada uma metodologia descritiva mista. Em uma primeira instância, foi desenvolvido um Sistema Especialista (SE) para coletar informações sobre a Covid-19, posteriormente, por meio de uma rede semântica, foi visualizado o conhecimento sobre essa doença para que, com base na declaração de conhecimento em linguagem natural, defina as variáveis e realizar um processo de parametrização para a criação do Sistema Fuzzy (SD). Para o desenho dos itens do questionário, foi consultado um médico especialista e aplicado a uma população aleatória de 72 pacientes que apresentaram os sintomas da Covid-19. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação do SE mostraram uma eficiência de 86% no diagnóstico feito à amostra populacional, justificando a hipótese de um diagnóstico superior a 80%. atenção médica. Esta modalidade de diagnóstico através de SE, na medida em que o feedback continua e é aplicado a um maior número de doentes, vai ajudar a detetar de forma mais eficiente e atempada se o doente tem ou não Covid-19.

Resumen Los elogios son definidos como devoluciones positivas otorgadas a personas sobre sus atributos, sobre la realización de una tarea o sobre los objetos o productos realizados. Los distintos tipos de elogios que los cuidadores primarios o padres utilicen con los infantes cuando ellos realicen una actividad impactarán en su desarrollo, en las creencias o percepción de sí mismos o de los modos de aprender, y en la motivación hacia esas tareas que la niña o el niño realice. Estos modos de elogiar no han sido estudiados en la Argentina y no existen instrumentos estandarizados psicométricos para evaluarlos. Por esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue la creación y validación de una técnica de auto-reporte para evaluar los elogios que otorgan los cuidadores a infantes de 0 a 3 años. Los participantes que conformaron la muestra (. = 128) fueron reclutados por medio de internet y completaron un cuestionario de escala Likert de aproximadamente cinco minutos de duración. A partir del análisis factorial exploratorio, se ajustó la técnica y se agruparon las preguntas del cuestionario en tres dimensiones: elogios de persona, proceso y producto. Esto permitiría hacer una evaluación breve y sencilla de los elogios utilizados, lo que en un futuro aportaría a intervenciones o estudios que pretendan favorecer elogios que beneficien un desarrollo adaptativo de los infantes. Sin embargo, aún es necesario un futuro estudio que indague cambios en la técnica con un mayor tamaño muestral para la realización de una validación más exhaustiva.

