Resumen Este estudio investigó la percepción de médicos mexicanos sobre retrasos en la atención del cáncer de mama (CM) y el conocimiento de rutas de referencia (RR) diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se realizó una encuesta digital anónima entre médicos mexicanos. Se recopilaron y analizaron datos sociodemográficos, institución laboral, percepción de retrasos y barreras en la atención del CM, conocimiento de RR, y plan de acción ante sospecha o diagnóstico de CM. 785 médicos completaron la encuesta; 87 (18%) y 11 (2%) participantes del sector público y privado, respectivamente, estimaron retrasos > 90 días. 179 (36%) de los encuestados del sector público y 328 (66%) del privado desconocían las RR institucionales. Desconocer las RR se asoció con mayor percepción de retrasos (p < 0.001). Aunque la mayoría de los encuestados no percibieron retrasos, una proporción importante desconoce las RR institucionales y no siguen un patrón de referencia homogéneo. Se debe priorizar la implementación de estrategias nacionales para fortalecer los servicios de salud y disminuir los retrasos en la atención del CM en México.

Abstract This study explored the perception of Mexican physicians on delays and referral pathways (RPs) in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (BC). An anonymous online survey was conducted among physicians in Mexico. Sociodemographic data, affiliate institution, perceived delays and barriers to care, knowledge about RPs, and action plan for BC suspicion or diagnosis were collected and analyzed. In total, 785 physicians completed the survey. 87 (18%) and 11 (2%) healthcare providers from the public and private sectors, respectively, estimated delays > 90 days. 179 (36%) participants from the public and 328 (66%) from the private sector were unaware of standardized RPs for BC. Lack of knowledge about RPs was associated with perceiving greater delays in care (p < 0.001). Despite not perceiving delays in BC care, an important proportion of participants lacked knowledge about institutional RPs for BC care and did not follow a common RP. The development and implementation of national strategies aimed at strengthening health services and reducing delays in BC care should be a national priority.

Abstracto Introducción: En el 2008, el perfil de salud neurológico ecuatoriano presentaba importantes déficits, escasez de neurólogos e inaccesibilidad a residencias en neurología. Ese año una nueva constitución introdujo atención médica universal. Ninguna publicación ha analizado la capacidad de atención neurológica del Sistema de Salud Pública (SSP) del Ecuador. Un análisis actualizado del número de neurólogos y residencias neurológicas es necesario. Objetivo: Determinar el número de programas en neurología y si el SSP ecuatoriano cumple con el ratio ideal mínimo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud de 1 neurólogo por cada 100.000 habitantes. Métodos: Análisis transversal de datos hasta noviembre, 2022 del SSP y del Consejo de Educación Superior del Ecuador. Los ratio se calcularon acorde al Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Resultados: El SSP cuenta con noventa y cuatro neurólogos. Mayormente en Pichincha (37/39,4%) y Guayas (24/25,5%). Hay uno por provincia en cinco provincias; ninguno en ocho provincias. Dos provincias cumplieron el ratio ideal. Existen 0,54:100.000 neurólogos/habitantes y una residencia de neurología en Quito. Conclusión: El SSP ecuatoriano tiene escasez de neurólogos, incumpliendo el ratio ideal mínimo, y déficit de residencias en neurología. La descentralización de servicios neurológicos, soporte atención primaria, y financiamiento gubernamental para creación de residencias en neurología son necesidades urgentes.

Abstract Introduction: In 2008, Ecuador's neurologic healthcare profile displayed significant needs, a lack of neurologists, and neurology training accessibility. In that year, a new constitution introduced universal health care. No publication analyzes Ecuador's neurological Public Healthcare capacity. Hence, an up-to-date analysis of the number of neurologists and neurology training programs is required. Objective: Determine if Ecuador's public healthcare meets the minimum ideal ratio recommended by the World Health Organization of 1 neurologist per 100,000 population and the number of neurology training programs in Ecuador. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of public data until November 2022 from Ecuador's Public Health System (PHS) and the Council of Higher Education. Ratios were calculated using the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses' information. Results: The public health network had ninety-four neurologists. Most found in Pichincha (37/39.4%) and Guayas (24/25.5%). There was one per province in five provinces. No neurologists were available in eight provinces. Two provinces met the ideal ratio. Ecuador’s ratio was 0.54:100,000 neurologists per population. One neurology training program was found in Quito. Conclusion: Ecuador's PHS has a shortage of neurologists, unfulfilling the minimum ideal ratio, and a severe lack of neurology training. Decentralizing neurological services, primary care support, and governmental funding for neurology training are an urgent need.

