ABSTRACT Currently, the presence of spurious microwave radiation is increasing in the environment, which has caused concern due to possible health problems in living beings and electromagnetic interference in electronic systems. To control this problem, studies in the materials area are taking place, aiming to attenuate the spurious radiation and meet requirements of good performance in broadband, low cost and low weight. The present work aimed to study Cu and Ni nanometric films with thicknesses of 65 and 200 nm, deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrate by magnetron sputtering. Scanning electron microscopy with a field emission gun (FEG-SEM) showed that the films produced have different morphological textures, due to the parameters used in the sputtering process and also the free energy of metals. Impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that the films have low conductivity values, due to the metallic oxides formed on the film surfaces, confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and also to the presence of defects. Electromagnetic characterization (8.2 – 12.4 GHz) showed that the Cu and Ni thin films had low performance, except the Ni_200 nm film, which showed a total shielding efficiency of about 30% in broadband. This result is promising considering the nanometric thickness of the Ni film.

Abstract Several fields of research such as medicine, robotics, sports, informatics, etc., require the analysis of human movement. Traditional systems for acquisition and analysis of human movement data are based on video cameras or active sensors. However, those systems are limited to high-resource settings. Wearable devices allow monitoring subjects outside typical clinical or research environments. Here, we present an open source low-cost wireless sensor system for acquisition of human movement data. Our system consists of two main parts: a server that stores data and, one or more wearable sensor modules that collect movement data through Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and transmit them wirelessly to the server. As a proof of concept, we measured human gait activity. Our results show that our system with IMUs can acquire quantifiable movement data. Characteristics such as open source code and its low-cost, make our system a viable alternative for clinical or research.

Resumen: El uso de la pausa al final de la inspiración (PFI) en ventilación mecánica data de hace más de 50 años y con mayor impulso en la década de los 70, se le atribuye una mejoría en la presión parcial de oxígeno arterial (PaO2) al incrementar la presión media de la vía aérea (Pma), mayor aclaramiento de la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) y permite la monitorización de la presión meseta (Pmeseta) en la mecánica ventilatoria; sin embargo, los estudios clínicos sobre su uso son escasos y controversiales. En este artículo se abordan los mecanismos fisiológicos, fisiopatológicos y la evidencia sobre el uso de la PFI en ventilación mecánica (VM).

Abstract: The use of the end inspiratory pause (EIP) in mechanical ventilation has been going on for more than 50 years and with greater momentum in the 1970s, an improvement in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is attributed to the increase mean airway pressure, greater clearance of partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and allows monitoring of plateau pressure in ventilatory mechanics; However, the Clinical studies on its use are few and controversial. This article addresses the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms and the evidence on the use of EIP in mechanical ventilation.

Resumo: A utilização da pausa ao final da inspiração (PFI) na ventilação mecânica remonta a mais de 50 anos e com maior impulso na década de 70, atribui-se uma melhora na pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial (PaO2) pelo aumento da pressão média das vias aéreas (Pma), uma maior depuração da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) e permite a monitorização da pressão de platô (Pplateau) na mecânica ventilatória, porém estudos Os dados clínicos sobre seu uso são escassos e controversos. Este artigo aborda os mecanismos fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos e as evidências sobre o uso do PFI na ventilação mecânica (VM).