Abstract Praise is defined as positive feedback given to people about their attributes, their performance, the objects or products made by them. The different types of praise that primary caregivers or parents use with infants when they carry out an activity will impact on their development, beliefs or perception of themselves or types of learning, and motivation toward the tasks that the children perform. One type of praise is the praise directed towards an individual, which compliments their own attributes such as her intelligence. Another one is the product praise, which is directed towards the final objects or actions that the infant performs, such as a drawing or physical activities. Finally, a praise directed at the process aims to congratulate the infant during the task as a process, either for making an effort or for the strategies that they use to achieve something. This last kind of praise favors perseverance in the face of new tasks to a greater extent, while praise directed at the person could generate more frustration when the infant experiences failure. Therefore, the way caregivers interact with infants is relevant, since it modulates motivation and the development of different skills. For this reason, the main objective of this study was the creation and validation of a self-report technique to assess the praise that Argentinean caregivers give to infants from 0 to 3 years of age. The sample was made up of 128 primary caregivers (. = 128) who were recruited through the internet. They completed a Likert scale questionnaire of approximately 5 minutes of duration. The data was collected during preventive social isolation due to COVID-19. This could lead to changes in parental behavior, while it also provides ecological value for understanding the ways to praise in this context, where caregivers spend a lot of time with infants; however, it would be important to conduct future research outside of this context. An exploratory factor analysis was performed, which led to an adjustment in the technique by eliminating four items in order to improve the psychometric characteristics of the instrument. By this analysis, the formation of the three dimensions was justified by the types of praise: person, process, and product praise.The final instrument consisted of 13 phrases that represent possible compliments used by caregivers. Participants indicated how often they usually use those compliments on a scale from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). The items are divided by types of praise: six were assigned to the product dimension, three to the process dimension and four to the person dimension. The internal consistencies of the dimensions were process (α = .91), product (α = .74) and person (α = .73). This self-report technique for primary caregivers of infants would allow a short and simple evaluation of the praise used. In future research, this technique would allow an assessment of praise for the realization of studies that seek to expand the knowledge about how they affect child development. Likewise, it would contribute to the development of interventions with caregivers aimed to promote praise that benefits an adaptive development of infants. However, more studies are needed to investigate possible changes in the inventory, such as the inclusion of neutral praise or negative feedback. Furthermore, a larger sample size would be necessary to carry out a more exhaustive validation, performing a confirmatory factor analysis, convergent variance and factor invariance.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas y demográficas de pacientes con anafilaxia, atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, al que se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico con anafilaxia entre 2009 y 2019. La información de los pacientes se obtuvo a partir de los expedientes clínicos, mediante un instrumento de recolección. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, de proporciones y medidas de tendencia central de las variables de interés. Resultados: Se revisaron 1820 expedientes y se incluyeron los datos de 253 pacientes. Los agentes etiológicos más frecuentes fueron: medicamentos (52.1%), alimentos (34.7%), picadura de insectos (13.8%) y agentes no especificados (17.7%). Las manifestaciones cutáneas y respiratorias fueron las más frecuentes asociadas con anafilaxia. El 94.7% de los casos tuvo concentraciones normales de triptasa. La adrenalina, los corticosteroides y antihistamínicos fueron los fármacos de elección en el 39.9, 34.3 y 39.9% de los casos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las características de anafilaxia coinciden con las reportadas en la mayor parte de los estudios en Latinoamérica. Aunque existen guías mundiales de tratamiento de la anafilaxia, no suelen aplicarse de forma uniforme, lo que hace necesario adiestrar al personal de salud y desarrollar guías nacionales al respecto.

Abstract Objective: To characterize demographically and clinically the patients with anaphylaxis treated in a third level health institution in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, which includedpatients were diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2009 and 2019. Information was retrieved from medical records through a collection instrument. Subsequently, a descriptive statistical analysis of proportions and measures of central tendency of the variables of interest was performed. Results: A total of 1820 records were reviewed and data from 253 patients were included. Among the reported comorbidities, drug allergy was the most prevalent (28%). The most frequent manifestations of anaphylaxis were cutaneous and respiratory. Most of the cases presented basal tryptase values ≤ 11.4 ng/mL (94.7%). Different etiological agents (food, drugs, insects and latex) were reported, and their frequency varied according to age. Adrenaline, steroids, and antihistamines were the treatments of choice in 39.9, 34.3, and 39.9% of cases, respectively. Conclusions: The characteristics of anaphylaxis in a medical center in Colombia coincide with those reported in Latin American. The treatment of anaphylaxis is not standardized, which makes it necessary to educate the health personnel and develop national guidelines.

Resumen La hemoglobina M es un desorden hereditario infrecuente, causante de metahemoglobinemia y, por ende, cianosis. Las manifestaciones clínicas de esta enfermedad son amplias y variadas, por lo que se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial en un recién nacido con cianosis sin otra causa aparente. A continuación, se presenta el caso de un recién nacido de 5 horas de vida con cianosis generalizada desde el nacimiento y con saturaciones de oxígeno de entre 60-70%, en el que se descartaron patologías como hipoxia perinatal, patología pulmonar o cardíaca y sepsis y se documentó un nivel de metahemoglobina elevado, reportado en 21,6%, con lo cual se estableció el diagnóstico de metahemoglobinemia. El tratamiento administrado fueron dos dosis de azul de metileno, pero no hubo respuesta clínica. Por este motivo, se realizó electroforesis de hemoglobina, la cual fue compatible con hemoglobina M (Iwate o Kankakee), lo que se confirma su causa congénita de metahemoglobinemia.