SUMMARY Objective: To establish the infections associated with health care in surgically treated patients, without considering operative site (ISO) infections. Materials and methods: A search of the literature was performed in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS databases in addition to unpublished literature, identifying studies related to infections associated with health care in adult patients who underwent surgery. Results: In the search performed, 25 articles were selected, from which the results were extracted. The most frequent IAAS in the studies reviewed were: ventilator-associated pneumonia (36%), pneumonia associated with health care (32%), urinary tract infections by urinary catheter (48%), infections associated with venous catheter (8 %). Conclusion: Infections associated with health care in patients brought to surgical procedures, most frequently found are ventilator-associated pneumonia, pneumonia associated with health care, urinary tract infection by catheter and venous catheter-associated infections. However, they continue to generate questions, since ISO is the most documented, suggesting more studies and research.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente, sin tener en cuenta las infecciones del sitio operatorio (ISO). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS además de la literatura gris, para identificar estudios relacionados con infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud en pacientes adultos que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Resultados: En la búsqueda realizada se seleccionaron 25 artículos de los cuales se extrajeron los resultados. Las IAAS más frecuentes en los estudios revisados fueron: neumonía asociada al ventilador (36%), neumonía asociada al cuidado de la salud (32%), infecciones de tracto urinario por catéter urinario (48%), infecciones asociadas a catéter venoso (8%). Conclusión: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud frecuentemente encontradas en pacientes llevados a procedimientos quirúrgicos son la neumonía asociada al ventilador, neumonía asociada al cuidado de la salud, la infección del tracto urinario por catéter y las infecciones asociadas a catéter venoso, sin embargo, las infecciones de sitio operatorio (ISO) son las más documentadas, situación que requiere mayor atención y abordaje a través de otros estudios de investigación.

Abstract Intracranial hypotension syndrome (IHS) is attributed to reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. It may be spontaneous or secondary to a history of trauma or systemic disease. We present the case of an 11-year-old boy, with medical history of Marfan syndrome, with orthostatic headache and persistent vomiting (12 hours) following a fall on the sacrococcygeal region. Magnetic resonance showed extradural fluid collections at dorsal and lumbosacral levels, compatible with CSF leak. The condition was resolved with treatment, but the patient had two new episodes during the follow-up period. Thus, an epidural blood patch was performed two years after the first episode. Although HIS is uncommon in children, it should be suspected in patients with orthostatic headache, particularly if the patient presents a connectivopathy. Few studies have assessed the management of HIS in paediatric age. The case presented here and the reviewed available literature provides further data for these type of cases.

Resumen El síndrome de hipotensión intracraneal (SHI) es consecuencia del descenso de la presión de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), espontáneo o secundario a antecedente traumático o enfermedad sistémica. Presentamos el caso de un niño de 11 años con cefalea ortostática y vómitos de 12 horas de evolución tras una caída sobre región sacrocoxígea; antecedente de síndrome de Marfan. La resonancia craneomedular mostró colecciones líquidas extradurales a nivel dorsal y lumbosacro compatibles con fístula de LCR. El cuadro se resolvió tras tratamiento, pero hubo dos nuevos episodios durante el seguimiento, por lo que se aplicó un parche hemático epidural a los dos años del inicio. Aunque el SHI es infrecuente en niños, debe sospecharse ante pacientes con cefalea ortostática, especialmente si existe patología favorecedora como enfermedades del tejido conectivo. Existe poca evidencia sobre el manejo en edad pediátrica, por lo que se presenta este caso y se realiza una revisión de la literatura.

