ABSTRACT The Property Registry is the body in charge of collecting inscriptions that attend to the characteristics of real estate and ownership. Likewise, it discusses the fundamental premises of legal certainty and how real estate registration law contributes to its compliance. The objective of this study is to identify the main challenges and obstacles faced by users of the Property Registry in the face of a refusal to register and the guarantees of legal certainty. For the study, the systematic, analytical, critical, reflective, and deductive methods were used, with a mixed-type bibliographic design. Recommendations are proposed to improve the efficiency and transparency of the registration process. In this sense, it is concluded that collaboration between universities and public entities can be essential for the design and implementation of public policies and training programs that strengthen access to justice and legal security for citizens.

RESUMEN El Registro de la Propiedad es el organismo encargado de la recolección de inscripciones que atiende las características de los bienes inmuebles y la titularidad. Asimismo, discute sobre las premisas fundamentales de la seguridad jurídica y cómo el derecho registral inmobiliario contribuye a su cumplimiento. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los principales retos y obstáculos que enfrentan los usuarios del Registro de la Propiedad ante una negativa de inscripción y las garantías de la seguridad jurídica. Para el estudio se utilizaron los métodos sistemático, analítico, crítico, reflexivo y deductivo, con un diseño bibliográfico de tipo mixto. Se proponen recomendaciones para mejorar la eficiencia y transparencia del proceso registral. En este sentido, se concluye que la colaboración entre universidades y entidades públicas puede ser fundamental para el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas y programas de capacitación que fortalezcan el acceso a la justicia y la seguridad jurídica de la ciudadanía.

Resumen: El artículo analiza los efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 y de las políticas implementadas en el estado de emergencia económica y social sobre las condiciones socioeconómicas de vendedores populares urbanos y productores campesinos involucrados en el abastecimiento de alimentos. Se toman como estudios de caso la ciudad de Bogotá y los municipios de Choachí y Fusagasugá (Cundinamarca). La investigación se fundamenta en una metodología que rescata los testimonios de los trabajadores de estas economías, testimonios que son conjuntamente analizados con la descripción estadística y en un marco teórico heterodoxo sobre el trabajo y la reproducción social. A partir de la realización de entrevistas y de la revisión de normas, informes oficiales y otra bibliografía pertinente, se examinan los efectos de la crisis sanitaria en el trabajo y las condiciones socioeconómicas de campesinos y vendedores de alimentos clasificados bajo el concepto de economías populares. La investigación concluye que los efectos de la pandemia profundizaron problemas de índole estructural que padecen estas economías, en particular por las afectaciones sobre las actividades económicas y el carácter limitado de las políticas de emergencia, al tiempo que destaca su capacidad de adaptación, fortalecimiento comunitario e innovación para hacer frente a la crisis. Clasificación JEL: B54, B55, J81, H12, Q18.

Abstract The article analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the policies implemented in the state of economic and social emergency on the socioeconomic conditions of urban popular sellers and peasant producers involved in food supply. The city of Bogotá and the municipalities of Choachí and Fusagasugá (Cundinamarca) are taken as case studies. The research is based on a methodology that rescues the testimonies of the workers of these economies, testimonies that are analyzed together with the statistical description and in a heterodox theoretical framework on work and social reproduction. Based on interviews and the review of regulations, official reports and other pertinent bibliography, the effects of the health crisis on the labor and socioeconomic conditions of peasants and food vendors classified under the concept of popular economies are examined. The research concludes that the effects of the pandemic deepened the structural problems suffered by these economies, particularly due to the effects on economic activities and the limited nature of emergency policies, while highlighting their ability to adapt, community strengthening and innovation to face the crisis.