Abstract Hemoglobin M is a rare hereditary disorder that causes ethemoglobinemia and therefore cyanosis. The clinical manifestations of this condition differs considerably, so it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in a newborn with cyanosis, with no other apparent cause. The case of a 5 hours old newborn is presented below, with generalized cyanosis from birth with oxygen saturations between 60-70%, in whom, upon ruling out pathologies such as perinatal hypoxia, pulmonary disease, heart disease and sepsis, a high level of methemoglobin is documented, reported in 21,6%; the diagnosis of methemoglobinemia was established. The treatment administered was two doses of methylene blue with no response. For this reason, hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed, which was compatible with Hemoglobin M (Iwate or Kankakee), confirming its congenital cause.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the molecular characteristics of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), highlighting the pathways and variants of genes that are frequently mutated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and other cancers. Ten archival OED cases were retrieved for retrospective clinicopathological analysis and exome sequencing. Comparative genomic analysis was performed between high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and low-grade dysplasia (LGD), focusing on 57 well-known cancer genes, of which 10 were previously described as the most mutated in OSCC. HGD cases had significantly more variants; however, a similar mutational landscape to OSCC was observed in both groups. CASP8+FAT1/HRAS, TP53, and miscellaneous molecular signatures were also present. FAT1 is the gene that is most affected by pathogenic variants. Hierarchical divisive clustering showed division between the two groups: “HGD-like cluster” with 4HGD and 2LGD and “LGD-like cluster” with 4 LGD. MLL4 pathogenic variants were exclusively in the “LGD-like cluster”. TP53 was affected in one case of HGD; however, its pathway was usually altered. We describe new insights into the genetic basis of epithelial malignant transformation by genomic analysis, highlighting those associated with FAT1 and TP53. Some LGDs presented a similar mutational landscape to HGD after cluster analysis. Perhaps molecular alterations have not yet been reflected in histomorphology. The relative risk of malignant transformation in this molecular subgroup should be addressed in future studies.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la calidad de calostro, leche y desarrollo de las crías en cabras complementadas con mezquite y bagazo de naranja. Veintiséis cabras multirraciales en último tercio de gestación se dividieron en tres grupos homogéneos respecto al peso y condición corporal. El grupo mezquite (GM; n=9) fue complementado con 250 g/animal/día de vaina de mezquite, el grupo naranja (GN; n=11) fue complementado con 250 g/animal/día de harina de bagazo de naranja y el grupo control (GC; n=10) no fue complementado. El peso corporal de las cabras de los tres grupos fue similar durante el estudio (P>0.05). Igualmente, no se encontró diferencia estadística (P>0.05) en ninguna de las demás variables analizadas: glucosa sanguínea y cuerpos cetónicos, calidad del calostro al parto de las madres, calidad de la leche y peso corporal de las crías. Los resultados permiten concluir que la complementación antes y durante el parto con bagazo de naranja o vaina de mezquite no influye en la calidad del calostro y leche, ni en el desarrollo de las crías en cabras del semidesierto de México.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of colostrum, milk and offspring development in goats supplemented with mesquite pods (Prosopis spp.) and orange bagasse (Citrus sinensis). Twenty-six multiracial goats in the last third of gestation were divided into three homogeneous groups with respect to body weight and body condition. The mesquite group (MG; n=9) was supplemented with 250 g/animal/day of mesquite pods, the orange group (OG; n=11) was supplemented with 250 g/animal/day of orange bagasse meal and the control group (CG; n=10) was not supplemented. The body weight of the goats of the three groups was similar during the study (P>0.05). Likewise, no statistical difference was found (P>0.05) in any of the other variables analyzed: blood glucose and ketone bodies, colostrum quality at calving of the mother goats, milk quality and body weight of the offspring. The results allow us to conclude that supplementation before and during parturition with orange bagasse or mesquite pods does not influence the quality of colostrum and milk, nor the development of the offspring in goats from the semidesert of Mexico.

Abstract Writing takes part in the repertoire of knowledge and skills inherent to teacher education, as stated in teacher education policies and regulatory frameworks and in research on its formative role. However, there is little knowledge about the curricularization of writing in teachers’ educational experience. This multiple case study analyzes elementary teacher training programs in three certified Chilean universities. A purposeful sample of course syllabi was constructed and written pedagogical competencies and practices were identified to describe the presence of writing in the designed curriculum. These data were triangulated with focus groups of students and professors in each institution, which collected evidence of the experienced curriculum. The results show a significant presence of writing in the teacher education curriculum at all institutions, although mostly implicitly. The courses with the greatest potential for working on writing through the curriculum are not necessarily identified as such by teachers and students, since there is a high impact of each teacher’s implementation of the programs. These results highlight the need for crosscutting and sequencing the teaching of writing.