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of health professionals about radiological protection and to implement educational actions to promote a safe working environment for professionals, patients and companions. Method: An exploratory cross-sectional study, applying a questionnaire to 59 participants from different sectors of a teaching hospital. Open-ended questions were analyzed through the discourse of the collective subject and closed-ended questions were analyzed through quantitative analysis. Results: In the opinion of the participants, their professional training did not offer radioprotection class or the training was insufficient for the practice. In addition, the work environment does not provide regulatory norms and training on radioprotection. Most participants do not have solid knowledge and do not present safe behavior in radioprotection. In the internal week for the prevention of work accidents, a lecture and a theatricalisation about the topic of radioprotection were conducted and a booklet was distributed. Conclusion: Radiation protection education is necessary in the curricula of the training courses for health professionals and in the work environment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud sobre la protección radiológica con el intuito de implementar acciones educativas para promover un ambiente de trabajo seguro para los profesionales, pacientes y acompañantes Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal exploratorio, desarrollado por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a 59 participantes de diferentes sectores de un hospital de enseñanza. Se analizaron las cuestiones abiertas mediante el discurso del sujeto colectivo, y las cerradas, mediante análisis cuantitativo. Resultados: Según la opinión de los participantes, el curso no sumó conocimiento sobre la radioprotección o fue insuficiente para la práctica. El ambiente de trabajo tampoco pone a disposición normas reguladoras y formación sobre el tema. La mayoría de los participantes no poseen conocimiento sólido y comportamiento seguro en radioprotección. Durante la semana interna de prevención de accidentes de trabajo, se realizaron conferencias y teatralización sobre el tema radioprotección y se distribuyeron cartillas. Conclusión: Es necesario la inclusión educativa sobre radioprotección en los planes de estudio de los cursos formadores de profesionales de la salud y en el ambiente de trabajo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento que os profissionais de saúde têm sobre proteção radiológica e implementar ações educativas para promover um ambiente de trabalho seguro aos profissionais, pacientes e acompanhantes. Método: Estudo transversal exploratório, aplicando-se um questionário a 59 participantes de diferentes setores de um hospital de ensino. Questões abertas foram analisadas pelo discurso do sujeito coletivo. Questões fechadas tiveram análise quantitativa. Resultados: Na opinião dos participantes, o curso que fizeram não ofereceu formação sobre radioproteção ou foi insuficiente para a prática. O ambiente de trabalho também não disponibiliza normas regulatórias e formação sobre radioproteção. A maioria dos participantes não tem conhecimento sólido e comportamento seguro em radioproteção. Na semana interna de prevenção de acidentes de trabalho, foram feitas palestra e teatralização sobre o tema radioproteção e distribuída cartilha. Conclusões: São necessárias inserções educativas em radioproteção nas grades curriculares dos cursos formadores de profissionais de saúde e no ambiente de trabalho.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento que os profissionais de saúde têm sobre proteção radiológica e implementar ações educativas para promover um ambiente de trabalho seguro aos profissionais, pacientes e acompanhantes. Método: Estudo transversal exploratório, aplicando-se um questionário a 59 participantes de diferentes setores de um hospital de ensino. Questões abertas foram analisadas pelo discurso do sujeito coletivo. Questões fechadas tiveram análise quantitativa. Resultados: Na opinião dos participantes, o curso que fizeram não ofereceu formação sobre radioproteção ou foi insuficiente para a prática. O ambiente de trabalho também não disponibiliza normas regulatórias e formação sobre radioproteção. A maioria dos participantes não tem conhecimento sólido e comportamento seguro em radioproteção. Na semana interna de prevenção de acidentes de trabalho, foram feitas palestra e teatralização sobre o tema radioproteção e distribuída cartilha. Conclusões: São necessárias inserções educativas em radioproteção nas grades curriculares dos cursos formadores de profissionais de saúde e no ambiente de trabalho.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of health professionals about radiological protection and to implement educational actions to promote a safe working environment for professionals, patients and companions. Method: An exploratory cross-sectional study, applying a questionnaire to 59 participants from different sectors of a teaching hospital. Open-ended questions were analyzed through the discourse of the collective subject and closed-ended questions were analyzed through quantitative analysis. Results: In the opinion of the participants, their professional training did not offer radioprotection class or the training was insufficient for the practice. In addition, the work environment does not provide regulatory norms and training on radioprotection. Most participants do not have solid knowledge and do not present safe behavior in radioprotection. In the internal week for the prevention of work accidents, a lecture and a theatricalisation about the topic of radioprotection were conducted and a booklet was distributed. Conclusion: Radiation protection education is necessary in the curricula of the training courses for health professionals and in the work environment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud sobre la protección radiológica con el intuito de implementar acciones educativas para promover un ambiente de trabajo seguro para los profesionales, pacientes y acompañantes Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal exploratorio, desarrollado por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a 59 participantes de diferentes sectores de un hospital de enseñanza. Se analizaron las cuestiones abiertas mediante el discurso del sujeto colectivo, y las cerradas, mediante análisis cuantitativo. Resultados: Según la opinión de los participantes, el curso no sumó conocimiento sobre la radioprotección o fue insuficiente para la práctica. El ambiente de trabajo tampoco pone a disposición normas reguladoras y formación sobre el tema. La mayoría de los participantes no poseen conocimiento sólido y comportamiento seguro en radioprotección. Durante la semana interna de prevención de accidentes de trabajo, se realizaron conferencias y teatralización sobre el tema radioprotección y se distribuyeron cartillas. Conclusión: Es necesario la inclusión educativa sobre radioprotección en los planes de estudio de los cursos formadores de profesionales de la salud y en el ambiente de trabajo.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze aspects of the biomodulating effect of light in biological tissues, bone cells from surgical explants of the femur of rats were irradiated with low intensity laser. Methods: Bone cells were cultured and irradiated with LASER light (GaAlAs). Growth, cell viability, mineralized matrix formation, total protein dosage, immunostimulatory properties, cytochemical analysis, gene expression of bone proteins were examined using live cell imaging and cell counting by colorimetric assay. The gene expression of: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and osteopontin through the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: At 8 days, the viability of the irradiated culture was 82.3% and 72.4% in non-irradiated cells. At 18 days, the cellular viability (with laser) was 77.42% and 47.62% without laser. At 8 days, the total protein concentration was 21.622 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 16, 604 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group and at 18 days the concentration was 37.25 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 24, 95 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group. Conclusion: The laser interfered in the histochemical reaction, cell viability, matrix mineralization, and maintained the cellular expression of proteins