RESUMO Mutações no gene ABCA4 são causa comum da doença de Stargardt, mas outros fenótipos da retina também foram associados a mutações nesse gene. Apresentamos um relato de caso observacional de um fenótipo clínico incomum da doença de Stargardt. O exame oftalmológico incluiu a acuidade visual com melhor correção, fotografia em cores e com autofluorescência, angiofluoresceinografia, tomografia de coerência óptica e testes de eletrofisiologia. Na paciente em questão, realizou-se o sequenciamento de próxima geração de 99 genes associados a distrofias retinais hereditárias. Tratava-se de uma mulher de 48 anos com melhor acuidade visual corrigida de 20/25 e 20/20. A fundoscopia revelou lesões puntiformes amarelas perifoveais. Os resultados da angiofluoresceinografia e da autofluorescência do fundo de olho foram consistentes com distrofia em padrão. A eletrorretinografia por padrões mostrou diminuição bilateral dos valores de p50. Os testes genéticos revelaram duas mutações missense heterozigóticas, c.428C>T, p. (Pro143Leu) e c.3113C>T, p. (Ala.1038Val), no gene ABCA4. Nossos resultados nos fazem pensar que essas mutações específicas em ABCA4 talvez possam estar associadas a um fenótipo específico da doença, caracterizado por uma aparência fundoscópica semelhante à da distrofia em padrão. Uma caracterização detalhada do fenótipo da retina em pacientes portadores de mutações específicas em ABCA4 é crucial para compreender a expressão da doença e para garantir o tratamento clínico ideal para pacientes com distrofias retinais hereditárias.

ABSTRACT Mutations in the ABCA4 gene are a common cause of Stargardt disease; however, other retinal phenotypes have also been associated with mutations in this gene. We describe an observational case report of an unusual clinical phenotype of Stargardt disease. The ophthalmological examination included best corrected visual acuity, color and autofluorescence photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and electrophysiology tests. Targeted next-generation sequencing of 99 genes associated with inherited retinal dystrophies was performed in the index patient. A 48-year-old woman presented with a best corrected visual acuity of 20/25 and 20/20. Fundoscopy revealed perifoveal yellow flecked-like lesions. Fluorescein angiography and fundus autofluorescence findings were consistent with pattern dystrophy. Pattern electroretinogram demonstrated bilateral decrease of p50 values. Genetic testing identified two heterozygous missense mutations, c.428C>T, p.(Pro143Leu) and c.3113C>T, p.(Ala.1038Val), in the ABCA4 gene. Based on our results, we believe that these particular mutations in the ABCA4 gene could be associated with a specific disease phenotype characterized by funduscopic appearance similar to pattern dystrophy. A detailed characterization of the retinal phenotype in patients carrying specific mutations in ABCA4 is crucial to understand disease expression and ensure optimal clinical care for patients with inherited retinal dystrophies.

Resumen Se evaluó la biomasa aérea acumulada en lo concerniente a familias botánicas en un bosque siempreverde piemontano sometido a diferentes grados de intervención en la zona alta de la microcuenca del río Puyo. En cinco transectos de 0.1 ha se registraron las especies con DAP ≥ 10 cm. Se encontró menor número de familias en sitios con alto grado de perturbación. La biomasa aérea varió de 161.84 a 339.70 Mg.ha-1, presentándose mayor acumulación en individuos de menor clase diamétrica. Las familias con mayor índice de valor de importancia de biomasa fueron Moraceae, Arecaceae y Euphorbiaceae, reconocidas por su potencial en cuanto a estructura y carbono. El análisis de correspondencia canónica sin tendencia (DCA) indicó variación en la contribución de biomasa para cada sitio, existiendo un pequeño número de familias para mantener las reservas de carbono. Los resultados de este estudio brindan información relevante que facilita la toma de decisiones con respecto la restauración de sitios perturbados.

Abstract The accumulated aerial biomass was evaluated at the level of botanical families in an evergreen montane forest subject to different degrees of intervention in the upper Puyo river watershed. In five transects of 0.1 ha, species with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were recorded. Fewer families were found in sites with a high degree of disturbance. The aerial biomass varied from 161.84 to 339.70 Mg.ha-1, with greater accumulation in individuals of smaller diametric class. The families with the highest biomass importance value index were Moraceae, Arecaceae and Euphorbiaceae, recognized for their potential in terms of structure and carbon. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated variation in the contribution of biomass for each site, having a small number of families to maintain carbon stocks. This provides relevant information that facilitates decision making for restoration in disturbed sites.