ABSTRACT The local experience and the success rate of different available treatments for dificult biliary stones in Colombia are poorly described. We made an observational study reporting patients treated for dificult biliary stones, at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in Bogotá, Colombia between January 2015, and November 2021. Clinical characteristics, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings, and outcomes are presented. Additionally, the success rates of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Plus Large Balloon Dilation (ESLBD), Mechanical Lithotripsy (ML), temporary stenting (TS), cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy (CGLL), and surgery are described. A total of 146 patients were included (median age 69 years, IQR 58.5-78.5, 33.8% men). The median stone diameter was 15 mm (IQR 10 - 18 mm). One stone was presented in 39.9%, two stones in 18.2%, and ≥3 stones in the remaining stone. A 67.6% disproportion rate was observed between the stone and distal common bile duct. Successful stone extraction was achieved in 56.2% in the first procedure, 22.6% in the second, 17.1% in the third, 3.4% in the fourth, and 0.7% in the fifth procedures. The successful extraction rates were 56.8% for ESLBD, 75% for ML, 23.4% for TS, 57.7% for CGLL, and 100% for surgery. Endoscopic management of dificult stones is usually successful, although it usually requires 2 or more ERCPs procedures. The surgical requirements were low. ESLBD is an effective technique unlike TS. Few patients required advanced techniques such as ML or CGLL. Endoscopic procedures are associated with a low rate of complications.

RESUMEN La tasa de éxito de diferentes tratamientos de Cálculo Biliar Difícil (CBD) en Colombia no está descrita. Hemos realizado un estudio descriptivo observacional sobre el tratamiento de CBD en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en Bogotá, Colombia entre enero 2015 y noviembre 2021. Se presentan las características clínicas, hallazgos en la Colangiopancreatografía Retrógrada Endoscópica (CPRE) y desenlaces asociados. Adicionalmente, se describe la tasa de éxito de los pacientes tratados mediante esfinterotomía asociada a dilatación endoscópica con balón grande (EDEBG), litotripsia mecánica (LM), stent temporal (ST), litotripsia con láser guiada por colangioscopia (LLGC) y cirugía. 146 pacientes fueron incluidos (Mediana de edad 69 años, RIC 58,6-78,5). 33,8% eran hombres. La mediana del tamaño del CBD fue de 15 mm (RIC 10-18 mm). 39,9% tenían un solo cálculo, 18,2% tenían 2 y el resto ≥3 cálculos. 67,6% tenían desproporción entre el cálculo y el colédoco distal. La extracción exitosa se logró en 56,2% en el primer procedimiento, 22,6% en el segundo, 17,1% en el tercero, 3,4% en el cuarto y 0,7% en el quinto procedimiento. La tasa de extracción exitosa fue de 56,8% con EDEBG, 75% con LM, 23,4% con ST, 57,7% con LLGC y 100% con cirugía. El manejo endoscópico del CBD es usualmente exitoso. Sin embargo, requiere usualmente ≥2 CPRE. El tratamiento quirúrgico no es común. EDEBG es una técnica efectiva a diferencia del ST. Pocos pacientes requirieron técnicas avanzadas como LM o LLGC. Los métodos endoscópicos presentan una baja tasa de complicaciones.