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar resultados de iniciativa para racionalizar o uso de exames radiológicos, garantindo sua qualidade técnica, e implantar uma campanha de radioproteção que inclua a capacitação da equipe profissional e a Carteira de Radioproteção para crianças de até 12 anos como instrumento para que os pais e médicos controlem a exposição das crianças à radiação. Métodos: Em um sistema de saúde suplementar com cobertura de 140 mil pessoas, foi implantada a campanha de radioproteção com base nos protocolos Image Gently •, garantindo a menor dose possível de exposição à radiação, com qualidade técnica, e implantando a Carteira de Radioproteção. Para aferir a eficácia dessas ações, comparou-se o número de exames radiológicos realizados no setor de urgência e emergência pediátrica no período de um ano anterior à campanha com o número de exames radiológicos realizados no período de um ano posterior à campanha. Resultados: As ações foram bem-aceitas por todos os grupos envolvidos. No ano seguinte à implantação das estratégias de radioproteção, observou-se redução de 22% no número de exames radiológicos realizados no setor pediátrico de urgência e emergência. Houve ainda diminuição de 29% da solicitação de dois ou mais exames para a mesma criança ou de exames com duas ou mais incidências. Conclusões: A campanha de radioproteção e a implantação da Carteira de Radioproteção para crianças até 12 anos revelaram-se estratégias factíveis e associaram-se à redução dos exames radiológicos solicitados e realizados no setor de urgência e emergência pediátrica.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze the results of an initiative aimed at improving the reasonable use of radiological examinations, ensuring their technical quality, implementing a radioprotection campaign that includes training of the professional team, and introducing the radioprotection card for children under 12 years old as a tool for parents and doctors to control children’s exposure to radiation. Methods: The study was held in a health care insurance system covering 140,000 people. A radioprotection campaign was implemented according to Image Gently • protocols, ensuring the lowest dose of radiation and the quality of examinations, and the radioprotection card was implemented. To assess the effectiveness of these actions, the number of radiological examinations performed at the pediatric emergency room in a period of one year preceding the campaign was compared with the number of radiological examinations performed one year after the campaign. Results: The campaign was well accepted by all professionals, families, and patients involved. In the year following the implementation of radioprotection strategies, there was a 22% reduction of radiological examinations performed at the pediatric emergency room. There was also a 29% reduction in the request of two or more radiological examinations for the same child or examinations with two or more incidences. Conclusions: The campaign and the radioprotection card for children under 12 years old proved to be feasible strategies and correlated with a reduction in radiological examinations requested and performed at the pediatric emergency room.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de tratamento térmico e da radiação ultravioleta (UV-C) na prevenção de danos pelo frio em mangas cv. Tommy Atkins previamente armazenadas ou não sob condição injuriante, depois de transferidas para condição de ambiente. Frutos foram divididos em grupos: dois foram tratados hidrotermicamente (46,1 °C/90 min; 55 ºC/5 min) e dois foram expostos a radiação UV-C (1,14 kJ m-2; 2,28 kJ m-2). Esses grupos foram armazenados em condição injuriante (5 ºC por 14 dias), conforme estabelecido em testes preliminares. Outros grupos não tratados foram armazenados a 12 ºC ou 5 ºC. Após o período de armazenamento, foram transferidos para condição ambiente (21,9 °C; 55% HR) e avaliados quanto à qualidade. Todos os dados foram submetidos à análise multivariada como ferramenta para verificar o efeito simultâneo dos tratamentos sobre os parâmetros de qualidade. A análise multivariada indicou que o tratamento térmico afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento da cor normal da casca das mangas, reduziu a capacidade antioxidante e injuriou o fruto, como indicado pela elevada atividade da PAL. O dano pelo frio relacionou-se com a diminuição da atividade antioxidante e com o comprometimento da síntese de pigmentos na casca. A radiação UV-C minimizou o aparecimento dos sintomas de injúria pelo frio, especialmente a dose de 2,28 kJ m-2. Este tratamento não impediu o desenvolvimento da coloração característica ou afetou negativamente o amadurecimento.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) in the prevention of chilling injury in mangoes cv. Tommy Atkins previously stored or not under injury condition after their transference to ambient condition. Fruits were divided into groups: two were hydrothermally treated (46.1 ºC/90 min; 55 ºC/5 min) and two were exposed to UV-C radiation (1.14 kJ m-2; 2.28 kJ m-2). These groups were stored under chilling injury conditions (5 ºC for 14 days), as established in preliminary tests. Other untreated groups were stored at 12 ºC or 5 ºC. After the storage period, they were transferred to ambient conditions (21.9 ºC; 55% RH) and the quality was evaluated. All the data were submitted to multivariate analysis as the tool to verify the simultaneous effect of the treatments under the quality parameters. The multivariate analysis indicated that the hydrothermal treatments at 46.1 °C/90 min and 55 °C/5 min and the UV-C radiation at doses of 1.14 kJ m-2 and 2.28 kJ m-2 were effective in minimized the symptoms of chilling injury in mangoes ‘Tommy Atkins’ stored at 5 °C for 14 days. However, after their transference to environmental condition at 21.9 °C, only the UV-C kept this control, especially at a dose of 2.28 kJ m-2. This treatment did not prevent the development of the characteristic color or affected the normal ripening and allowed the conservation of fruit for a period of 14 days at 5 °C, plus seven days of storage at environmental condition, which corresponds to the shipping transportation plus the time for sale.