Abstract The importance of Piptocoma discolor is a predominantly fast-growing native species of secondary forest ideal for a sustainable forest due to its predominance in the Amazon of Ecuador and Latin America. Currently it is wood and its waste does not have an alternative to produce electricity. Scarce information on its biomass potential and energy value. The objective was to obtain fresh biomass and drying kinetics, we worked in the four cantons of the Pastaza province with 20 plots of 400 m. and 600 m. that had an average of 15 to 20 trees, whose chest height diameters ranged from 10 and 33 cm., Establishing the following values: a) Average number of trees per hectare (1274 NA2/ha); b) Biomass in 100 987 hectares with an average of 41 097 686.87 tons, which means that it contributes with 49.72 % of water and 50.28 % of solid matter; c) A kinetic model of R2 = 0.9855, the estimate of a = 1.1318, k = 0.0637765, n = 0.560617 and b = -0.193993, based on a standard error of 0.0301682 and residual autocorrection of 0.182239 on drying kinetics; and d) Total energy means more than 13.5 GW of thermal energy using 100 % biomass.

Resumen El Piptocoma discolor es una especie nativa de bosques secundarios y de crecimiento rápido ideal para un bosque sustentable por su predominancia en la Amazonía del Ecuador y de América Latina. Actualmente, esta madera y su desperdicio no se consideran como una alternativa para producir energía eléctrica. La información sobre su potencial de biomasa y valor energético es escasa. El objetivo fue obtener biomasa fresca y conocer la cinética del secado. Se trabajó en los cuatro cantones de la provincia de Pastaza con 20 parcelas de 400 m. y 600 m. que tenían un promedio de 15 a 20 árboles, cuyos diámetros de altura del pecho oscilaban entre 10 y 33 cm, y se establecieron los siguientes valores: a) Número de árboles por hectárea promedio (1274 NA2/ha); b) Biomasa en 100 987 hectáreas con un promedio de 41 097 686.87 toneladas, lo que significa que contribuye con 49.72 % de agua y 50.28 % de materia sólida; c) Un modelo cinético de R2 = 0.9855, la estimación de a = 1.1318, k = 0.0637765, n = 0.560617 y b = -0.193993, basado en un error estándar de 0.0301682 y autocorrección residual de 0.182239 de la cinética de secado, y d) Energía total significa más de 13.5 GW de energía térmica utilizando 100 % de biomasa.

Summary To develop the educational process framed within the competence approach, it is necessary to implement changes in the sub-processes, being of interest in this study the change in the evaluation of learning by the evaluation for learning, which implies a paradigmatic change that requires deconstructing a practice rooted in teachers. It is assumed that its successful implementation in the EBR will depend on the educational actors internalize and become aware of the need for this change in the evaluation, this would generate a positive predisposition to its application and the training, workshops and other strategies used to disseminate it are used to acquire the knowledge to support strategies for effective implementation. Faced with this pedagogical phenomenon of great social connotation and the reluctance and inefficiency observed in Peruvian schools, it is convenient to analyze why the formative evaluation disseminated and embodied in official guide documents is not yet a reality in teaching practice. The answers were sought in a group of teachers involved in its implementation and were contrasted with the opinions of those who officially monitor its implementation in the classrooms, finding ignorance in the processes of this formative evaluation and a stubborn resistance to its application that underlies the teachers, who still use their own actions in other ways of evaluating.

Resumen Para desarrollar el proceso educativo enmarcado dentro del enfoque por competencias, se requiere implementar cambios en los subprocesos, siendo de interés en este estudio el cambio en la evaluación del aprendizaje por la evaluación para el aprendizaje lo que implica un cambio paradigmático que requiere deconstruir una práctica arraigada en docentes. Se presupone que su implementación exitosa en la EBR dependerá de que los actores educativos interioricen y se concienticen de la necesidad de este cambio en la evaluación, ello generaría predisposición positiva a su aplicación y las capacitaciones, talleres y otras estrategias empleadas para difundirla sean aprovechadas para adquirir el conocimiento en que se respalden las estrategias para una aplicación eficaz. Frente a este fenómeno pedagógico de gran connotación social y ante la renuencia y la ineficacia observada en las escuelas peruanas, resulta conveniente analizar por qué la evaluación formativa difundida y plasmada en los documentos oficiales guías, no es aún una realidad en la práctica docente. Las respuestas se buscaron en un grupo de docentes implicados en su implementación y se contrastaron con las opiniones de quienes monitorean oficialmente su implementación en las aulas, hallándose desconocimiento en los procesos de esta evaluación formativa y una pertinaz resistencia a su aplicación que subyace en los maestros, quienes aún emplean acciones propias de otras formas de evaluar.