Resumen: La programación del riego es un factor clave para el manejo eficiente del agua en la agricultura. El objetivo del estudio fue programar los riegos con el uso del atmómetro y el coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) en maíz (Zeamays L.) forrajero para evaluar su efecto en la altura de planta, índice de área foliar, rendimiento de materia seca (MS) y eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA) bajo diferentes tratamientos de riego. El estudio se realizó en el Campo Experimental la Laguna del INIFAP ubicado en Matamoros, Coahuila, México. Se utilizaron tres híbridos de maíz (H-431, H-383 y SB-302) con un sistema de riego por goteo subsuperficial, donde se aplicaron los tratamientos del 60, 80 y 100% de la evapotranspiración (ET) y un testigo (riego por gravedad). El diseño experimental fue bloques completamente al azar con parcelas divididas y cuatro repeticiones. La programación del riego con el atmómetro y el Kc del maíz propiciaron un mayor rendimiento de MS (18.83 t ha-1) y EUA (3.66 kg de MS m-3) en los tres híbridos con el 100% de ET. La EUA en el 100% de ET fue 1.36, 1.63 y 40% mayor con respecto al 60%, 80% de ET y riego por gravedad, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, programar el riego mediante el uso del atmómetro y el Kc del cultivo en un sistema de riego por goteo subsuperficial ayuda a obtener un mayor uso eficiente del agua en maíz forrajero.

Abstract: Irrigation scheduling is a key factor for efficient water management in agriculture. The objective of the study was to program the irrigations with the use of the atmometer and the crop coefficient (Kc) in forage corn (Zea mays L.) to evaluate its effect on plant height, leaf area index, dry matter yield (DM) and water use efficiency (WUE) under different irrigation treatments. The study was carried out in the Experimental Field La Laguna of INIFAP located in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico. Three corn hybrids (H-431, H-383 and SB-302) were used with a subsurface drip irrigation system, applying 60, 80 and 100% evapotranspiration (ET) treatments and a control (gravity irrigation). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with divided plots and four replications. Irrigation scheduling with the atmometer and Kc of corn led to a higher DM yield (18.83 t ha-1) and WUE (3.66 kg DM m-3) in the three hybrids with 100% ET. The WUE in 100% ET was 1.36, 1.63 and 40% higher with respect to 60%, 80% ET and irrigation by gravity, respectively. Therefore, scheduling irrigation using the atmometer and crop Kc in a subsurface drip irrigation system helps to obtain more efficient water use in forage corn.

Resumen: Los corticoides prenatales disminuyen la mortalidad y el distrés respiratorio (SDR) en recién nacidos prematuros (RNPT). Estos beneficios decrecen tras la semana de su administración, recomendándose un rescate si existe una nueva amenaza de parto prematuro. La repetición de corticoides prenatales puede tener efectos deletéreos y sus beneficios son controvertidos en el retraso del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Objetivo: comprobar los efectos del rescate con betametasona prenatal en la morbimortalidad neonatal, el SDR y el neurodesarrollo a los 2 años en prematuros con RCIU. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de RNPT ≤ 34 semanas y ≤ 1.500 g divididos en cohortes según la exposición a betametasona prenatal: Ciclo-único (2 dosis) vs Rescate (3 dosis). Se realizan subgrupos para ≥ 30 semanas. Se realizó un seguimiento de ambas cohortes hasta los 24 meses de edad corregida. Se aplicó el cuestionario Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)® para evaluar el neurodesarrollo. Resultados: Se incluyen 62 RNPT. El grupo Rescate vs. Ciclo-único no muestra diferencias en morbimortalidad y sí menor intubación (p = 0,02), sin diferencias en el soporte respiratorio a los 7 días de vida. RNPT ≥ 30 semanas con Rescate presentan mayor morbimortalidad (p = 0,03) y displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) (p = 0,02), sin diferencias en el SDR. El grupo rescate muestra peores puntuaciones medias en la escala ASQ-3, sin diferencias significativas en parálisis cerebral o déficits sensoriales. Conclusiones: El rescate no disminuye la morbimortalidad y sí reduce la intubación al nacimiento. Sin embargo, en ≥ 30 semanas no se observa este beneficio y la población expuesta a rescate presenta más DBP y menores puntuaciones en la escala ASQ-3 a los 2 años. Futuros estudios deben ir encaminados a la individualización de la terapia con corticoides prenatales.