Abstract: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are an alternative for promoting sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) development. Growth promotion was evaluated in sugarcane vitroplants inoculated separately with twenty-four strains of seven different bacterial species. Total indole synthesis and phosphate solubilization activity were determined in each strain. The experimental unit was one 5 L pot filled with a sterile mixture of farm soil-agrolite and one plant. The experimental design was completely random. Inoculation consisted of 1.0 mL of bacterial suspension (1 X 107 CFU). Plant height, stem diameter, number of shoots, leaf area and dry matter of shoot and root were determined every two weeks. The Ochrobactrum anthropi strains N208 and IMP311 and Pseudomonas luteola IMPCA244 had the highest production of total indoles (116.69, 115.70 and 117.34 μg mL-1, respectively). The Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains CA158 and 79 exhibited the highest values of phosphate solubilization (222.43 and 216.38 μg mL-1, respectively). In general, plant height increased 27.75%, stem diameter 30.75%, number of tillers 38.5%, leaf area 49%, aerial dry matter 59.75% and root dry matter 59.5%. P. luteola, P. fluorescens, O. anthropi and S. maltophilia exhibited the highest values of the leaf area index, net assimilation, and relative and absolute growth rates. P. luteola IMPCA244, O. anthropi IMP311, Aeromonas salmonicida N264, Burkholderia cepacia N172, P. fluorescens N50 and S. maltophilia 79 promoted the highest values in different response variables throughout the study. Before using these strains as sugarcane biofertilizer, additional studies are required.