As the global COVID-19 pandemic advances, it increasingly impacts the vulnerable populations who already bear a heavy burden of neglected tropical diseases. Chagas disease (CD), a neglected parasitic infection, is of particular concern because of its potential to cause cardiac, gastrointestinal, and other complications which could increase susceptibility to COVID-19. The over one million people worldwide with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy require special consideration because of COVID-19’s potential impact on the heart, yet the pandemic also affects treatment provision to people with acute or chronic indeterminate CD. In this document, a follow-up to the WHF-IASC Roadmap on CD, we assess the implications of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of CD. Based on the limited evidence available, we provide preliminary guidance for testing, treatment, and management of patients affected by both diseases, while highlighting emerging healthcare access challenges and future research needs.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Benznidazole (BZL) and Nifurtimox (NFX) are the pharmacological treatment for acute phase Chagas Disease (CD); however, therapy resistance and residual mortality development remain important unresolved issues. Posaconazole (POS) has shown a trypanocidal effect in vivo and in vitro. Thus, this study aimed at comparing the T. Cruzi parasitic load-reducing effect of the combination of BZL+POS against that of monotherapy with either, during acute phase CD, in an experimental murine model. METHODS Nineteen Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups and inoculated with the trypomastigotes of T. cruzi strain´s JChVcl1. The rats were administered anti-parasites from day 20-29 post-infection. The Pizzi and Brener method was used for parasitemia measurement. Longitudinal data analysis for the continuous outcome of repeated measures was performed using parasitemia as the outcome measured at days 20, 22, 24, 27, and 29 post-infection. RESULTS All four groups had similar parasitic loads (p=0.143) prior to therapy initiation. Among the three treatment groups, the BZL+POS (n=5) group showed the highest mean parasitic load reduction (p=0.000) compared with the control group. Likewise, the BZL+POS group rats showed an earlier therapeutic effect and were the only ones without parasites in their myocardial samples. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of acute phase CD with BZL+POS was more efficacious at parasitemia and myocardial injury reduction, compared with monotherapy with either.

Abstract Distraction osteogenesis (DO) relies on the recruitment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to the target site, where they differentiate into osteoblasts to promote bone formation. Nevertheless, MSC recruitment appears to be slow and limits bone formation in DO defects. Thus, this systematic review aims to evaluate the ability of locally applied MSC to enhance bone formation in DO preclinical models. Databases were searched for quantitative pre-clinical controlled studies that evaluated the effect of local administration of MSC on DO bone formation. Eligible studies were identified and data regarding study characteristics, outcome measures and quality were extracted. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Autogenous and xenogenous MSC were used to promote DO bone formation. These included bone marrow-derived MSC, adipose tissue-derived MSC and MSC derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneities in study designs. Local MSC implantation was not associated with adverse effects. In 4 out of the 5 studies, locally delivered undifferentiated bone-marrow MSC had a positive effect on DO bone formation. Few studies evaluated the therapeutic effects of MSC from other sources. The adjunct use of biologically active molecules or forced expression of key genes involved in osteogenesis further boosted the ability of bone-marrow MSC to promote DO bone formation. While risk of bias and heterogeneity limited the strength of this systematic review, our results suggest that the use of MSC is safe and may provide beneficial effects on DO bone formation.

Resumen La enfermedad de Erdheim-Chester es una histiocitosis celular diferente a la histiocitosis de Langerhans, de origen incierto. Se caracteriza por una implicación multi-orgánica debida a la infiltración de los histiocitos CD68+/CD1a-, en forma de xantogranulomas, que afectan principal y comúnmente a la metáfisis y diáfisis de huesos largos. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante biopsia, donde se revelan histiocitos CD68+/CD1a-, carencia de proteína S, y presencia de gránulos de Birbeck. Se ha subestimado la implicación cardiovascular. Reportamos un caso de un varón de 67 años con la enfermedad de Erdheim-Chester e infarto de miocardio agudo, debido a implicación coronaria, además de enfermedad ósea, vascular, pituitaria y retroperitoneal. Revisamos la literatura relevante y describimos el tratamiento clínico de estos pacientes.