Abstract: Antenatal corticosteroids reduce mortality and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm newborns. These benefits decrease after a week of administration, recommending a rescue therapy if there is a new threat of premature delivery. Repeated administration of antenatal corticosteroids may have deleterious effects and their benefits are controversial in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Objective: to verify the effects in the IUGR population of antenatal betamethasone rescue therapy on neonatal morbidity and mortality, RDS, and neurodevelopment at 2 years. Patients and Method: Retrospective study including ≤ 34 weeks and ≤ 1,500g preterm newborns divided according to antenatal betamethasone exposure: Single-cycle (2 doses) vs Rescue therapy (3 doses). Subgroups were created for those ≥ 30 weeks. Both cohorts were followed up to 24 months of corrected age. The Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ)® was administered to assess neurodevelopment. Results: 62 preterm infants with a diagnosis of IUGR were included. The rescue therapy group compared with the single-dose group showed no differences in morbidity and mortality and less intubation rate at birth (p = 0.02), with no differences in respiratory support at 7 days of life. Preterm newborns ≥ 30 weeks exposed to rescue therapy showed higher morbidity and mortality (p = 0.03) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (p = 0.02), showing no differences in RDS. The rescue therapy group showed worse mean scores on the ASQ-3 scale, with no significant differences in cerebral palsy or sensory deficits. Conclusions: Rescue therapy reduces intubation at birth but does not reduce morbidity and mortality. However, at ≥ 30 weeks, this benefit is not observed and the IUGR population exposed to rescue therapy presented more BPD and lower scores on the ASQ-3 scale at 2 years. Future studies should be aimed at the individualization of antenatal corticosteroid therapy.

Resumo O estudo analisa a elaboração de respostas para o enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 na América Latina. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com base em análise de documentos, dados e medidas políticas adotadas ou anunciadas entre março e dezembro de 2020 em 14 países latino-americanos. A análise compreendeu a apreciação de teor, conteúdo e abrangência das medidas políticas para contenção e mitigação sanitárias e para a reorganização dos serviços de saúde identificadas nos sites governamentais. Complementarmente, incluiu-se indicadores quantitativos demográficos e relativos à situação epidemiológica e resultado do Sringency index. No geral, as respostas dos países latino-americanos foram heterogêneas, apesar de multisetoriais, caracterizando a complexidade e diversidade decisória frente à pandemia. Conclui-se que ainda há muito a refletir sobre as consequências das fragilidades normativas para a consecução das necessidades multidimensionais durante crises sanitárias.

Abstract The study analyzes the development of responses to address the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. It is a descriptive study based on an analysis of documents, data, and policy measures adopted or announced between March and December 2020 in 14 Latin American countries. The analysis included assessment of the content, tenor, and scope of policy measures for containment and mitigation, health care, and reorganization of health services identified on government websites. In addition, quantitative demographic indicators were included, as well as those related to the epidemiological situation and the result of the Stringency index. In general, the responses of Latin American countries were heterogeneous, albeit multisectoral, characterizing the complexity and diversity of decision making when confronting a pandemic. The conclusion drawn is that there is still a great deal to reflect upon with respect to the consequences of regulatory weaknesses for the achievement of multidimensional demands during health crises.

Abstract The study analyzes the development of responses to address the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. It is a descriptive study based on an analysis of documents, data, and policy measures adopted or announced between March and December 2020 in 14 Latin American countries. The analysis included assessment of the content, tenor, and scope of policy measures for containment and mitigation, health care, and reorganization of health services identified on government websites. In addition, quantitative demographic indicators were included, as well as those related to the epidemiological situation and the result of the Stringency index. In general, the responses of Latin American countries were heterogeneous, albeit multisectoral, characterizing the complexity and diversity of decision making when confronting a pandemic. The conclusion drawn is that there is still a great deal to reflect upon with respect to the consequences of regulatory weaknesses for the achievement of multidimensional demands during health crises.