Resumen: Las Rizobacterias Promotoras del Crecimiento Vegetal (RPCV) son una alternativa para el desarrollo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.). Se evaluaron 24 cepas de siete diferentes especies bacterianas en el desarrollo de vitroplantas de caña de azúcar. Se determinó la producción de índoles totales y la solubilizar fosfatos de cada cepa. La unidad experimental fue una maceta de 0.5 L, con una mezcla estéril de suelo agrícola-agrolita y una plántula. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. Se inoculó 1.0 mL de suspensión bacteriana (1 X 107 UFC) por planta. Se determinaron quincenalmente la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, número de macollos, área foliar y materia seca de parte aérea y raíz. La producción más alta de índoles totales la presentaron Ochrobactrum anthropi N208 y IMP311 y Pseudomonas luteola IMPCA244 (116.69, 115.70 y 117.34 μg mL-1, respectivamente). Los valores más altos de solubilización de fosfatos se obtuvieron con Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CA158 y 79 (222.43 y 216.38 μg mL-1, respectivamente). En general, la altura de la planta se incrementó en 27.75%, el diámetro del tallo en 30.75%, el número de macollos en 38.5%, el área foliar en 49%, y el peso de materia seca aérea y de raíz en 50.75 y 59.5%, respectivamente. Los valores más altos de índice de área foliar, tasa de asimilación neta, tasa relativa de crecimiento y tasa absoluta de crecimiento, se obtuvieron con las especies P. luteola, P. fluorescens, O. anthropi y S. maltophilia. Las cepas P. luteola IMPCA244, O. anthropi IMP311, Aeromonas salmonicida N264, Burkholderia cepacia N172, P. fluorescens N50 y S. maltophilia 79 promovieron los valores más altos en diferentes variables respuesta. Antes de emplear estas cepas en la elaboración de biofertilizantes para caña de azúcar, son necesarios estudios adicionales.

The productive technological processes where they stand out the not controlled use of agrochemicals contribute that high risk and vulnerability exists in the agroecological. For this problems establishes like target to determine the Cu contents, Cd and Pb, in the cultivation of patato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in conditions of production and of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cu, Zn and Pb in in semicontrolled conditions; as well as some biochemical - physiological indicators and the evaluation agroecological of the area with the patato cultivation in the Güines community. The entire photosynthetic pigments determined chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoides (µg·g-1), to 40 days after the sowing (DDS), the content of heavy metals (MP) and the activity of the enzyme catalasa (EC 1.11.1.6) to 60 DDS for cultivating of rice, while the MP content was evaluated in the different organs of the potato (tubers, sheets, stems) and in the soil to 95 DDP. For the diagnosis of the fields of production of pope methodology was used for the diagnosis of agricultural areas at the risk of contamination by heavy metals. It were detected that they possess high MP levels in its organs without out symptoms of phytotoxicity, as well as in the soils after the harvest, there are considered to be numbers alertadores, that’s why workshops have been realized with participation of all the involved social actors, a group of measures being implemented (phytotechnic recovery, environmental and capacity building measures) that help to minimize the affectation risk.

Los procesos tecnológicos productivos donde se destacan el uso no controlado de agroquímicos contribuyen a que exista alto riesgo y vulnerabilidad en los agroecosistemas. Frente a esta problemática se establece como objetivo determinar los contenidos de Cu, Ni, Cd y Pb en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en condiciones de producción y de Cu, Zn y Pb en arroz (Oryza sativa L.) en condiciones semicontroladas; así como algunos indicadores bioquímicos-fisiológicos y la evaluación agroecológica del área con el cultivo de papa en la comunidad de Güines. Se determinaron los pigmentos fotosintéticos totales clorofila (a+b) y carotenoides (µg·g-1), a los 40 días después de la siembra (DDS), el contenido de metales pesados (MP) y la actividad de la enzima catalasa (EC 1.11.1.6) a los 60 DDS para el cultivar de arroz, mientras se evaluaron el contenido de MP en los diferentes órganos de la papa (tubérculos, hojas, tallos) y en el suelo a los 95 DDP. Para el diagnóstico de los campos de producción de papa se utilizó metodología para el diagnóstico de áreas agrícolas con riesgo de contaminación por metales pesados. Se detectaron que poseen altos niveles de MP en sus órganos sin síntomas visibles de fitotoxicidad, así como en los suelos después de la cosecha, se consideran como cifras alertadores, por eso se han realizado talleres con participación de todos los actores sociales involucrados, implementándose un grupo de medidas (fitotécnicas, recuperativas, ambientales y capacitación) que contribuyen a minimizar el riesgo de afectación.