Abstract Erdheim-Chester disease is a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis of uncertain origin. It is characterized by multiorgan involvement due to infiltration of CD68+/CD1a- histiocytes, in the form of xantogranulomas, most commonly affecting the metaphysis and diaphysis of long bones. The diagnosis is made by biopsy showing CD68+/CD1ahistiocytes, lack of S protein and Birbeck granules. Cardiovascular involvement is underestimated. We report a case of a 67 year-old man with Erdheim-Chester disease and acute myocardial infarction due to coronary involvement, in addition to bone, vascular, pituitary and retroperitoneal disease. We review relevant literature and describe the clinical management of these patients.

Resumen La mayor predisposición de las vacas lecheras a enfermar y presentar un bajo desempeño reproductivo se da durante las primeras semanas de lactancia. Con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia de enfermedades en posparto temprano y su efecto en el incremento del intervalo parto - concepción se realizó un estudio longitudinal de cohorte en vacas (n=706) de sistemas de producción lechera especializada del municipio de Pasto, Colombia. El seguimiento se realizó durante los primeros 45 días post-parto en 47 hatos para determinar la presencia de enfermedad en el posparto, posteriormente se realizaron seguimientos mensuales para diagnóstico de gestación. Mediante regresión logística se estableció el efecto de la exposición a enfermedad en el posparto temprano sobre el incremento de días abiertos (IPC (120 días). En el estudio se determinó que las enfermedades que aportan significativamente al incremento del Intervalo parto - concepción a un número mayor a 120 días fueron: neumonía (p=0,001; OR=4,2); mastitis clínica (p=0,001; OR=7,3); metritis (p=0,014; OR=48,1); retención de placenta (p=0,001; OR=17,07); alteración cardiaca (p=0,0001; OR=2,9) y cojeras / claudicaciones (p=0,014; OR=2,9). El estudio permitió concluir que la ocurrencia de signos clínicos relacionados con enfermedad en el posparto temprano tiene efecto sobre el incremento de días abiertos con intervalos parto - concepción mayores a 120 días. La ocurrencia de enfermedad durante el posparto temprano, puede predecir la probabilidad de ocurrencia de bajo desempeño reproductivo.

Abstract Major predisposition of dairy cattle to disease and shown low reproductive performance occurs during the first weeks of lactation. With the objective of determine the incidence of early postpartum diseases and their effect on the increase of the conception interval, a longitudinal cohort study was carried out in cows (n = 706) of dairy production systems in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia. Follow-up was performed during the first 45 days postpartum in 47 herds to determine the presence of postpartum disease, and monthly follow-ups were performed for gestation diagnosis. The effect of exposure to disease in the early postpartum period on the increase of open days was established through logistic regression. In the study, the diseases that contribute significantly to the increase of calving - conception interval to a number greater than 120 days were: pneumonia (p-value=0.001; OR=4.2); Clinical mastitis (p-value=0.001; OR=7.3); Metritis (p-value=0.014, OR=48.1); Placenta retention (p-value=0.001; OR=17.07); Cardiac alteration (p-value=0.0001, OR=2.9) and lameness (p-value=0.014; OR=2,9). The study allowed to conclude that occurrence of early postpartum disease has an effect on the increase of open days with calving - conception intervals greater than 120 days. Occurrence of disease during early postpartum can predict the probability of occurrence of low reproductive performance.

Resumo A maioria predisposição vaca ficar doente e apresentar problemas de reprodução ocorre durante as primeiras semanas de lactação. A fim de determinar a incidência da doença no pós-parto precoce e seu efeito sobre o aumento do intervalo parto - concepção foi realizado um estudo longitudinal de coorte em vacas (n = 706) dos sistemas de produção de leite especializados no município de Pasto, Colômbia. O monitoramento foi realizado durante os primeiros 45 dias pós-parto em 47 rebanhos para determinar a presença da doença no pós-parto, em seguida, foram feitas mensalmente follow-ups para diagnóstico de gestação. A regressão logística estabeleceu-se o efeito da exposição a doença no início da pós-parto em aumentar dias abertos (IPC (120 dias). No estudo, foi determinado que as doenças que contribuem significativamente para o aumento do intervalo parto - concepção até a um número superior a 120 dias foram: pneumonia (p = 0,001; OR = 4.2); mastite clínica (p = 0,001; OR = 7,3); metrite (p = 0,014; OR = 48,1); retenção de placenta (p = 0,001; OR = 17,07); disfunção cardíaca (p = 0,0001, OR = 2,9) e claudicação / claudicação (p = 0,014; OR =). Em conclusão, a ocorrência de sinais clínicos relacionados com a doença no início da pós-parto tem um efeito sobre o aumento dos dias abertos com intervalos de nascimento - concepção maior até 120 dias. A ocorrência da doença durante o início do pós-parto, pode prever a probabilidade de ocorrência de baixo desempenho reprodutivo.