Resumo O estudo analisa a elaboração de respostas para o enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 na América Latina. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com base em análise de documentos, dados e medidas políticas adotadas ou anunciadas entre março e dezembro de 2020 em 14 países latino-americanos. A análise compreendeu a apreciação de teor, conteúdo e abrangência das medidas políticas para contenção e mitigação sanitárias e para a reorganização dos serviços de saúde identificadas nos sites governamentais. Complementarmente, incluiu-se indicadores quantitativos demográficos e relativos à situação epidemiológica e resultado do Sringency index. No geral, as respostas dos países latino-americanos foram heterogêneas, apesar de multisetoriais, caracterizando a complexidade e diversidade decisória frente à pandemia. Conclui-se que ainda há muito a refletir sobre as consequências das fragilidades normativas para a consecução das necessidades multidimensionais durante crises sanitárias.

Resumen: Los corticoides prenatales disminuyen la mortalidad y el distrés respiratorio (SDR) en recién nacidos prematuros (RNPT). Estos beneficios decrecen tras la semana de su administración, recomendándose un rescate si existe una nueva amenaza de parto prematuro. La repetición de corticoides prenatales puede tener efectos deletéreos y sus beneficios son controvertidos en el retraso del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Objetivo: comprobar los efectos del rescate con betametasona prenatal en la morbimortalidad neonatal, el SDR y el neurodesarrollo a los 2 años en prematuros con RCIU. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de RNPT ≤ 34 semanas y ≤ 1.500 g divididos en cohortes según la exposición a betametasona prenatal: Ciclo-único (2 dosis) vs Rescate (3 dosis). Se realizan subgrupos para ≥ 30 semanas. Se realizó un seguimiento de ambas cohortes hasta los 24 meses de edad corregida. Se aplicó el cuestionario Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)® para evaluar el neurodesarrollo. Resultados: Se incluyen 62 RNPT. El grupo Rescate vs. Ciclo-único no muestra diferencias en morbimortalidad y sí menor intubación (p = 0,02), sin diferencias en el soporte respiratorio a los 7 días de vida. RNPT ≥ 30 semanas con Rescate presentan mayor morbimortalidad (p = 0,03) y displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) (p = 0,02), sin diferencias en el SDR. El grupo rescate muestra peores puntuaciones medias en la escala ASQ-3, sin diferencias significativas en parálisis cerebral o déficits sensoriales. Conclusiones: El rescate no disminuye la morbimortalidad y sí reduce la intubación al nacimiento. Sin embargo, en ≥ 30 semanas no se observa este beneficio y la población expuesta a rescate presenta más DBP y menores puntuaciones en la escala ASQ-3 a los 2 años. Futuros estudios deben ir encaminados a la individualización de la terapia con corticoides prenatales.

Abstract: Antenatal corticosteroids reduce mortality and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm newborns. These benefits decrease after a week of administration, recommending a rescue therapy if there is a new threat of premature delivery. Repeated administration of antenatal corticosteroids may have deleterious effects and their benefits are controversial in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Objective: to verify the effects in the IUGR population of antenatal betamethasone rescue therapy on neonatal morbidity and mortality, RDS, and neurodevelopment at 2 years. Patients and Method: Retrospective study including ≤ 34 weeks and ≤ 1,500g preterm newborns divided according to antenatal betamethasone exposure: Single-cycle (2 doses) vs Rescue therapy (3 doses). Subgroups were created for those ≥ 30 weeks. Both cohorts were followed up to 24 months of corrected age. The Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ)® was administered to assess neurodevelopment. Results: 62 preterm infants with a diagnosis of IUGR were included. The rescue therapy group compared with the single-dose group showed no differences in morbidity and mortality and less intubation rate at birth (p = 0.02), with no differences in respiratory support at 7 days of life. Preterm newborns ≥ 30 weeks exposed to rescue therapy showed higher morbidity and mortality (p = 0.03) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (p = 0.02), showing no differences in RDS. The rescue therapy group showed worse mean scores on the ASQ-3 scale, with no significant differences in cerebral palsy or sensory deficits. Conclusions: Rescue therapy reduces intubation at birth but does not reduce morbidity and mortality. However, at > 30 weeks, this benefit is not observed and the IUGR population exposed to rescue therapy presented more BPD and lower scores on the ASQ-3 scale at 2 years. Future studies should be aimed at the individualization of antenatal corticosteroid therapy.