Background: The Quality of life Bipolar Disorder (QoL.BD) Questionnaire specifically measures quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder. Aim: To adapt a version translated into Spanish of the questionnaire and assess its validity in Chilean patients. Material and Methods: The QoL. BD was adapted to the Chilean population through the back-translation method and then administered to 32 adult patients with a bipolar disorder and 31 subjects without the disease, both groups with similar socioeconomic status. To confirm the diagnosis, the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Young (YMRS) and Hamilton (HAM-D) scales were applied. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36v.2 survey. We determined internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, the cut-off point, and the sensibility and specificity of the scale. Results: The Chilean version of the Questionnaire [QoL. BD-CL] had a high reliability (α = 0.95) and a high validity in reference to external criteria (correlation coefficients with SF-36 ranging from 0.453 and 0.819; p < 0.01). A cut-off point of 170, with sensitivity of 87.9% and specificity of 80% was determined. Conclusions: QoL.BD-CL has adequate psychometric properties, as well as an adequate sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between negative and positive perceptions of life quality in Chilean patients with bipolar disorders.

In this paper, we analyse the contribution of the anatomical school of José Escolar (1913-1998) to embryology during the first two decades of the Francoist dictatorship. Special attention is paid to the process by which the Spanish group, with the support of the new Superior National Research Council, made contact with the German morphology being developed by Hugo Spatz (1888-1979) at the Max Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung. Our study reveals the numerous influences that finally led to the anatomy and embryology of Escolar. In Spain, we found a direct influence of the Gegenbaurian morphology of Gumersindo Sánchez Guisande (1894-1976) and the neuroanatomy of Juan José Barcia Goyanes (1901-2003), full of references to studies by Braus. International contacts of the «Escolarian group», first with North America and then with Germany, created a homogeneous group with a single anatomy (functional and ontophylogenetic) but with so many research interests that subspecialisations had to be developed. An important embryological work resulted from an intense relationship with the German anatomical community during the 1950s. Escolar worked in this field on the development of the amygdala and allocortex, Fernando Reinoso studied the embryology of the diencephalon and Smith Victor Agreda, along with the German scientist Rudolf Diepen, made some important discoveries on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis de la aportación de la escuela anatómica de José Escolar (1913-1998) a la embriología durante las dos primeras décadas de la dictadura franquista. Se hace un especial énfasis en el proceso por el que, gracias al apoyo del naciente CSIC, el grupo español contactó con la morfología alemana que estaba desarrollando Hugo Spatz (1888-1979) en el Max Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung. A través de nuestro estudio se constatan las diversas influencias que terminaron por dibujar la anatomía y embriología de Escolar. En España, detectamos una influencia directa de la morfología gegenbauriana de Gumersindo Sánchez-Guisande (1894-1976) así como de la neuroanatomía de Juan José Barcia Goyanes (1901-2003), llena de referencias a la obra de Braus. Los contactos internacionales de los "escolarianos" -con la ciencia estadounidense primero y posteriormente con la alemana- constituyeron un grupo de trabajo homogéneo con una anatomía única (funcional y ontofilogénetica) pero con unos intereses investigadores tan amplios que obligaron a subespecializarse al equipo. Fruto de una intensa relación con la comunidad anatómica alemana, durante los años 50 fueron apareciendo una serie de importantes trabajos embriológicos entre los que destacan los que realizó Escolar sobre el desarrollo de la amígdala y el allocórtex, los de Fernando Reinoso sobre la embriología del diencéfalo y los descubrimientos de Víctor Smith Agreda junto a Rudolf Diepen sobre el desarrollo del sistema hipotálamo-hipofisario.