Resumen La escritura se incluye en el repertorio de saberes y habilidades propios de la Formación Inicial Docente (FID), tal como manifiestan las políticas y marcos normativos FID y las investigaciones sobre su rol formativo. No obstante, es escaso el conocimiento sobre la instanciación curricular de la escritura en las trayectorias FID. Este estudio de casos múltiples analiza la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Básica en tres universidades chilenas acreditadas. Se construyó una muestra intencionada de programas de curso y se identificaron competencias y prácticas pedagógicas escritas para describir la presencia de la escritura en el currículum diseñado. Estos datos fueron triangulados con grupos focales de estudiantes y profesores en cada institución, que recogieron evidencias del currículum experimentado. Los resultados dan cuenta de una importante presencia de la escritura en el currículum FID en todas las instituciones, aunque mayoritariamente de forma implícita. Los cursos con mayor potencial para trabajar la escritura a través del currículum no necesariamente son identificados como tales por docentes y estudiantes, ya que hay un alto impacto de la implementación que cada docente hace de los programas. Finalmente, se releva la necesidad de transversalizar y secuenciar la enseñanza de la escritura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of a mask is essential to reduce the spread of COVID-19, however, a significant percentage of people refuse to use it. Beliefs may play an important role in accepting or rejecting their use. Objective: To translate and determine the evidence of validity of internal structure and reliability of the self-report of beliefs about the use of masks. Methods: The self-report of beliefs about the use of masks was administered to 1218 people from different provinces of Peru (M age = 27,4 years, SD = 12,6), chosen in a non-probabilistic way. The instrument was subjected to a process of double translation from English to Spanish and vice versa; In addition, using the Jamovi Project version 1.6 program, the internal structure was determined with factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory), and finally reliability was estimated. Results: The exploratory factor analysis identified four emerging factors that explained 53.7% of the variance. The model was verified and obtained acceptable fit indices (χ² = 154 gl = 46; p < 0,01; CFI = 0,96; TLI = 0,942; RMSEA = 0,602). In addition, standardized factor loadings greater than 0,30 were observed. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the self-report of beliefs about the use of masks shows evidence of validity of structure and reliability due to adequate internal consistency.

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de la mascarilla es indispensable para reducir la propagación de la COVID-19, pero, un porcentaje importante de personas se rehúsan a su uso. Es posible que las creencias jueguen un rol sustancial en la aceptación o rechazo de su uso. Sin embargo, se carece de una escala para evaluar las creencias sobre el uso de mascarillas para prevenir el contagio de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Traducir y determinar las evidencias de validez, de estructura interna y confiabilidad del autoinforme de creencias sobre el uso de las mascarillas. Métodos: El autoinforme de creencias sobre el uso de las mascarillas fue administrado a 1 218 personas de diferentes provincias del Perú (Medad = 27,4 años, DE = 12,6), elegidas de forma no probabilística. El instrumento fue sometido a un proceso de doble traducción del inglés al español y viceversa; además, mediante el programa Proyecto Jamovi versión 1.6, se determinó la estructura interna con análisis factorial (exploratorio y confirmatorio) y finalmente se estimó la confiabilidad. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio identificó cuatro factores emergentes que explicaron el 53,7 % de la varianza. El modelo fue verificado y obtuvo índices de ajuste aceptables (χ² = 154 gl = 46; p < 0,01; CFI = 0,96; TLI = 0,942; RMSEA = 0,602). Además, se apreciaron cargas factoriales estandarizadas mayores a 0,30. Conclusión: La versión en español del autoinforme de creencias sobre el uso de las mascarillas muestra evidencias de validez, de estructura y confiabilidad por consistencia interna adecuadas.