Los cambios en la cognición social son encontrados frecuentemente en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico leve (TCE) aunque no exista evidencia de lesiones estructurales. Aunque los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar la cognición social son sensibles al cambio, la ausencia de daño estructural en los pacientes con TCE puede llevar pasar por inadvertidos estos problemas. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una herramienta diagnóstica complementaria como un paradigma para resonancia magnética funcional (RMf), la cual involucra una tarea simple que pudiera explicar cómo los pacientes entienden ciertos comportamientos sociales complejos por medio de movimientos con o sin intención social sin intermediación del lenguaje. Participaron once pacientes con TCE leve y con reporte de alteraciones en cognición social, estos fueron emparejados con doce sujetos control por variables demográficas. Un paradigma de RMf fue desarrollado por medio de la animación puntos blancos sobre una pantalla negra que representan el movimiento humano, el movimiento humano con la intención social como el baile o el compartir, y puntos que se mueven sin significado. Los pacientes tuvieron menos activación en la unión parietotemporal y giro frontal medio bilateral frente al movimiento social en comparación con los sujetos del grupo de control. El paradigma de fMRI desarrollado puede ser una herramienta de diagnóstico adicional para identificar las alteraciones cognitivas sociales en pacientes con TCE leve. Independientemente de la ausencia de lesión estructural, los cambios en las áreas de activación sugieren la posibilidad de usar esta herramienta como pronóstico dado que los resultados clínicos, cognitivos y funcionales soportan este hallazgo.

Social cognition impairments are frequently found in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) when structural lesions may not reveal the severity of the injury. Though instruments used to assess social behavior are thought to be sensitive, the absence of structural damage in TBI patients may lead to underscore such problems. The aim of this study was to develop a complementary diagnostic tool such as a paradigm for functional Magnetic resonance Imaging (fMRI) involving a simple task that could tell how patients understand certain complex social behavior by identifying different movements with or without social intentions where language and complex cognitive process were not required. Eleven patients with mild TBI and social cognition difficulties and twelve control subjects were matched by demographic variables. A paradigm of social fMRI was developed by using dots in movement representing human motion, human motion with social intention such as dancing or sharing, and dots moving without meaning. Patients had less activation in parietotemporal junction and bilateral middle frontal gyrus in the social perception task movement compared with control group subjects. The fMRI paradigm developed can be an additional diagnostic tool for identifying social cognition impairments in mild TBI patients. Regardless the absence of structural injury, changes in activation areas suggest a prospective use of this tool since clinical, cognitive and functional outcomes support such finding.

Se determinó la variabilidad genética de 96 accesiones de palma de aceite (E. guineensis Jacq.) procedentes de Camerún y Zaire con 20 marcadores microsatélites. 59 alelos fueron detectados con un promedio de 2.95, tres loci fueron polimórficos con un PIC (Índice de Información Polimórfica) promedio de 0.58. Se encontró una alta diversidad genética, con una heterocigocidad total de 0.46, y un alto porcentaje de loci polimórficos del 90%. El valor de F ST encontrado fue de 0.14, lo cual sugiere que en las poblaciones de Camerún y Zaire existe una moderada estructura poblacional. La heterocigocidad observada (Ho=0.67) fue mayor que la heterocigocidad esperada (He=0.42), evidenciando una baja presencia de homocigotos. Los parámetros de diferenciación poblacional como el F IS y el F IT confirmaron un alto número de heterocigotos con respecto a lo esperado bajo las condiciones de equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg. Los microsatélites permitieron discriminar los genotipos según el lugar de procedencia. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las colecciones de Camerún y Zaire pueden ser consideradas como una sola población, con moderada estructuración poblacional a pesar del constante flujo génico existente. Estos resultados podrían ser utilizados en futuros programas de conservación, selección y mejoramiento genético de la especie.