The preoperative study in search of multifocality, multicentricity and bilaterality is essential for the proper therapeutic management of breast cancer. The reference standard to accomplish this is breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Based on the literature, we adapted the thorax CT protocol for the study of the breast. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of CT with emphasis on the breast, as an alternative to preoperative MRI in places where it is not available. Pre-operative CT was performed in all patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer between August 2013 and September 2014. The studies were reviewed retrospectively and according to the results, were divided into four categories. Group 1: CT provided no new information. 1A: concordant with conventional screening procedures (previous mammogram (Mx) and ultrasound (US)), 1B: cancer visible on Mx and/or US, but without representation on CT. Group 2: On detection of additional lesions, radiological staging was improved, without changing the type of surgical approach. Group 3: Demonstrated new non-malignant lesions and caused unnecessary surgery. Group 4: Successfully changed the type of surgery planned based on conventional studies. In the 13 months, 47 preoperative mammary CT were performed in 46 patients (ages: from 34 to 81 years, average 56.7 years). The distribution by groups was: Group 1A (79%), Group 1B (8,3%), Group 2 (8.3%), Group 3 (0%) and Group 4 (4.1%). In 87.5% of the studies the primary lesion was visualized and its extension could be evaluated. Six cancers were not identified: they corresponded to one case in which no intravenous contrast was administered due to renal failure, a positive negative, where there were only axillary lymphadenopathy of pulmonary origin and four DCIS (8.3%). In our practice, preoperative CT favorably influenced therapeutic decision-making, improved the radiological staging in the 8.3%, and successfully changed the surgical approach in the 4.1% of the patients.

El estudio preoperatorio en búsqueda de multifocalidad, multicentricidad y bilateralidad es fundamental para el adecuado manejo terapéutico del cáncer (CA) mamario. El estándar de referencia para realizarlo es la resonancia magnética (RM) mamaria. Basados en la literatura, adaptamos el protocolo de TC de tórax para el estudio de la mama. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar la factibilidad de la TC con énfasis en mama como método alternativo a la RM pre-operatoria, en lugares donde ésta no está disponible. Se realizaron TC pre-operatorias en todas las pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de CA mamario entre agosto de 2013 y septiembre de 2014. Los estudios fueron revisados en forma retrospectiva y según su resultado se los dividió en cuatro categorías. Grupo1: La TC no aportó información nueva. 1A: concordante con exámenes convencionales (Mx y US previos), 1B: cáncer visible en Mx y/o US, pero sin representación en la TC. Grupo 2: Al detectar lesiones adicionales, mejoró la etapificación radiológica, sin cambiar el tipo de la cirugía planificada. Grupo 3: Demostró nuevas lesiones no malignas y causó cirugía innecesaria. Grupo 4: Cambió correctamente el tipo de cirugía planeada en base a los estudios convencionales. En los 13 meses se realizaron 47 TC mamarias preoperatorias en 46 pacientes (edades: de 34 a 81 años, promedio: 56,7 años) La distribución por grupos fue: Grupo 1A (79%), Grupo 1B (8,3%), Grupo 2 (8,3%), Grupo 3 (0%) y Grupo 4 (4,1%). En el 87,5% de los estudios se visualizó la lesión primaria y se pudo evaluar su extensión. Seis cánceres no fueron identificados: correspondieron a un caso en que no se administró contraste intravenoso por falla renal, un verdadero negativo, en donde sólo existían adenopatías axilares de origen pulmonar y cuatro CDIS (8,3%). En nuestra práctica, la TC preoperatoria influyó favorablemente en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas, mejoró la etapificación radiológica en el 8,3% y cambió correctamente el enfoque quirúrgico en el 4,1% de las pacientes.

Comparou-se a mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia de idosos (65 anos ou mais) antes e depois do início da vacinação nas regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil. Dados oficiais de população e de mortalidade foram recuperados junto às agências governamentais para a estimação de coeficientes semanais de mortalidade. Para a identificação de surtos de gripe e a estimação da mortalidade atribuível a esses surtos, foi utilizado o modelo de Serfling. Na Região Sul, o período com vacinação teve expressiva redução da mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia, e da frequência e duração dos surtos de gripe. Esses resultados foram interpretados como sendo compatíveis com a hipótese de efetividade do programa de vacinação. Na Região Nordeste, houve aumento da mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia durante a vacinação, o que foi associado à melhoria da qualidade do registro das causas de óbito entre idosos. Foi também constatado aumento da mortalidade atribuível aos surtos de gripe, sugerindo inadequação entre o período em que ocorre a vacinação e características climáticas de interesse para a transmissão da gripe.