Resumen La marchitez letal (ML) es una enfermedad de importancia económica de la palma de aceite Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 1897 (Arecales: Arecaceae) en Colombia que ha alcanzado niveles epidémicos en la Zona Oriental palmera, en donde se han registrado 902.529 casos entre 1997 y 2018. El insecto vector de la ML posiblemente es el salta hojas de la palma Haplaxius crudus. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener información sobre la presencia y distribución de H. crudus en las zonas palmeras de Colombia, para lo cual se adelantó una prospección en estas zonas, a través de jameos al follaje de la palma en búsqueda de adultos, y revisando gramíneas y ciperáceas hospederas de las ninfas. Los resultados indican que el insecto está presente en 163 plantaciones de palma de aceite, ubicadas en 42 municipios palmeros distribuidos en las Zonas Palmeras Norte, Central y Oriental de Colombia. Se concluye que la presencia de este insecto es más amplia de lo que se había registrado inicialmente; este trabajo aporta información importante al sector palmero, ya que permite estar alerta sobre la posible diseminación de la ML, una vez que se detecte una palma enferma, en zonas libres de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Lethal wilt of oil palm (ML, for it name in Spanish) is an economically important disease of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 1897 (Arecales: Arecaceae) in Colombia, where it has reached epidemic levels in the Eastern Palm Zone, with 902,529 cases recorded between 1997 and 2018. The insect vector of ML is probably the cixiid planthopper Haplaxius crudus. The objective of this study was to obtain information on the presence and distribution of H. crudus in the oil palm areas of Colombia. Sampling was carried out by passing an insect net to the oil palm foliage, to collect the adults, and checking grasses, and sedge hosts to collect the nymphs. The results indicate that H. crudus is present in 163 oil palm plantations, located in 42 palm municipalities distributed in the North, Central, and Eastern oil palm zones of Colombia. We concluded that the presence of this insect is broader than what had been initially recorded. This work provides essential information to the oil palm industry since it allows to be alert about the possible spread of lethal wilt of oil palm once a diseased palm is detected in areas free of this disease.

Abstract Breastfeeding is considered a primary strategy in health promotion and disease prevention. This document addresses aspects that make evident the importance of breastfeeding for the health of the mother and her child, and the role of health professionals to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. An epidemiological panorama of breastfeeding in Mexico is presented, the main constituents of milk, the benefits of breastfeeding, both for the baby and for the mother, the barriers and myths that somehow influence breastfeeding, the main problems of breastfeeding and how to solve them, the proposed steps and the technique to achieve successful breastfeeding and promote a culture of breastfeeding.

Resumen La lactancia materna se considera una estrategia primordial en la promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad. En este documento se abordan aspectos que hacen evidente la importancia de la lactancia materna para la salud de la madre y su hijo, y el papel de los profesionales de la salud para promover, proteger y apoyar la lactancia materna. Se presenta un panorama epidemiológico de la lactancia en México, los principales constituyentes de la leche, los beneficios de amamantar, tanto para el bebé como para la madre, las barreras y mitos que de alguna manera influyen en la lactancia materna, los principales problemas de la lactancia materna y cómo resolverlos, los pasos propuestos y la técnica para lograr una lactancia exitosa y promover una cultura de lactancia materna.

ABSTRACT Background: Confinement is an effective measure to control COVID-19, but it can have repercussions on lifestyle-related behaviors, especially among adolescents. Poor quality diet and low physical activity could trigger weight gain and the appearance of chronic non-communicable diseases at an early age. Aim: To investigate the changes in eating and physical activity patterns before and during the first COVID-19 confinement in Chilean adolescents. Material and Methods: Chilean adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years were invited to answer an online survey with 47 questions about dietary habits and physical activity. Results: The survey was answered by 420 participants and only four adolescents declined to answer it. Changes in eating patterns were evidenced, such as an increase in lunch consumption from 54.1 to 83%, and a decrease in the consumption of both healthy and unhealthy foods. Also, significant changes were observed in physical activity patterns, and an increase in the time spent sitting, from 4.7 to 5.8 hours during confinement. Conclusions: The first confinement for COVID-19 modified eating and physical activity patterns in Chilean adolescents towards unhealthy habits, which if maintained, could negatively affect their health and quality of life.