The genetic variability of 96 accessions of oil palm (E. guineensis Jacq.) from Cameroon and Zaire with 20 microsatellite markers was determined. 59 alleles were detected with an average of 2.95, three loci were polymorphic with a PIC (Polymorphic Information Index) average 0.58. High genetic diversity, with a total heterozygosity of 0.46, and a high percentage of polymorphic loci of 90% was found. F ST value was of 0.14, suggesting that in the populations of Cameroon and Zaire there is a moderate population structure. The observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.67) was higher than expected heterozygosity (He = 0.42), demonstrating a low presence of homozygous. The parameters of population differentiation as the F IS and F IT confirmed a high number of heterozygotes with respect to expected under the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Microsatellite allowed discriminating genotypes according to the origin place. The results obtained show that the collections of Cameroon and Zaire may be considered as a single population, with moderate population structure despite of the constant existent gene flow. These results could be used in future conservation programs, selection and genetic improvement of the species.

El complejo respiratorio bovino, consiste en una infección respiratoria, provocada por la combinación de diferentes agentes infecciosos, compromiso de las defensas del anfitrión y factores predisponente con morbilidad, mortalidad y pérdidas económicas significativas. Se realizó un estudio transversal, doble ciego de tipo descriptivo con el objetivo de caracterizar microscópicamente los patrones neumónicos del complejo respiratorio bovino y relacionarlos con aspectos clínicos de la enfermedad. Se tomaron muestras de 112 pulmones bovinos decomisados en la planta de sacrificio del municipio de Pasto, Colombia, las cuales se procesaron mediante la técnica de inclusión en parafina y tinción de hematoxilina y eosina de rutina. Se realizó una descripción histopatológica de los patrones neumónicos según patrón de distribución y grado de severidad y se clasificaron las lesiones de acuerdo al tipo de alteración. La neumonía intersticial fue el hallazgo más común (41,1%), seguido de la neumonía broncointersticial (11,6%). El patrón de distribución y el infiltrado inflamatorio fue predominantemente mononuclear en espacio intersticial con un 41,1%. Las alteraciones crónicas fueron predominantes en un 60,7%. Los resultados indican que los bovinos objeto de estudio fueron animales con enfermedades crónicas que tienen un impacto negativo en su potencial productivo, explicado en la literatura por el manejo sanitario inadecuado, las fallas en el diagnóstico y el abordaje clínico, que conlleva al descarte involuntario. Clínicamente se recomienda el diagnóstico de afecciones respiratorias mediante métodos directos e indirectos (Serología, PCR).

Bovine Respiratory complex is a respiratory infection caused by the combination of different infeccious agents, compromised host defenses and predisposing factors, with significant morbility, mortality and economic losses. A descriptive, double-blind, transverse study was performed to microscopically characterize the pneumonic patterns of the bovine respiratory complex and relate them with clinical aspects of the disease. A total of 112 samples of lungs from confiscated bovines were taken in the slaughtering house of the city of Pasto, Colombia, which were processed following the paraffin embedding technique and routine haematoxylin-eosin staining. A histopathological description of the pneumonic patterns was done according to distribution and degree of severity, and the lessions were classified according to type of alteration. Interstitial pneumonia was the most common finding (41.1%), followed by bronchial interstitial pneumonia (11.6%). Of the bovines 48.2% were not healthy clinically before sacrifice. The pattern of distribution and inflamattory infiltrate was predominantly mononuclear in interstitial spaces with 41.1%. Chronical alterations were predominant with 60.7%. The results indicate that the bovines in this study are animals with long standing diseases, which have a negative impact in their productive potential and that may be explained by factors such as inadequate sanitary handling, diagnostic failures and clinical abordaje with increased involuntary culling. Clinically, direct and indirect methods are recommended for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases (Serology, PCR).