The study compared mortality from influenza and pneumonia in elderly people (65 years or older) before and since implementation of influenza vaccination in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. Official population and mortality data were retrieved from government agencies to estimate weekly mortality rates. The Serfling model was used to identify influenza outbreaks and estimate the mortality attributable to them. In the South, the vaccination period showed a major reduction in mortality from influenza and pneumonia and in the number and duration of influenza outbreaks. These results were interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis of the vaccination program's effectiveness. In the Northeast, there was an increase in mortality from influenza and pneumonia during vaccination, which was associated with a quality improvement in recording causes of death in the elderly. An increase was also seen in mortality attributable to influenza outbreaks, suggesting a mismatch between the period in which vaccination is conducted and the relevant climatic characteristics for influenza transmission.

Se comparó la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía en adultos mayores (65 años o más) antes y después del inicio de la vacunación en el Noreste y Sur de Brasil. Datos oficiales sobre población y muertes fueron recuperados de agencias gubernamentales para estimar las tasas de mortalidad semanales. Se utilizó el modelo Serfling para identificar brotes de gripe y evaluar la mortalidad atribuible a esos brotes. En el Sur, hubo una reducción significativa de la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía y en la frecuencia y duración de los brotes de influenza en el periodo de vacunación, lo que sugiere la eficacia de la eficacia del programa de vacunación. En el Nordeste, el aumento de la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía durante la vacunación se explica por la mejora en la calidad del registro de causas de muerte entre las personas mayores. La mortalidad atribuible a los brotes de influenza también se incrementó durante la vacunación, lo que sugiere una falta de coincidencia entre el período de vacunación y características climáticas de interés para la transmisión de la gripe.

Comparou-se a mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia de idosos (65 anos ou mais) antes e depois do início da vacinação nas regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil. Dados oficiais de população e de mortalidade foram recuperados junto às agências governamentais para a estimação de coeficientes semanais de mortalidade. Para a identificação de surtos de gripe e a estimação da mortalidade atribuível a esses surtos, foi utilizado o modelo de Serfling. Na Região Sul, o período com vacinação teve expressiva redução da mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia, e da frequência e duração dos surtos de gripe. Esses resultados foram interpretados como sendo compatíveis com a hipótese de efetividade do programa de vacinação. Na Região Nordeste, houve aumento da mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia durante a vacinação, o que foi associado à melhoria da qualidade do registro das causas de óbito entre idosos. Foi também constatado aumento da mortalidade atribuível aos surtos de gripe, sugerindo inadequação entre o período em que ocorre a vacinação e características climáticas de interesse para a transmissão da gripe.

The study compared mortality from influenza and pneumonia in elderly people (65 years or older) before and since implementation of influenza vaccination in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. Official population and mortality data were retrieved from government agencies to estimate weekly mortality rates. The Serfling model was used to identify influenza outbreaks and estimate the mortality attributable to them. In the South, the vaccination period showed a major reduction in mortality from influenza and pneumonia and in the number and duration of influenza outbreaks. These results were interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis of the vaccination program's effectiveness. In the Northeast, there was an increase in mortality from influenza and pneumonia during vaccination, which was associated with a quality improvement in recording causes of death in the elderly. An increase was also seen in mortality attributable to influenza outbreaks, suggesting a mismatch between the period in which vaccination is conducted and the relevant climatic characteristics for influenza transmission.

Se comparó la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía en adultos mayores (65 años o más) antes y después del inicio de la vacunación en el Noreste y Sur de Brasil. Datos oficiales sobre población y muertes fueron recuperados de agencias gubernamentales para estimar las tasas de mortalidad semanales. Se utilizó el modelo Serfling para identificar brotes de gripe y evaluar la mortalidad atribuible a esos brotes. En el Sur, hubo una reducción significativa de la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía y en la frecuencia y duración de los brotes de influenza en el periodo de vacunación, lo que sugiere la eficacia de la eficacia del programa de vacunación. En el Nordeste, el aumento de la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía durante la vacunación se explica por la mejora en la calidad del registro de causas de muerte entre las personas mayores. La mortalidad atribuible a los brotes de influenza también se incrementó durante la vacunación, lo que sugiere una falta de coincidencia entre el período de vacunación y características climáticas de interés para la transmisión de la gripe.