RESUMO. COVID-19 é uma doença infecciosa declarada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como emergência de saúde pública de interesse internacional. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é determinar as condições de saúde física, psicológica, social e de humor na quarentena de COVID-19 em adultos com comprometimento cognitivo leve. Métodos: A amostra foi composta de 129 participantes, a maioria saudável, mas alguns com comprometimento cognitivo leve. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário e da escala de depressão geriátrica de Yesavage, aplicada por meio de ligações telefônicas no período de abril a junho de 2020. Resultados: Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nas mudanças nos hábitos de sono dos participantes saudáveis (p=0,018). As comparações intragrupo da escala de depressão geriátrica de Yesavage em participantes saudáveis foram significativas (p=0,010) e, no nível intergrupo, antes e depois da quarentena mostraram diferenças significativas nos escores do pré-teste (p=0,003). Conclusões: O isolamento social teve efeito psicológico negativo sobre os hábitos de sono, humor deprimido e saúde física, principalmente em participantes saudáveis.

ABSTRACT. COVID-19 is an infectious disease declared by the World Health Organization as a public health emergency of international concern. Objective: The objective of this article was to determine the physical, psychological, and social health conditions and mood of COVID-19 quarantine in adults with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: The sample consisted of 129 participants, most of them were healthy, but some have mild cognitive impairment. The data were collected with a questionnaire and the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale applied through phone calls from April to June 2020. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the changes in sleep habits of the healthy participants (p=0.018). Intragroup comparisons of the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale in healthy participants were significant (p=0.010) and at the intergroup level before and after quarantine showed significant differences in pretest scores (p=0.003). Conclusions: Social isolation had a negative psychological effect on sleep habits, depressed mood, and physical health, mainly in healthy participants.

Abstract Meliponines are important pollinators of wild and cultivated plants in Latin America. In addition, these bees have the characteristics of a bioindicator, information necessary to develop conservation and sustainable management strategies for species of cultural, ecological, and economic importance. The objective of this work is to determine the species of meliponines that pollinate agroecosystems in Latin America and their use as bioindicators, which will serve as the basis for implementing strategies for the conservation and sustainable management of these bees. This research used sources of information related to the meliponines present in Latin America, crops they pollinate and the use of these stingless bees as bioindicators. Forty-six crops pollinated by meliponines in eight countries were recorded, where 17 genera and 54 species were recorded, with Brazil being the country with the highest record with 33 crops. Meliponines contribute directly to the pollination of agroecosystems, improving yield and quality, therefore it is important to establish strategies for conservation of these bees, such as maintaining flower patches that serve as food throughout the year. The protection of stingless bees is necessary because of the importance they have in the pollination service; however, it is also needed to conduct more research on their biology and their use in greenhouses, in addition to their usefulness as bioindicators.

Resumen Los meliponinos son importantes polinizadores de plantas silvestres y cultivadas en América Latina. Además, estas abejas tienen características de un bioindicador, información necesaria para desarrollar estrategias de conservación y manejo sostenible para las especies de importancia cultural, ecológica y económica. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las especies de meliponinos que polinizan los agroecosistemas en América Latina y su uso como bioindicadores, lo cual servirá para implementar estrategias en la conservación y manejo sostenible de estas abejas. En esta investigación se emplearon fuentes de información relacionados con los meliponinos presentes en América Latina, cultivos que polinizan y la utilización de estas abejas sin aguijón como bioindicadores. Se registraron 46 cultivos polinizados por meliponinos en ocho países, en donde se registraron 17 géneros y 54 especies, resultando Brasil donde se tiene mayor registro con 33 cultivos. Los meliponinos contribuyen directamente con la polinización de los agroecosistemas, mejorando el rendimiento y la calidad, por lo cual es importante establecer estrategias de conservación de estas abejas, tales como mantener parches florales que sirvan de alimento durante todo el año. Es necesaria la protección de las abejas sin aguijón por la importancia que tienen en el servicio de polinización; sin embargo, también es necesario realizar investigación sobre su biología y sobre su utilización en invernaderos, además de su utilidad como bioindicadores.