Resumen Introducción: La arteritis de Takayasu es una vasculitis de grandes vasos que afecta a las arterias elásticas de gran calibre, fundamentalmente la aorta y sus ramas principales. Ocurre frecuentemente en mujeres entre los 20-30 años, por lo que es muy infrecuente en la edad pediátrica. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 15 años en seguimiento desde los 9 años por enfermedad celiaca. A los 13 años se detectó anemia de trastornos crónicos, elevación de proteína C reactiva y velocidad de sedimentación globular. La paciente permaneció en todo momento asintomática. Tras descartar otros procesos, se solicitó tomografía computarizada por emisión de positrones (PET-TC), donde se detectaron lesiones compatibles con vasculitis de grandes vasos. La valoración por Cardiología evidenció un aneurisma en coronaria derecha. Se realizó angio-TC, que sugirió arteritis de Takayasu tipo III. Conclusiones: Es frecuente un retraso en el diagnóstico de la arteritis de Takayasu en los pacientes pediátricos. En este caso se encontraron lesiones de la fase II sin la presencia de síntomas correspondientes a la fase I. El PET-TC permitió el diagnóstico de vasculitis, clave para el diagnóstico de la paciente.

Abstract Background: Takayasu arteritis is a large-vessel vasculitis which affects large-caliber elastic arteries, primarily the aorta and its main branches. It mainly affects women between 20-30 years, so it is rare in children. Case report: We describe the case of a 15-year-old female who was followed up since she was 9 years old due to celiac disease. At the age of 13, anaemia of chronic disorders associated to elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were detected. The patient remained asymptomatic. After excluding other diseases, we requested a positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT); lesions compatible with large-vessel vasculitis were detected. Cardiology evaluation showed an aneurysm in the right coronary artery. Angio-CT suggested Takayasu type III arteritis. Conclusions: The delay in the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis in pediatric patients is quite common. In this case, we have found phase II lesions, with no previous phase I symptoms. However, PET-CT allowed the diagnosis of vasculitis, key to the diagnosis of the patient.

Abstract We provide information on 11 new records of spiders collected in Sonora, Northwestern Mexico. The new records belong to the families of Deinopidae: Deinopis sp.; Filistatidae: Filistatinella sp. and Filistatoides sp.; Mimetidae: Mimetus sp.; Oecobiidae: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870; Oonopidae: Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1982; Oxyopidae: Hamataliwa helia (Chamberlin, 1929) and Peucetia viridans (Blackwall, 1858); Plectreuridae: Kibramoa sp.; Prodidomidae: Zimiris doriae Simon, 1882; Trachelidae: Trachelas pacificus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935. The families Deinopidae, Mimetidae, and Prodidomidae are recorded for the first time in Sonora, while O. maculatus is recorded for the first time in Mexico. The number of species known from Sonora increases to 212 spiders.