O complexo respiratório bovino consiste em uma infeção respiratória provocada pela combinação de diferentes agentes infeciosos, compromisso das defesas do anfitrião e fatores predisponentes com morbilidade, mortalidade e perdas econômicas significativas. Se realizou um estudo transversal, duplo-cego de caráter descritivo com o objetivo de caracterizar microscopicamente os patrões pneumônicos do complexo respiratório bovino e relacionalos com aspectos clínicos da doença. Tomaram-se amostras de 112 pulmões bovinos interditados no abatedouro do município de Pasto, Nariño, Colômbia, as quais se processaram mediante a técnica de inclusão em parafina e tinção de hematoxilina e eosina rotineiras. Se realizou uma descrição histopatológica dos patrões pneumônicos segundo o patrão de distribuição e o grau de severidade e classificaram-se as lesões de acordo ao tipo de alteração. A pneumonia intersticial foi o achado mais comum (41,1%), seguido da pneumonia broncointersticial (11,6%). O 48,2% dos bovinos não estavam clinicamente saudáveis prévio ao momento de sacrifício. O padrão de distribuição e o infiltrado inflamatório foram predominantemente mononucleares no espaço intersticial com um 41,1%. As alterações crônicas foram predominantes (60,7%). Os resultados indicam que os bovinos objeto de estudo são animais com doenças de curso longo, com impacto negativo em seu potencial produtivo, o qual pode ser explicado por fatores tais como deficiências no manejo do plano sanitário, falhas no diagnóstico e abordagem clinico, tudo isto, aumentando o descarte involuntário. Clinicamente recomenda-se o diagnóstico de afecções respiratórias mediante métodos diretos e indiretos (sorologia, PCR).

El hongo Cryptococcus neoformans es el causante de criptococosis en humanos y animales. La enfermedad se ha relacionado con la exposición de los pacientes a excretas de aves, de las cuales la paloma urbana (Columba livia) es la más importante como reservorio del hongo. Objetivo: Aislar C. neoformans en heces de palomas en el casco urbano del municipio de Pasto (Colombia). Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, en zonas con alta densidad de palomas y afluencia de personas. Las zonas correspondieron a iglesias ubicadas dentro del casco urbano que cumplieron con el criterio de inclusión. Se realizó cultivo de 128 muestras de excretas de palomas en agar Sabouraud dextrosa con cloranfenicol. Posteriormente se realizó un extendido de capa fina del cultivo donde hubo crecimiento del patógeno y se le agregó una gota del colorante tinta china para visualizar el agente en el microscopio. Las variables analizadas fueron: presencia del hongo en heces de palomas y prevalencia en las zonas de muestreo, características de la muestra y características de las áreas en las que se aisló el agente. Resultados: La prevalencia de C. neoformans en el casco urbano del municipio de Pasto es del 90%. El 26,56% de las muestras fueron positivas. Se encontró relación significativa entre la presencia del agente y las variables de la muestra en suelo (p = 0,0025), muestra fresca (p = 0,004), muestra húmeda (p = 0,031), muestra seca (p = 0,001), sin contaminación (p = 0,01), alta exposición a la luz (p = 0,016), baja humedad de la zona (p = 0,001), y densidad de palomas (p = 0,007). El estudio permitió establecer la presencia de C. neoformans en excretas de paloma en el municipio de Pasto. Se encontraron características particulares en la zona y la muestra que aumentan la probabilidad de aislamiento.

The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is the cause of cryptococcosis in humans and animals. The disease has been linked to the exposure of patients to excreta of birds, of which the urban pigeon (Columba livia) is the most important reservoir of the fungus. Objective: Isolating C. neoformans in pigeon feces in the urban area of the municipality of Pasto (Colombia). Objetive: To isolate C. neoformans on stool of pigeons (Columba livia) in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive transversal study was carried out in areas with high density of pigeons and great number of people. The areas included the churches located within the city which met the inclusion criteria. A culture of 128 samples of pigeon stool was performed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol. Subsequently, a spread of thin layer of the culture where the pathogen grew was carried out and a drop of India ink was added to visualize the agent in the microscope.The variables analyzed were: presence of C. neoformans on pigeon stool and prevalence of the fungus in sampling areas, characteristics of the sample, and characteristics of the areas in which the agent was isolated. Results: The prevalence of C. neoformans within the municipality of Pasto town was 90%. Out of the total samples collected, 26.56% were positive. Significant relationship between the presence of the agent and the variables of the sample was found (p = 0.0025), fresh sample (p = 0.004), wet sample (p = 0.031), dry sample (p = 0.001), sample without contamination (p = 0.01), high light exposure (p = 0.016), low humidity of area (p = 0.001) and pigeon density (p = 0.007). The study allowed establishing the presence of C. neoformans on pigeon stool in the municipality of Pasto. Particular characteristics were found in the area and the sample which increase the likelihood of isolation.