Resumen Se documentan 11 nuevos registros de arañas recolectadas en Sonora, Noroeste de México. Los nuevos registros pertenecen a las familias Deinopidae: Deinopis sp.; Filistatidae: Filistatinella sp. y Filistatoides sp.; Mimetidae: Mimetus sp.; Oecobiidae: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870; Oonopidae: Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1982; Oxyopidae: Hamataliwa helia (Chamberlin, 1929) y Peucetia viridans (Blackwall, 1858); Plectreuridae: Kibramoa sp.; Prodidomidae: Zimiris doriae Simon, 1882; Trachelidae: Trachelas pacificus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935. Destaca que los registros de las familias Deinopidae, Mimetidae y Prodidomidae son los primeros para la entidad. Además, entre las especies reportadas, O. maculatus se añade por primera vez a la lista de especies conocidas del país. Con la información anterior se incrementa a 212 especies de arañas conocidas para Sonora.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with different medical conditions, such as cardiologic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary, and constitutes a severe health problem. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the use of intragastric fluid-filled balloon in the reduction of weight and other measurements related to body composition. METHODS: This is a retrospective, monocentric study involving all patients who opted for the intragastric balloon Spatz® placement from January 2018 to July 2019, with fulfillment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were analyzed after 6 and 12 months after the intragastric fluid-filled balloon placed. RESULTS: A total of 121 subjects were included in this study, with 83 (68.6%) females and 38 (31.4%) males. The mean age was 36 years and height was 1.64±0.09. Weight mean and standard deviation was 89.85±14.65 kg, and body mass index was 33.05±4.03; body mass index decreased to 29.4 kg/m2 with a mean weight of 79.83 kg, after 12 months of follow-up. There were statistical differences between body mass index and the 12 months in fat percentage, fat-free mass (kg), visceral fat area, and basal metabolic rate. There was a significant variation according to gender, with males having highest reduction. The percentage of excess weight loss was 46.19, and the total weight loss was 9.24 at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated a benefit of intragastric fluid-filled balloon on weight loss after 12 months. At the end of treatment, body mass index and the measurements of body composition were significantly lower. Men benefited more than women from the treatment.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A obesidade está associada a diferentes condições médicas, tais como cardiológicas, respiratórias, gastrointestinais, geniturinárias entre outras e constituem um grave problema de saúde. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o emprêgo do balão intragástrico na redução de peso e em outras medidas relacionadas à composição corporal. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, monocêntrico, incluindo todos os pacientes que optaram pela colocação de balão intragástrico Spatz® entre janeiro de 2018 e julho de 2019, com cumprimento dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. RESULTADOS: Cento e vinte e um indivíduos foram recrutados neste estudo. A média de idade foi de 36 anos e estatura de 1,64±0,09, sendo 83 (68,6%) do sexo feminino e 38 (31,4%) do sexo masculino. A média do peso e o desvio padrão foram de 89,85±14,65 kg e o índice de massa corporal foi de 33,05±4,03. Após 12 meses, o índice de massa corporal diminuiu para 29,4 kg/m2 com um peso médio de 79,83 kg. Foram registradas diferenças estatísticas no índice de massa corporal, no percentual de gordura, massa livre de gordura (kg), área de gordura visceral e taxa metabólica basal. Houve variação significativa de acordo com o sexo, sendo o masculino com maior redução. O porcentual de perda de excesso de peso foi de 46,19% e de perda de peso total de 9,24 %ao final do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo demonstrou benefícios do balão intragástrico na perda de peso após 12 meses de colocação do balão. Ao final do tratamento, o índice de massa corporal e as medidas de composição corporal foram significativamente menores. Os homens se beneficiaram mais do que as mulheres do tratamento.

Abstract Background: Phonotimpus pennimani (Araneae, Phrurolithidae) is a small-sized (3-5 mm) spider endemic to the Tacaná volcano in Chiapas, Mexico, where it is found in soil litter of cloud forests and coffee plantations. Its venom composition has so far not been investigated, partly because it is not a species of medical significance. However, it does have an important impact on the arthropod populations of its natural habitat. Methods: Specimens were collected in Southeastern Mexico (Chiapas) and identified taxonomically by morphological characteristics. A partial sequence from the mitochondrial gene coxI was amplified. Sequencing on the Illumina platform of a transcriptome library constructed from 12 adult specimens revealed 25 toxin or toxin-like genes. Transcripts were validated (RT-qPCR) by assessing the differential expression of the toxin-like PpenTox1 transcript and normalising with housekeeping genes. Results: Analysis of the coxI-gene revealed a similarity to other species of the family Phrurolithidae. Transcriptome analysis also revealed similarity with venom components of species from the families Ctenidae, Lycosidae, and Sicariidae. Expression of the toxin-like PpenTox1 gene was different for each developmental stage (juvenile or adult) and also for both sexes (female or male). Additionally, a partial sequence was obtained for the toxin-like PpenTox1 from DNA. Conclusion: Data from the amplification of the mitochondrial coxI gene confirmed that P. pennimani belongs to the family Phrurolithidae. New genes and transcripts coding for venom components were identified.